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Chapter 15 Formwork
Chapter 15
Formwork
Formwork has a dual function in concrete INTRODUCTION 15.2 construction. It supports the plastic concrete until the latter is sufficiently strong to support the actions/loads imposed upon it and it imparts a finish to the concrete surface. This Chapter describes the different types of formwork used in modern concrete construction and outlines the requirements which must be met for formwork to perform satisfactorily. The special requirements associated with the achievement of visually satisfying surface finishes are discussed in Chapter 13 Control of Surface Finishes. Supplementary information on formwork is Relevant New Zealand and Australian Standards 15.1 15.2 BASIC COMPONENTS OF FORMWORK 15.2
REQUIREMENTS FOR FORMWORK 15.2 15.2.1 15.2.2 15.2.3 15.2.4 15.2.5 15.2.6 15.2.7 15.2.8 15.2.9 General Strength Stiffness Accuracy Watertightness Robustness Ease of Stripping Standardisation Safety 15.5
15.3
15.4
FORMWORK SYSTEMS 15.4.1 15.4.2 15.4.3 15.4.4 15.4.5 15.4.6 Modular Formwork Gang Forms Table Forms Jump/Climb Forms Slipforms Permanent Formwork
15.6
15.5
15.7
15.6
FALSEWORK 15.6.1 Design of Support Structures 15.6.2 Undisturbed Shores 15.6.3 Reshoring Systems
15.9
15.7
CONSTRUCTION OF FORMWORK 15.10 15.7.1 Erection of Formwork 15.7.2 Preparation for Concreting 15.7.3 Stripping of Formwork
SUMMARY
15.13
15.1
Chapter 15 Formwork
INTRODUCTION
Formwork is the temporary structure which moulds concrete into the desired shape, and holds it in the correct position until it is able to support the loads imposed upon it. It also imparts the required surface finish. Formwork and its supports (falsework) is a structural system and must be designed and built accordingly. The actions (loads) on it may be temporary but they can be extremely large. Frequently they are different in nature to those imposed on the finished concrete structure. Concrete is an extremely plastic and mouldable material which will accurately reflect the shape, texture and finish of the surface against which it is cast. Any imperfection or inaccuracy in this surface will be indelibly inscribed on the concrete surface. Form-face materials must therefore be chosen both to achieve the required surface finish and, in conjunction with all the supporting elements, to maintain accuracy and stability under all the loads imposed during erection and concreting, and for some days into the life of the concrete structure. At early ages, the concrete will not be able to support the loads imposed on it. Until it is able to do so, the formwork (and falsework) will therefore continue to be a loadbearing structure. Only when the concrete has achieved sufficient strength can the formwork be removed without any detrimental effect to the concrete structure. Failure to meet the accuracy, stability and strength requirements will lead to formwork failures in the form of bowing, warping, misalignment, etc. reflected in the final structure. It could even lead to the catastrophic collapse of part or all of the formwork. New Zealand does not have a specific standard for formwork but has requirements in NZS 3109 and NZS 3114. NZS 3109 also cross-references to the Formwork for Concrete AS 3610 document. The cost of formwork is often a very significant item in the overall cost of a project. The formwork system should be the most economical available but cost should never be permitted to overrule the criteria governing safety, strength and stability. Indeed, the first cost of formwork may be a very poor guide to its suitability for a project. Multiple uses of good quality formwork can result in substantial overall economies. Formwork design and selection of materials should therefore always be approached on the basis of cost per use.
15.1
OF
The basic components of formwork for typical concrete elements are shown in Figures 15.1 to 15.4 (page 15.3). It will be noted that the basic structure of almost all formwork is the same. It comprises: