QuEST KSS Engineering Drawings

Aerospace
Civil Structures
Energy
Industrial
Transportation
Engineering Drawing
Prepared by : Ajitanath QuEST, Bangalore,
Contents
Why Engineering Drawings? Projections Plan your drawing & views Lines and line styles Sectional views, Types & Best practice Dimensioning Types of dimensioning & Best practice ISO limits and fits Conventional representation of parts Abbreviations of terms frequently used on drawings Tips on Thread Assemblies Assembly Drawings Trend
2012, Quality Engineering and Software Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. UNCONTROLLED WHEN PRINTED
Why Engineering Drawings?
The main purpose of engineering drawings is to communicate to other engineers, machinists, etc. Engineering drawing is a formal and precise way of communicating information about the shape, size, features and precision of physical objects. (Also specifies material, define processes like heat treatment, surface treatment, welding specs, etc) Drawing is the universal language of engineering. Just like written language has standards, the grammar of technical drawing is defined by... the
ANSI Y14.5 or the ISO standard or so
These standards must be understood to draw & read a drawing. Drawings do the communication best merely because a picture is worth a thousand words. Engineers are very picky about their drawings and must pay attention to detail.
Projections
Back in the 18th century a French mathematician and engineer, Gaspard Monge (1746-1818), was involved with the design of military armoury. He developed a system, using two planes of projection at right angles to each other, for graphical description of solid objects. This system, which was, and still is, called Descriptive Geometry. Monge's Descriptive Geometry forms the basis of what is now called Orthographic Projection. The word orthographic means to draw at right angles and is derived from the Greek words: ORTHOS - straight, rectangular, upright GRAPHOS - written, drawn Projections created with the object placed in the first quadrant are said to be in First Angle projection, and likewise, projections created with the object placed in the third quadrant are said to be in Third Angle projection.
Projections...
Both systems of projection, First and Third angle, are approved internationally and have equal status. The system used must be clearly indicated on every drawing, using the appropriate symbol shown in figure.
First Angle projection is more common in Europe. Third Angle projection is widely used in both the USA and the UK.
Projection system symbols and recommended proportions
Plan your drawing & views
Before starting your engineering drawing you should plan how you are going to make best use of the space. It is important to think about the number of views your drawing will have and how much space you will use of the paper.
Always use the appropriate & standard drawing size & sheets. Use recommended standard scale to the drawing. Try to make maximum use of the available space. Place minimum two-three appropriate views in the planed space. If a view has lots of detail, try and make that view as large as possible. If necessary, draw that view on a separate sheet. If you intend to add dimensions to the drawing, remember to leave enough space around the drawing for them to be added later.
Lines and line styles
The lines we created were all of the same thickness and type. But lines on an engineering drawing signify more than just the geometry of the object and it is important that you use the appropriate line types.
Line Thickness : For most engineering drawings you will require two thickness', a thick and
thin line. The general recommendation are that thick lines are twice as thick as thin lines. A thick continuous line is used for visible edges and outlines. A thin line is used for hatching, leader lines, short centre lines, dimensions and projections.
Line Styles : Other line styles used to clarify important features on drawings are:
Thin chain lines are a common feature on engineering drawings used to indicate centre lines. Centre lines are used to identify the centre of a circle, cylindrical features, or a line of symmetry. Dashed lines are used to show important hidden detail for example wall thickness and holes. etc..
Lines and line styles...
Continuous
0.7mm
Visible outlines
Dimension lines Hidden detail Center lines Section cutting planes Developed views
Continuous (thin)
0.3mm
Short dashes
0.3mm
Long chain
0.3mm
Chain, thick at ends

0.7 0.3mm
Short chain
0.3mm
Continuous wavy
0.3mm
Broken boundaries Break lines Dimension lines two short zigzags
Straight zigzag
0.3mm
Straight lines with

0.3mm
Lines and line styles...
Applications of the various types of lines
Some good practices
Sectional views & Types

Sectional views are produced to: Surfaces cut by the cutting plane are clarify details usually hatched at an appropriate show internal features clearly angle, say 45 with a density of lines reduce number of hidden detail lines required in proportion with the component. aid dimensioning Sectional View in a single Sectional View in two plane planes show cross-section shape clarify an assembly
Which Sectional View?
Half Sectional views
Part Sectional views
Sectional views & Best practice
An assembly drawing view, clarified sections, where to hatch & hatch pattern
Note: Revolved sections. Part sections. Different hatching directions and spacing's. Un-sectioned components such as shafts, keys, nuts all standard pats like motors, etc.
Wrong! Web is not sectioned.
Correct
Sectional views & Best practice
The cross-section on the right of figure is technically correct. However, the convention in a drawing is to show the view on the left as the preferred method for sectioning this type of object.
Dimensioning
General rules.
Standards and conventions should be followed. Dimensions should be placed on drawings so that they may be easily read. The drawing must include the minimum number of dimensions required to accurately manufacture the design. A dimension should not be stated more than once, unless it aids communication. It should not be necessary for the operator manufacturing the component to have to calculate any dimensions.
Types of dimension.
Size dimensions: Used to describe heights, widths, diameters, etc. Location dimensions: Used to place various features of a component relative to each other, such as a hole centre line to a reference surface. Mating dimensions: Used for parts that fit together requiring a certain degree of accuracy
Dimensions have four basic components:

