Transcribed by Janki Gajera!

April 3, 2014

Digestive Tract 1
[NOTE: Be sure to download the powerpoint titled 2014 Abdominal Pelvic Cavity under Dr. Wishes folder.]

(Histology)

Slide 1 - ABDOMINAL PELVIC CAVITY 2014 Dr. Harvey Wishe - Ok good morning. I did send out an email last night telling you to download this extra file. Youve had this in anatomy, but we will make reference to it in the discussion of the digestive system. So I decided to show a few slides to bring us up to a little review of stuff. Slide 2 - G FIG. 2.20 PERITONEAL CAVITY Dr. Harvey Wishe - This just shows a longitudinal section illustrating the peritoneal cavity. You should remember the term peritoneum. Peritoneum is combination of areolar connective tissue and mesothelium, which is really your simple squamous epithelium. So the peritoneum lining the cavity over here is called parietal lining, and the same thing on the dorsal wall. Organs inside peritoneal cavity are also covered by a peritoneum but its called the visceral peritoneum. As a result, certain organs become retro-peritoneal and others intra-peritoneal. Intra-peritoneal means the organ exists inside the peritoneal cavity, and retro-peritoneal means they exist behind the body wall, such as the kidney, the aorta, etc. Slide 3 - N Plate 320 KIDNEY URETERS Dr. Harvey Wishe - Circulation to the area is important. So to review that, we have the dorsal aorta extending down to the pelvic region. In terms of these BV, some of these are paired. In fact, most of these are paired, like your common iliac arteries, renal arteries, and others are single. The single arteries are your celiac artery, superior and inferior mesenteric. We will make reference to that as we go thru our discussion. But the celiac artery/trunk supplies blood to the liver, gallbladder, duodenum, and the spleen. Superior mesenteric artery takes care of the small intestine, and part of the large intestine, ascending part of the transverse colon. Finally, the inferior mesenteric artery supplies the rest of the transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. You should be aware where these arteries supply blood to. In a similar fashion we have the inferior vena cava. By the way, arteries supply blood to, they distribute blood to. When we talk about veins, we talk about veins draining into something else. In essence, the inferior vena cava is formed by the common iliac veins joining together and draining into this rather large vessel, your IVC. Wherever you have arteries, you have corresponding veins as well. Slide 4 - G FIG. 2.100A/B ABDOMINAL AORTA Dr. Harvey Wishe - This shows you different aspects of abdominal aorta from two different views. This (B) is more or less the front view because you can see celiac artery, inferior and

2014 Abdominal Pelvic Cavity

Transcribed by Janki Gajera!

April 3, 2014

superior mesenteric artery. Then there is another single artery that we dont have to concern ourselves with, and thats this artery - the medial sacral artery. Everything else is paired. Slide 5 - G FIG. 2.29 CELIAC ARTERY/TRUNK Dr. Harvey Wishe - This shows you circulation from the celiac artery. Its going to go into the liver, stomach, and heres a branch trailing off into the spleen. Its a very vascular area. Slide 6 - N PLATE 286 SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY Dr. Harvey Wishe - This is another picture concentrating on the superior mesenteric. It is really feeding into the mesentery, which is holding together the small intestine, as well as into the colon. Slide 7 - N Plate 287 Inferior Mesenteric Artery Dr. Harvey Wishe - This is meant to concentrate on the inferior mesenteric artery, which is supplying blood to part of the transverse colon, descending colon, and the sigmoid colon. Slide 8 - G 2.101 INFERIOR VENA CAVA Dr. Harvey Wishe - Picture of IVC showing us essentially the same thing. You are going to get mostly paired veins like your renal veins. No such thing as celiac, superior or inferior mesenteric vein. This is a different system that takes care of the draining of the blood. This illustrates the hepatic portal system. Slide 9 - G FIG. 2.49 Portal System Dr. Harvey Wishe - So, we do have the inferior and superior mesenteric vein, and they come together and lead into formation of hepatic portal vein. The statement that I mentioned before - that you dont really have them - you do, but theyre not separate entities feeding into something or by itself. Then you have the spleen vein joining the group; in fact, the inferior mesenteric could feed into the splenic vein. Sometimes it feeds into the newly-created trunk. Then theres the gastric veins which also feed into this trunk, and thats the hepatic portal vein, and that carries blood into the liver. Keep in mind, the liver derives blood from two different sources: celiac artery (oxygenated blood) and the hepatic portal vein (deoxygenated blood). In the liver, you have mixing of two different types of blood - with oxygen and without. Slide 10 - N PLATE 300 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Dr. Harvey Wishe - This just shows the autonomic NS. Wherever you have your arteries and veins, youll have appropriate nerves and ganglion.

