This spreadsheet was not originally intended for general use,

so its user interface is a little obscure.

In essence, you type your ion data on the Data sheet, in mg/L
then select the data on the Symbols sheet, using the drop-down list in column P1.
Keep an eye on columns S and T in the Symbols sheet: they sometimes go out of synch.
If you see a #Ref! error copy the contents of T2 into T3..T116.

If you open the 2003 version of this spreadsheet in Excel 2007, the graph label fields cease to update.
The quick way to sort this out is to click in each label (the formula is =Symbols!$B$1) and press enter.
Always double-check that the output makes sense.
Here's a handy Maucha symbol key:

Reference

Converted from ArcInfo Macro Language to Quattro and Excel spreadsheets Jan-June 1999
Added Piper, Stiff and filled Maucha 2006-2007
Michael Silberbauer, Resource Quality Services (formerly Institute for Water Quality Studies),
Roodeplaat Dam
Department of Water Affairs, Private Bag X313 PRETORIA 0001 South Africa
SilberbauerM@dwa.gov.za
Resource Quality Services Home Page
PhD site: www.riv.co.za/wv
Comments from original Arc/Info Macro (in turn adapted from a Pascal routine developed by Michael Silberbauer in 1989):
/* Michael Silberbauer - August to October 1993
/* mauchsym.aml is designed to take a set of chemical concentrations
/* (K+, Na+, Ca++, Mg++, SO4=, Cl-, HCO3-, CO3=)
/* and produce the coordinates required to plot them in the format used by Maucha (1932) Hydrochemische Methoden in der Limno
/* and modified by Broch E S & Yake W (1969) A modification of Maucha's ionic diagram to include ionic concentrations. Limnology
/* Please refer to
/* Silberbauer M J & King J M (1991) Geographical trends in the water chemistry of wetlands in the south-western Cape Province, S
/* if you wish to cite this programme or use it for any publication.
/*
/* The Maucha diagram is the specific case of a radial plot in which the major
/* cations are plotted on the right-hand side of an eight-point star and the
/* major anions are plotted on the left-hand side.
/*
/* Broch and Yake's modification was to use the TDS value to scale the whole
/* diagram up or down, so that an idea of the relative concentration of various
/* samples can be obtained. A logarithmic scale is necessary when widely
/* differing concentrations are plotted on the same map.
/*
/* Silberbauer and King's modification was to have a single spine for total alkalinity
/* because HCO3-, CO3= are not normally reported separately in the data available
/* in South Africa.

Page 2

Reference

veloped by Michael Silberbauer in 1989):

a (1932) Hydrochemische Methoden in der Limnologie. Binnengewasser 12, 173p,

diagram to include ionic concentrations. Limnology and Oceanography 14, 933-935.

of wetlands in the south-western Cape Province, South Africa. Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 17 (1/2) 82 - 88.

Page 3

220376008.xls.ms_office

Symbols

Name G1H020

4/3/2014 1:57 AM

Please enter the concentrations in milligrams per litre in the "Data" worksheet and select the row number here:

Spine#
8
Ion Calcium
mg/L
4.3 mg/L
Valency
2
AtomicWt
40.08
Equivalents
0.21 meq/L
Maucha

7
Magnesium
2.3 mg/L
2
24.32
0.19 meq/L

6
Sulphate
6.8 mg/L
2
96.06
0.14 meq/L

5
Chloride
16.4 mg/L
1
35.45
0.46 meq/L
Anions
0.84 meq/L

4
Alkalinity
11.7 mg/L
2
100.00
0.23 meq/L

2
Potassium
1.98 mg/L
1
39.10
0.05 meq/L
Cations
0.85 meq/L

17

1
Sodium
9.1 mg/L
1
23.00
0.40 meq/L
Balance
1.40%

Total
1.69 meq/L
1977.79
25.42
251.37
25.84
7
315
337.5
360
x
0.0
18.0
23.9
25.4
0.0

y
0.0
-18.0
-9.9
0.0
0.0

25.4
23.5
18.0
9.7
0.0
-9.7
-18.0
-23.5
-25.4
-23.5
-18.0
-9.7
0.0
9.7
18.0
23.5
25.4