1. Dimension Text 3. Extension Lines 2. Dimension Line and Arrows 4. Gap
Dimensioning
An Overview
Dimensions are always drawn using continuous thin lines. Two projection lines indicate where the dimension starts and finishes. Projection lines do not touch the object and are drawn perpendicular to the element you are dimensioning. All dimensions less than 1 should have a leading zero. i.e. .35 should be written as 0.35 Edges A and B are being used as the reference edges Minimum number of dimensions required are specified Evenly spaced dimension lines UNCONTROLLED WHEN PRINTED
2012, Quality Engineering and Software Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of dimensioning
Parallel Dimensioning Superimposed Running Dimensions Chain Dimensioning
Combined Dimensions
Dimensioning by Co-ordinates
Simplified dimensioning by co-ordinates
Dimensioning circles
Dimensioning & Best practice
The simple bearing bracket casting shows both size and location dimensions
Example of appropriate and inappropriate dimensioning
Dimensioning & Best practice
(D) ARROW AND TEXT PLACEMENT
Dimensioning Which is better?
Dimensioning Which is better?
A Dimensioning Example, showing that placement should match intent :

These drawings show bolts holes for mounting a flange onto a plate. When mounting the flange, the position of the holes with respect to each other is very important, or else the flange (or part) wont fit. It makes sense to dimension the distance between the holes, instead of the distances to the edge.
0.753 0.747
0.756 0.744
Dimension placement matches intent
Dimension placement does NOT match intent
Tabulated guide to types of ISO limits and fits.
Conventions
Conventional Breaks are a way of depicting a very long object without showing the entire length. It is often used for objects like rods, tubing/piping or wooden objects. Here are some examples of commonly used engineering components and features of components.
Conventional representation of parts
Abbreviations of terms frequently used on drawings

A/F Across flats HEX HD Hexagon head STD UCUT ASSY Assembly M/CD CL Center line mm CHAM Chamfer NTS CH HD Cheese head RPM CSK Counter sunk SWG TPI CBORE Counter bore CYL Cylinder or cylindrical DIA Diameter (in a note) Diameter (preceding a dimension) R Radius (preceding a dimension, capital only) RAD Radius (in a note) DRG Drawing LH Left hand MATL Material NO. Number PATT NO. Pattern number PCD Pitch circle diameter I/D Inside diameter O/D Outside diameter RH Right hand SQ Square (in a note) TYP Typical or typically THK Thick 2012, Quality Engineering and Software Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. UNCONTROLLED WHEN PRINTED
Square (preceding a dimension) Standard Undercut Machined Millimeter Not to scale Revolutions per minute Standard wire gauge Teeth per inch
Tips on Thread Assemblies

Note that the tapped hole is sectioned, the fastener is not.
Observe the types of holes & how they machined.
Assembly Drawings
The assembly of the parts is shown in an assembly drawing also known as a general arrangement Features of an assembly drawing Assembly views (with c/s views) Exploded views (if required) Dimensions Internal Parts Parts list Ballooning
Assembly Drawings
Examples of Assembly Drawings
Trend
The graph below gives a very crude indication of the productivity of companies developing CAD software, through time.
As time passes more and more 3D CAD software packages allow you to create high quality photorealistic images of your designs.
QuEST Recognition
Ranked 2nd among ESOs in 2006 Black Book of Outsourcing Ranked among Top Emerging Service Providers in 2007 Global Services 100 Listed in IAOPs 2007 Global Outsourcing 100 Listed in Deloittes Technology Fast 500 companies in Asia Pacific UT500 Preferred Supplier Supplier Excellence Award from GE
Thank you. For more information:

Presenter name: Ajitanath Patil Title: E: email address: ajitanath.patil@quest-global.com M: contact no. 91-80-41190900

QuEST KSS Engineering Drawings

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Aerospace

Prepared by : Ajitanath QuEST, Bangalore,

Why Engineering Drawings?

ANSI Y14.5 or the ISO standard or so

Projection system symbols and recommended proportions

Plan your drawing & views

Lines and line styles

Lines and line styles...

Chain, thick at ends

Broken boundaries Break lines Dimension lines two short zigzags

Straight lines with

Lines and line styles...

Applications of the various types of lines

Some good practices

Sectional views & Types

Which Sectional View?

Half Sectional views

Part Sectional views

Sectional views & Best practice

Sectional views & Best practice

Dimensions have four basic components:

Simplified dimensioning by co-ordinates

Dimensioning & Best practice

Example of appropriate and inappropriate dimensioning

Dimensioning & Best practice

(D) ARROW AND TEXT PLACEMENT

Dimensioning Which is better?

Dimensioning Which is better?

A Dimensioning Example, showing that placement should match intent :

Dimension placement matches intent

Dimension placement does NOT match intent

Tabulated guide to types of ISO limits and fits.

Conventional representation of parts

Abbreviations of terms frequently used on drawings

Tips on Thread Assemblies

Observe the types of holes & how they machined.

Examples of Assembly Drawings

Thank you. For more information:

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