Slide 1 - DIGESTIVE TRACT 1 2014 Dr. Harvey Wishe - In your presentation that I posted, I eliminated the pictures of the pelvis all together. Now were going to go into Digestive Tract 1.
2

2014 Digestive Tract 1

Transcribed by Janki Gajera!

April 3, 2014

Slide 2 - Wall of the Digestive Tract Dr. Harvey Wishe - As you look throughout the digestive tract, there is a wall - starting up in the oral cavity all the way through the sigmoid colon. You will find differences in different parts of the tract. Were just doing a general approach. The wall of the digestive tract is made with these layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa/adventitia. In terms of the mucosa, it has several layers: epithelium, lamina propia, and muscularis mucosa. Epithelium starts off as stratified squamous epithelial in terms of oral cavity, oropharynx, esophagus. At the stomach, it changes to simple columnar epithelium and extends throughout the tract until the very end - the anal canal area, we go back to back to stratified squamous epithelium. Lamina propia has been mentioned a number of times when we spoke about CT is areolar CT very cellular, many types of cells - mostly collagen fibers, some elastic, some reticular in a loose arrangement. Areolar CT is a type of loose arrangement of connective tissue. You will find blood, nerves, and lymphatics in this layer. The muscularis mucosa or interna is a thin layer of smooth muscle with subdivisions of inner circular and outer longitudinal. And this one has nothing to do with peristaltic action, instead when this layer contracts, it squeezes any glands that might be in the lamina propia that causes them to release secretions. Then we come to the submucosa, which is also a CT layer of areolar CT. It tends to be a little bit less cellular but has your larger BV, larger vessels, large lymphatics. And within this layer, youre going to find a nerve plexus, I refer to it as Meissners plexus. I dont know what our new physiologist is referring to it, but the old physiologists used to called it the myenteric plexus - its the same thing. This nerve plexus stimulates the muscularis mucosa; the muscle contracts and then the muscle squeezes the glands. Then we come to muscularis externa. In the oral cavity, you will see that this layer differs than most of the tract. We start with skeletal muscle and gradually change to smooth muscle in esophagus. It is divided into an inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer. When the inner circular contracts, it squeezes the tube, like Im trying to show with my hands. It narrows the lumen, and that portion of the gut gets longer. When the longitudinal layer contracts, it widens too and makes it shorter. So an altering motion of contraction in these layers, the food is squeezed down along the digestive tract, and thats peristaltic-type action. Also within this layer, were find another plexus called Auerbachs plexus, whose job it is to stimulate the muscularis externa to contract and eventually relax. And finally the serosa/adventitia. Adventitia is areolar CT. Serosa is adventitia + mesothelium. Anything that is retro-peritoneal has adventitia; anything that is intra-peritoneal has serosa. The stomach, which is intra-peritoneal, is covered by serosa. The descending colon, which is behind the wall, is covered by adventitia.

Transcribed by Janki Gajera!

