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ABSTRACT
In this paper, we present the details of the HAWKEYE Technology. The technologyrequires no separate introduction- it is one of the most commonly used technologies in sportsthese days. The HAWKEYE is deployed on many sporting venues across the globe includingalmost all major tennis tournament venues and cricket grounds. In this paper, we restrict ourdiscussion to applications of HAWKEYE specific to Cricket. The topic we choose falls in the category Tecathlon: Technology in Sports and we believe it doesnt require any further justification.Now-a-days we commonly see visualizations and attractive graphics in the cricketanalysis shows. These include wagon wheels; pitch maps reliable looking software predictionsfor LBW decisions. It is also seen very commonly that important decisions during the course of the game sometimes go wrong due to the human errors in judgment and these can change theway the match is going. With this background, people related to the game have started thinkingof getting in more and more technology into the game to make it more lively, understandable andless prone to mistakes in judgment and hence lesser incorrect umpiring decisions. TheHAWKEYE is one technology which has really shown the promise and can help us in makingvery accurate decisions. Although we all look at the output of this wonderful technologyeveryday on our TV sets, few of us will actually know of the details about the working of thissystem. There is a lot of image processing, plenty of mathematical calculations and other aspectsof engineering which need to be used in order to allow for the development of such a robust andreliable system. This paper attempts to explain all these aspects in some detail

2. INTRODUCTION
Hawk-Eye is a computer system used in cricket, tennis, snookers and other sports to visually track the path of the ball and display a record of its most statistically likely path as a moving image Hawk-Eye as the most innovative technology provider in sports broadcasting and is a development that will reinforce the group's presence and influence. It is primarily used by the majority of television networks to track the trajectory of balls in flight. It was developed by engineers at Roke Manor Research Limited of UK in 2001

3. HISTORY
It was developed by engineers at Roke Manor Research Limited in 2001; the patent being held by Paul Hawkins and David Sherry. It first hit our screens in 2001 and has been helping to unravel the mysteries of the lbw decision ever since.

4. ABILITIES
Hawk-eye can track any type of bounce, spin, swing and seam movement of the ball. Give a prediction as accurate as 99.99 percent Hawk-Eye was used for referring decisions to the third umpire in LBW.

5. HOW DOES IT WORKS?


This is essentially visual processing, using cameras, not lasers. There are six calibrated cameras stationed at strategic points around the ground. As a ball is bowled each camera recognises the ball in the image. A 3D trajectory of the ball is created from the image data using a process called Kalman Filtering. From this 3D trajectory, you can determine the speed, angle and deviation of the ball's flight. 5.1 Visual representation of hawk eye technology

5.2 Principle of Hawk-Eye A Hawk-Eye system is based on the principle of Triangulation Triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles to it from known points at either end of a fixed baseline

5.3 Technology Hawk-Eye takes 2 inputs 1. Video provided by 6 different cameras placed at 6 different places. 2. The speed of the ball.

The six fixed JAI monochrome cameras, with a 120 MHz frame rate, are placed around the playing field They track the balls entire trajectory, right from the point where it is released from the bowlers hand to the point the ball is considered dead. 5.4 Processing The cameras are used in two sets, and a multi-channel frame grabber handles each set of cameras. The images captured are then processed by software to produce a 3-D image.

This is updated 100 times every second. The system generates a graphic image of the ball path and playing area by using which umpires take decisions. The same can be provided to the television viewers.

6. ACCURACY OF THE TECHNOLOGY


During testing in 2006 Hawk-Eye made the correct call in 100% of all tests. Tests have always been conducted outdoors, encompassing situations that take the following factors into consideration: . Indoor venues are obviously easier in which to track because conditions are far less variable. Quite simply, Hawk-Eye can track accurately and reliable in any conditions, on any surface. Although the accuracy of the existing system has been tried and tested, the company is constantly trying to develop and refine the system. Hawk-Eye listens to feedback from customers and officials to ensure that Hawk-Eye remains the very best in the market. Wind (and therefore camera wobble); Bright sunlight at different times of the day; Shadows covering part or the majority of the court; Dark or overcast conditions;

7. APPLICATIONS
Its applications are mainly in sports 7.1 Cricket 7.2 Tennis 7.3 Snookers and 7.4 In some games 7.1 Cricket

Used in the third umpire decision(Referral system) At the end of an over, all six deliveries are shown simultaneously to show a bowler's variations such as bounce, speed variations and ball deviation. To view the deviation of the ball from actual track. 7.2 Tennis Hawk-Eye was first used in tennis in the year 2004(US open tennis). In tennis Hawk-Eye generates the impact of the ball whether the ball is IN or OUT

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7.3 Snookers This technology is useful in cases where the cue ball touches the specified ball first or any other ball. 7.4 Games Some games such as Brian Lara Cricket 2005also support this technology.

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8. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES


Advantages: - It helps make decisions that may be to difficult for umpires - It allows competitors to challenge the umpires call if they feel that it was incorrect - It is always fun to watch Hawk Eye - It is taking tennis into the technology age Disadvantages: - The error margin in Tennis is 3.6mm - Like any technology it can fail - There can be bugs (for example saying in when showing a ball is out) - Takes away from the historical value of Tennis

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9. FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS
1. Hawk-Eye is already working on implementing a system for basketball. 2. The Football Association has declared the system as "ready for inspection by FIFA", after tests suggested that the results of a goal-line incident could be relayed to the match referee within half-a-second (IFAB, the governing body for the Laws of the game, insists on goals being signalled immediately e.g. within five seconds).

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10. CONCLUSION
After all the test that have been conducted on this technology, it has always come out successful and it promises to be a boon for the world of sports and now it is up to the different councils to decide whether to use this technology or not. This technology has met the high reality and accuracy features. Hawk-Eye is currently developing a system for Football This technology helps to have correct decisions in any kind of game.

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11. REFRENCES
http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc http://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2006-08-10/ http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/4/story.cfm?c_id=4 http://archive.gulfnews.com/indepth/dubaitennis2007/08379 http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/hawkeye http://www.hawkeyetechnology.com/tech

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