0.0
9.7
18.0
23.5
25.4
23.5
18.0
9.7
0.0
-9.7
-18.0
-23.5
-25.4
-23.5
-18.0
-9.7
0.0

Circle
0
22.5
45
67.5
90
112.5
135
157.5
180
202.5
225
247.5
270
292.5
315
337.5
360

221.58
22.78
6
270
292.5
315
x
0.0
0.0
8.7
18.0
0.0

165.86
17.05
5
225
247.5
270
x
0.0
-18.0
-6.5
0.0
0.0

y
0.0
-25.4
-21.0
-18.0
0.0

Stiff

-0.4
-0.2
-0.2

-5.0
0
5.0

0.1
0.2
0.5

y
0.0
18.0
10.8
0.0
0.0

59.33
6.10
1
45
67.5
90
x
0.0
18.0
2.3
0.0
0.0

y
0.0
18.0
5.6
25.4
0.0

463.56
47.66
0
0
22.5
45
x
0.0
25.4
44.0
18.0
0.0

G1H020

y
0.0
0.0
18.2
18.0
0.0
Collins
S
O
4
N
a
+
K
C
l

M
g

Anions
-0.60

-0.40

-0.20

0.00

0.20

0.40

Cations

T
A
L

C
a

0.60

Cations

Anions

Anions

Piper

G1H020

G1H020

0.5
0
0.2
0
0.1
0.0

Increasing SO4 and Cl ->

5.0
0
-5.0

y
0.0
0.0
-21.3
-18.0
0.0

274.13
28.18
3
135
157.5
180
x
0.0
-18.0
-26.0
-25.4
0.0

Maucha

G1H020

meq/L
Cations

Stiff diagram
Height
5
5.0
-0.45
5.0
0
0.0
-0.21
0.0
0
-5.0
-0.19
-5.0
0.0

y
0.0
-18.0
-15.8
-25.4
0.0

541.96
55.72
4
180
202.5
225
x
0.0
-25.4
-51.5
-18.0
0.0

Increasing Ca and Mg ->

FullArea
FullRadius
IonArea
IonRadius
Angle
StartAngle
IonAngle
EndAngle

Collins bar
Ca
4.3
TAL
11.7

Cations
Anions

Mg
2.3
Cl
16.4

Na+K
11.08
SO4
6.8

SO4

Mg

Piper diagram

Anions

Cations

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
Ca

Na

-100.0%

Cations
Ca
Mg
Na+K

Ion%
12.71%
11.20%
26.44%
50.35%

Ca+Mg

23.91%

0
0
-23.56%

-80.0%

Cation%
25.42%
22.41%
52.88%
100.70%

-60.0%

-Cation%
-25.42%
-22.41%
-52.88%

-40.0%

c
-0.44

x
-36.62%

-20.0%

0.0%

y
19.41%

TAL

Anions
Cl
-88.80%
SO4
40.81% HCO3+CO2

Cl+SO4

Cation equations
Ca line

Mg line

Na+K line

Cl

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

27.40%
8.39%
13.86%
49.65%

0
0
36.14%

x*
-1.0
0.0

-1.7321

-0.4403

Anion equations
Cl line

y=
0.1941
0.1941

x*
-1.0
0.0

0.0000

0.1941

SO4 line

y=
-0.91585
2.54825

x*
-1
1

1.7321

0.8162

HCO3+CO2 line

Anion%
54.80%
16.77%
27.72%
99.30%

100.0%

c
-0.95

y=
-0.9492
0.7828

x*
0.0
1.0

1.7321

-0.9492

y=
0.1453
0.1453

x*
0.0
1.0

0.1453

y=
2.9840
-0.4801

x*
-1.0
1.0

-1.7321

1.2519

Anion intersection equations

y
Cl SO4
0.1453
Cl HCO
0.1513
SO4 HCO
0.1453
Aniont
0.1473

x
-0.3662
-0.3627
-0.3592
-0.3627

80.0%

x
63.19%

y
14.53%
14.53%

60 axes
91.61%
62.60%

35.79%

y=
1.2918
-0.4403

Cation intersection equations

y
Ca Mg
0.1941
Ca Na+K
0.1880
Mg Na+K
0.1941
Cationt
0.1920

60.0%

x
0.6319
0.6354
0.6389
0.6354

Lozenge intersection
y
x
1.0341
0.1258

Na+K SO4

Michael Silberbauer SilberbauerM@dwaf.gov.za

Resource Quality Services

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.

Avg

K
0.1
0.2

Na
0.4
0.6

CO3

TAL

1
0
0
0
0
0

Na

Ca

Mg

SO4

Cl

25.42
25.42
25.42
25.42
25.42
25.42
25.42
25.42
25.42
25.42
25.42
25.42
25.42
25.42
25.42
25.42

25.42
6.10
25.42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
25.42
47.66
25.42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
25.42
25.84
25.42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
25.42
22.78
25.42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25.42
17.05
25.42
0
0
0
0
0

Ca
0.2
0.5

Mg
0.2
0.4

SO4
0.1
0.4

Cl
0.5
0.7

TAL
0.2
0.5

CO3
0.0
0.0

G1H020

K
1
Na

CO3

Na

0
0
Ca

Cl

Mg
SO4

TAL

Ca

Cl

Mg
SO4

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25.42
55.72
25.42
0
0
0

K
CO3

K
Na

TAL

CO3

Ca

Cl

Mg
SO4

Na

TAL

Ca

Cl

Mg
SO4

TAL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25.42
28.18
25.42
0

Avg
K
Na
Ca
Mg
SO4
Cl
TAL

TAL

Na
0

0
Cl

Ca

SO4

Mg

K
TAL

Na

Cl

Ca

SO4

Mg

Site
Na
A2H027
56.3
Woolies sparkling spring
15.0
water
SP118
230
SLH-I1
261.23
SLH-I2
1287
SLH-I3
967.75
SLH-II4
70.76
SLH-II5
32.87
SLH-II6
44.57
SLH-II7
29.28
SLH-III8
30.99
SLH-III9
12.1

G1H019
G1H020

C2H122
188188 K+!
H1H006Q01 K+!
G4H022Q01 K+!
Hem 10
Hem12-6
Hem 15-1
Hem 17-3

K
11.2
1.2
12
22.01
77.64
77.25
3.92
3.2
5.83
2.8
1.03
0.92

Mg
15.8
1.8
14
32.01
75.1
3.44
29.09
15.2
5.76
8.57
1.81
1.21

Ca
29.6
3.5
29
53.99
70.69
4.4
95.91
62.96
25.43
42.26
22.38
11.59

SO4
44.1
1.1
180
175.51
433.71
336.25
211.92
68.69
16.49
37.96
19.7
0.82

Cl
55.9
19.0
89
224.16
1165.71
464.5
46.34
25.64
40.9
15.2
5.61
1.23

TAL
131.3
22.0
418.46
453.39
1541.14
1122.25
274.82
220.58
155
177.5
124.37
70.56

6.32
9.1

0.7
1.98

1.53
2.3

2.5
4.3

2
6.8

12.41
16.4

4
11.7

11.7
123.36
5.7
10.2

3.35
15532.2
109.33
83.02

7.5 14.81
23.38 31.288
2.4
3
1.9
2.1

17.1
99.524
2
8

9
15427.1
107.4
91.1

70.4
311.51
14.8
12.2

611
28
2.1
168

4.6

Pyramid Lake
1720
118
Banagher
887
0.001
Chrissiesmeer
685
0.001
Schurveberg Hydro bottled2 water
0.5
GK 1
GK2
GK2a
GK3
LWEG
Sal3
Sal2
Sal1
Phrag3
Phrag2
Vittel
Contrex
St1 Manchar
St2 Manchar
St3 Manchar
St4 Manchar
St5 Manchar
Seawater