April 3, 2014

Slide 3 - JO Part V CH 32 Fig 1 Wall of GI Tract Dr. Harvey Wishe - This is a picture from the physiology textbook. I believe youre using this one. This is a nice pictures showing us the breakdown. This is your epithelium, lamina propia, muscularis mucosa. So this combination of layers is your mucosa. Then theres a submucosa and your muscularis externa. Theyre trying to show you this little thin layer is circular. Youll have the myenteric plexus which is really Auerbachs plexus which is sandwiched between these two layers of muscle and the outermost layer, the serosa. Slide 4 - G Plate 2.2A Overview Dr. Harvey Wishe - Well see this picture again. This picture just shows an overall view of the digestive system starting with the oral cavity. Oral cavity is beginning of digestive system and tract. And there are salivary glands up in the oral cavity which play a role in the digestive process as well. Then we go down to the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine. Finally terminate at the sigmoid colon. Down at the bottom of the diagram we have this word, anus, anal canal - thats the end of the tract. In addition to this tract, we also have sensory digestive organs. The salivary glands will be discussed in CFB. Monday, Im doing oral cavity. Some other day Im doing salivary glands. Besides the salivary glands we have the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Slide 5 - G&H Text Fig. 17-1 Dr. Harvey Wishe - The lectures on Monday will discuss the oral cavity. Theyre not particularly difficult lectures, but they are on next weeks quiz. When you teach two different courses, you mix things up. The pharynx was discussed in the physiology portion of this course as part of the respiratory system. Just keep in mind there is a nasopharynx is lined by pseudo stratified columnar epithelium and the oropharynx which is lined by stratified squamous epithelium. The two come together to make a common pharynx which leads down into the rest of the gut. The nasopharynx connects to the trachea which leads to respiratory system. The other thing is that the nasopharynx has a dense accumulation of the elastic fibers. Thats all were saying about those organs. Now were into the esophagus and the rest of the tract. Now this is a picture actually showing you layers in the esophagus, and the esophagus does join up with the stomach. This picture is a little backwards - the esophagus should be up here, so its a little bit inaccurate. But it does show you the layer. This is the epithelium, lamina propia, muscularis mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa. This is supposed to be serosa or adventitia. Again, the general sort of darkening (?) Slide 6 - G&H Text Fig. 17-2 Esophagus Dr. Harvey Wishe - Now we come to the esophagus. Its a muscular tube, the length of which varies by species. If youre dealing with a mouse, small esophagus, dealing with us, decent size, maybe a foot long. Dealing with a camel, its very long. So the species determines the length and size of the various organs. Were looking at a cross section of the esophagus.
4

Transcribed by Janki Gajera!

April 3, 2014

Obviously this is the lumen. This is a fairly thick layer, that is the epithelium. And the esophagus is going to stratified squamous epithelium. Where you see LP is lamina propia. This is a very low power, so we dont have a good view of the layer. There should be a muscularis mucosa here, and finally the submucosa. As we look at the esophagus from the longitudinal view, we find longitudinal folds that are made of mucosa and submucosa. They dont really have a name, which is surprising because everything else in the tract has a name. And when youre not eating, the lumen of the esophagus is collapsed, thats why you have all these folds. As food passes in, the folds tend to smooth out. In a way, these folds are an increase in surface area. This part is showing you muscularis externa. As I said, the esophagus is around 10-12 inches, with 1-2 inches passing through the diaphragm into the abdominal cavity and connects to the stomach. Slide 7 - GH Plate 14-1 Fig. 1 Esophagus Dr. Harvey Wishe - Here is a better picture, where we see more labels. Theres your stratified squamous. Now you see MM being muscularis mucosa. Heres your LP - lamina propia. Again, you see the presence of these folds. At the bottom, you see Ad which stands for adventitia. Realize that most of the esophagus is mostly in the thoracic cavity, so its only covered by adventitia. The part thats in the abdominal cavity is covered by serosa. And we find the same layers we mentioned before, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and the outermost covering. Two things to call your attention to as part of the stratified squamous epithelium, you see certain special cells, I dont know if anyone mentioned it before, maybe in BT: Langerhans cells. They are antigen-recognition cells. When something foreign gets in, they pick up and send a message back to the immune system, and then the immune system comes in and gets rid of all this garbage. The other thing I should point out, stratified squamous epithelium, you know from BT, the cells are held together pretty tightly, there is not much space between these cells, but in addition to the esophagus, you have a sort of glue which cements the cells close together, made of carbohydrates. You may see the term glycoconjugates. That seals up intercellular spaces that may exist. In terms of the muscularis mucosa, it is the thickest of the entire digestive tract in the esophagus. Slide 8 - GH Plate 14.1 Fig. 2 Esophagus Dr. Harvey Wishe - Here we have a higher power showing you much more limited view of the esophagus with stratified squamous epithelium. Is this keratinized or non-keratinized? Non because you see at the surface cells with nuclei. If it was keratinized, you wouldnt see nuclei, the cells would be dying. Depending on the species, it could or could not have keratin. In our case, our esophagus is not keratinized, but in the case of a bird, whose diet includes seeds, which can be rough. So the birds esophagus is keratinized. And then underneath is the lamina propia. You see tons of cells by seeing the nuclei. And many types of cells. In this particular
5

Transcribed by Janki Gajera!

April 3, 2014

layer represents and represents muscularis mucosa or interna. Its a little hard to see the distinction between inner circular and outer longitudinal. Turns out most of this muscle is longitudinally arranged. Now this entire area represents the submucosa. All these spaces in here are artifactual. The tissue is pulled apart. Yes, its a loose CT - areolar - but its not that loose. In the preparation of the tissue, it is artificially separated, and thats whats known as an artifact. Slide 9 - GH Plate 14-1 Fig. 3 Esophagus Dr. Harvey Wishe - Here we are looking at a more in-depth look at the esophagus. This is obviously stratified squamous epithelium but we don't see the lumen. Heres your lamina propia, muscularis mucosa, and this is your submucosa. Depending on what part of the esophagus we are looking at, the glandular arrangement will change. So the esophagus is technically divided into thirds. The upper third has glands in the lamina propia. Generally, the middle third has glands in the submucosa. The lower third has organs in the lamina propia. There are only two organs in the entire digestive tract that have glands in the submucosa: esophagus and duodenum. Throughout the rest of the tract, all the other glands are in the lamina propia. Muscularis externa is also interesting because it is also divided into thirds. The upper third is skeletal muscle. The middle third is smooth and skeletal muscle. And finally, the lower third of the esophagus is smooth muscle. Strictly speaking, from the lower third of the esophagus to the sigmoid colon, we have smooth muscle making up the muscularis externa. Slide 10 - G Fig. 2.18A Overview Greater Omentum Dr. Harvey Wishe - Muscularis externa is also interesting because it is also divided into thirds. The upper third is skeletal muscle. The middle third is smooth and skeletal muscle. And finally, the lower third of the esophagus is smooth muscle. Strictly speaking, from the lower third of the esophagus to the sigmoid colon, we have smooth muscle making up the muscularis externa. This picture you saw, it is an introduction into the next section - the stomach. You can see the stomach peeking out under the left of the liver, and you can see the greater omentum, hanging down from the greater curvature of the stomach like an apron. Slide 11 - GH Plate 14-1 Fig. 4 Esophageal Gastric Stomach Dr. Harvey Wishe - Here is the junction of the esophagus and the stomach. Little low magnification, but this represents stratified squamous epithelium. Roughly where this box is, here is the point where the epithelium changes to columnar epithelium - so you know youre in the stomach. The stomach has 4 parts: cardiac, fundic, pyloric, body portions. But histologically, the funds and the body look exactly alike. So anatomically 4 parts, histologically 3. The shape of your stomach is a typical J-shaped. Slide 12 - GH Plate 14-2 Fig. 1 Esophageal Gastric Stomach
6

Transcribed by Janki Gajera!