118
23879
212
156
63
5603
10870
13790
492
443
5
9.1
474.5
519.0
433.6
381.1
418.4
10800.0

3.2
23.9
22.5
21.6
18.9
20.5
392.0

24
20
3.6
18

37
43
48
49

1010
8.3
3.2
44

82
28
8
246

429
254
152
202

114
0.001
0.001
47

9.3
8
12
86

280
110
106
10

2080
905
905
6

1430
512
445
368

18
2536
26
15
5
1223
2050
3720
186
82
43
84
167.2
157.7
154.3
134.0
145.6
1290.0

73
651
86
84
32
330
555
1215
183
139
204
486
245.5
234.9
228.3
197.1
217.0
411.0

28
3930
53
23
5
1150
1380
1817
84
99
329
1187
186.1
176.7
162.2
150.4
162.2
2712

192
27370
294
243
93
8680
9937
10677
648
903

250
15000
250
250
70
4500
16000
30000
1200
250
399
403
179.7
171.2
156.7
141.1
157.4
152.0

10
1410
1333
1285
1128
1223
19400.0

1N NaCl
1N MgCl2

23.0
0.001

0.001
0.001

0.001
24.3

0.001
0.001

0.001
0.001

35.453
70.906

0.001
0.001

TDS
403.7
75.0

EC
59.3

pH
7.983

NO3_N
3.597
1.8

36.3

7.54

6.82

150
31942.117
254
212

20.6

7.94
7.82
5.94
4.1

1980
306
148
649

288
46.3
26.9
120

7.3
7.5
7.7

2.2

5110
2222
1760
394

842
330
270

9.2
8.9
8.7

0
0

0.1

500
60100
800
600
200
16900
49400
32100
2200
1600
844

7.18
6.78
7.30
7.26
7.80
7.05
6.69
6.91
7.14
7.28

4440
4237
4057
3579
3842
35157.0

8.08
8.02
8.17
8.35
8.10
8.10

Si
7.824

SiO2

7.9
48
8.6
22

Fmed NH4_Nmed
0.282
0.407

0.6
0.5
0
0.1

0.3
0.3

24
0
26
5.8
0.1

4.3
2.7
8.4
8.2
8.8
7.2
7.6

8.48
8.04
7.82
6.82
7.35

Qmed
0.472

PO4_Pmed
0.497

TPmed
0.855

KNmed
1.845

CO3=

SLH data:
Gler et al. (2002)
Evaluation of graphical and multivariate statistical methods for classification of wat
Hydrology Journal 10:455-474

Wetzel, RG (1975) Limnology. WB Saunders. Table 9-3

region
B20
H10
G40

SALINITY IN SURFA

date
(Highest K ratios in WMS)
10/20/2004
00002DF1C
6/8/1976
H1H006Q01
8/2/1988
G4H022Q01

Well, Table 10, Hem

8/3/1946
1985 USGS
Eagle Creek Table
4/11/1944
12-6
Big Spring, Table
3/28/1952
15
Well, Table 17 5/13/1952
Galat Lider Vigg & Robertson 1981
Dept Agric 1969?
Dept Agric 1969?
Langebaan Colvin, Roychoudhury

Kazi et al 2008 Assessment of water quality of polluted lake using multivariate stat

ariate statistical methods for classification of water chemistry data.

Saunders. Table 9-3

SALINITY IN SURFACE WATERS

er quality of polluted lake using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study

0.000
0.500
1.000
0.500
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.866
0.000

0.000
-0.500
-1.000
-0.500
0.000

-0.500
0.000
0.500
0.000
-0.500

0.866
0.000
0.866
1.732
0.866