April 3, 2014

Dr. Harvey Wishe - This is just a high power showing you the junction point. And we looked at this slide for epithelium, for areolar CT on the conference exam. Im getting there maybe by the end of this weekend. Very tedious job. Your eyes will go O_O bonkers. One person has to do [grading] because everyone does it differently. We tried that years ago, and then I had to grade all the papers. Anyway, so I did some marking last weekend while babysitting. Ill be babysitting again this weekend, hopefully Ill finish the marking. No TV for me this weekend. So this was asked on one of the sections in terms of ID of the tissue. I want to call your attention to this area where there is a lot of nuclei. This is nothing more than lymphocytic infiltration and you tend to find that especially under simple columnar epithelium as protective measure because you have simple columnar - one layer of cells - its possible to pass into the underlying CT. As a result, you have a lot of lymphocytes as a protective measure. All of this is lamina propia, and now you understand a little better the muscularis mucosa being muscle. Slide 13 - N Plate 255 Stomach Bed Dr. Harvey Wishe - This is the stomach lifted up as if youre playing peek-a-boo. And so youre looking at the dorsal surface of the stomach. And this CT here which is really part of this CT which is the greater omentum. Underneath the stomach, you will find the pancreas. While the stomach is intra-peritoneal, the pancreas is retro-peritoneal, its behind the body wall. What you see here is part of the colon. You can see part of the stomach feeding into the small intestine, duodenum, but you cant see any more details. The liver is picked up and underneath your liver is your gallbladder. To the left of the stomach is the spleen. Here is a good picture showing the shape of the stomach, it is typically J-shaped. What you see on the bottom we are not going to discuss. It is illustrating variations of the stomach and all relates back to embryology and how the stomach developed, what might have gone wrong, etc. But in this picture, you can see very nicely the greater curvature, from which the greater omentum extends. Here is your lesser curvature, and this is where you find your lesser omentum. As part of your lesser omentum, youre going to find this ligament with the common bile duct - you dont have to know the name. Well talk about that tomorrow. Slide 14 - N Plate 258 Stomach Dr. Harvey Wishe - Here you can see the spleen peeking out as well. Cardiac, fundic, body, pyloric portion, and finally you wind up in the duodenum. Slide 15 -N Plate 259 Stomach Mucosa Dr. Harvey Wishe - Here the stomach is cut away - longitudinal cut. You see these folds in the stomach, theyre called ruggae. The hard palate also has ruggae, so dont confuse them. These are longitudinal folds occupying the body of the stomach and they sort of travel off as they get to the pyloric region. So folds have the number one function - to increase surface area. Each part of the gut has some sort of modification to increase the SA. And these folds just involve the mucosa. Ill show you a cross section of that momentarily so you can get a better idea of what we mean. With the naked eye, as you look as these folds, Im sure you did that in anatomy, you can see these openings those are your gastric cords. Here we have two examples
7

Transcribed by Janki Gajera!

April 3, 2014

of different parts of the stomach: the fundus, or the body, and the pyloric region. How you recognize them easily is essentially the length of the gastric pit equals the length of the gastric gland. So that has a 1:1 ratio. If we look at the fundic and body portion, we have something completely different - a short pit and a very long gland. That ratio is 1:3. It could be 2 or 4, so I just use 3. The gland is longer than the pit, period. Finally, in the pyloric portion of the stomach, its just the reverse of the fundus - a very long pit and a short gland. This has a 3:1 ratio, Im just switching the numbers. Now were comparing length. In the cardiac portion, its a very simple type of gland. Here is your cardiac orifice with a sphincter more or less, a physiological sphincter. Food passes into the fundus. This would seal up, otherwise the food would pass right out. Then the food passes through the body. And finally down to the pyloris. There is a sphincter here called the pyloric sphincter. So when you have food in the stomach, the two sphincters are closed, otherwise the food is gonna go in two different directions and physical and chemical digestion would not occur. Here we are in the fundus, short pit, long gland, and you see different cells, you see the red guys in here, these are the red guys, the parietal cells which produce HCl. If you look at the surface, theyre called surface mucous cells, surface epithelial cells, and they produce mucous. And as the gland sort of narrows, this is the neck of the gland - you get your neck mucus cells. Now the cells are shorter, more cuboidal. Both cells produce mucus, which helps protect the stomach lining against acid and enzyme attack as well. In addition, in terms of your cell membranes, the lipid component is on the outside, facing the lumen; the lipid component also affords protection against the acid and the enzymes. In addition, there is a third way the cells are held tightly together - with desmosomes to prevent anything from leaking in. And then we have chief cells buried in the mass - these are the cells that produce enzymes. This looks like a chief cell, zymogenic cells, serous cell, cell granulation in the apical part of the cytoplasm, which represents protein alias enzymes. So the fundic alias body portions of the stomach will have the most cells, or types of cells. When you come to the cardiac, it is basically a mucous cell. When you come to the pyloric portion of the stomach, again, it is basically a mucus cell. Slide 16 - G&H Text Fig. 17-3 Components of Fundus Dr. Harvey Wishe - This shows a further illustration looking at the stomach lining. And they have different colors in here, those are the surface mucus. As we get further down here, this is the neck of the gland, neck mucous, some of these cells are your parietal cells, some zymogenic cells. At the bottom, you get these argentaffin cells. There are a whole host of them. So we know that the surface mucous and the neck mucous cells produce mucous. The parietal cells produce HCl. In humans, parietal cells produce gastric intrinsic factor, anemia factor. In essence, this factor absorbs Vitamin B12, later on in the gut. You need Vitamin B12 for maturation of red blood cells.

Transcribed by Janki Gajera!

April 3, 2014

Theres one other cell type in here: regenerative cell, a mitotic cell. These cells undergo mitosis, and the new cells that are produced move up and move down to replace dead, worn out cells. Slide 17 - GH Plate 14-2 Fig. 2 Fundus Dr. Harvey Wishe - Here is a good view of the longitudinal fold. There are three; in the stomach. Hard to see, but you have your epithelium, lamina propia, muscularis mucosa, and thats the submucosa. Slide 18 - GH Plate 14-2 Fig. 3 Fundus Dr. Harvey Wishe - High power of part of one of these folds. I probably used this in conference to show you simple columnar epithelium which is characteristic of the lining. You have areolar CT, lamina propia, and all of these structures in here are an accumulation of all the cells that make up a gland. You find in here the muscularis mucosa, and you can see some of these muscle fibers extending up into the lamina propia, literally going around the glands; they will squeeze the gland to get it to release secretions. Slide 19 - GH Plate 14-3 FIG. 2 FUNDUS Parietal Cell Dr. Harvey Wishe - This is just a higher power, and it just shows you these parietal cells. Theyre very large cells - pyramidal, triangular, wedge-shaped. They have large, central, round nuclei. If you analyze one of these cells, you never find acid inside these cells. Slide 20 - UNIT XII CH 64 Fig 64-5 PARIETAL CELL Dr. Harvey Wishe - Here is a diagrammatic version of a parietal cell. You can see under the microscope, the reality is there is a lumen built into the cell and you have all of these microvillus projections So the cell produces H ions and Cl ions, sends it out to the lumen, and thats where the two combine to form HCl. So technically the HCl is outside the cell and then goes into the general lumen. You have sodium chloride + carbonic acid = HCl + bicarbonate ion. Oxyntic is another name for parietal, obviously parietal is easier to pronounce. Slide 21 - Argentafn (Argyrophil, Enterochromafn, Enteroendocrine) cells Dr. Harvey Wishe - The Argentaffin cells: there a few types, you should know all of them. APUD is an amine precursor and decarboxylation type of cell which breaks down certain material and converts it into hormones. G cells are very important - they release this hormone called gastrin, which will stimulate your gastric motility, stimulates the parietal cells to produce acid, and it stimulates stem cells to give rise to new cells. What this cell is actually doing in the stomach Im not sure, but it does release histamines and it does stimulate gastric secretions, gastric motility. Both the stomach and the pancreas have these A cells. In the pancreas, the alpha cell releases glucagon which increases glucose levels. These A cells releases enteroglucagon. Insulin decreases levels of blood glucose. Glucagon increases it. Finally, these D cells in the pancreas release somatostatin and have a inhibitory effect in the pancreas - inhibit alpha and beta cells form releasing hormones in the stomach - inhibit G cells from releasing gastrin. Slide 22 - J 15-19 PYLORUS
9

Transcribed by Janki Gajera!

April 3, 2014

Dr. Harvey Wishe - Picture of the pylorus - long pit, short gland. And look at the glands - for the most part, they are mucous secreting cells, and they have very large lumen. We saw that when we looked at mucous cells under epithelial. Large lumen compared to serous cells, serous alveoli which had very small lumens. Slide 23 - GH PLATE 14.3 FIG. 4 PYLORUS Dr. Harvey Wishe - This is showing you a good representation. The pit is convoluted, coiled over and so is the gland. Very rarely can you see a longitudinal section thru the glands, what you see mostly is cross sections and oblique sections. And again, notice the large lumens. Slide 24 - Gilroy Clinical Gastritis and Gastric Ulcers Dr. Harvey Wishe - This particular slide is showing you the area of the body of the stomach, these are your ruggae, your longitudinal folds - they extend down to the pyloris, they get thinner, they get smaller. Here is a case (C) showing you a gastric ulcer, too much acid being produced. The acid will eat away at the stomach, to the point of creating a hole and if you create a hole, the acid leaks thru the hole and can start eating away at the underlying pancreas and BV as well.

picture of a dog with a birthday hat - Happy Birthday to you if your birthday is soon! -From Dr. Wishe :). He also showed us a picture of a dog graduating, but we dont have that to look forward to anytime soon >:|

10