Sriram Sample Material

SAMPLE MATERIAL FOR IIT HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ENTRANCE EXAMINATION
SAMPLE MATERIAL ON GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Organization Name International Monetary Fund (IMF) Founded on December !" #$%& Objective It 'as establis(ed to )romote International Monetary coo)eration" e*c(ange stability and orderly e*c(ange arrangements" to +oster economic gro't( and (ig( levels o+ em)loyment" and to )rovide tem)orary +inancial assistance to countries to (el) ease balance o+ )ayment adjustment, 3(e Food and 1griculture Organisation o+ t(e /nited Nations leads international e++orts to de+eat (unger, 0erving bot( develo)ing and develo)ed countries" F1O acts as a neutral +orum '(ere all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate )olicy, F1O (el)s develo)ing countries in transition modernize and im)rove agriculture" +orestry and ensure good nutrition +or all, International .ivil 1viation Organisation 'as set u) as a means to secure international co6o)eration to (ig(est )ossible degree o+ uni+ormity in regulation and standards" )rocedures and organization regarding civil aviation matters, 3(e International .ivil 1viation Organisation (I.1O) 'as establis(ed in #$%% by & nations '(ose aim 'as to assure t(e sa+e" orderly" and economic develo)ment o+ international air trans)ort, Headquarters -as(ington D,.," /,0,1 Director General Dominique 0trauss2a(n
3(e Food and 1griculture
#$%&
4ome" Italy
Dr, 5acques Diou+ o+ 0enegal
International .ivil 1viation Organisation (I.1O)
December #$%%
Montreal" .anada
4oberto 7obe( Gonzalez
SRIRAM ACADEMY. www.iithsee.com
/nited Nations 8ducational" scienti+ic and .ultural Organisation (/N80.O) -orld Healt( Organisation (-HO) November #9" #$%& /N80.O )romotes international co6o)eration among its #$ (1s o+ Marc( ::!) member states and si* 1ssociate Members in t(e +ields o+ education" science" culture and communication, -HO=s objective" as set out in its .onstitution" is t(e attainment by all )eo)les o+ t(e (ig(est )ossible level o+ (ealt(, 3(e .onstitution de+ines (ealt( as a state o+ com)lete )(ysical" mental and social 'ell being and not merely absence o+ disease or in+irmity, Director6General63(e organization is (eaded by t(e Director6General" '(o is a))ointed by t(e Healt( 1ssembly on t(e nomination o+ t(e 8*ecutive >oard, 3(e main )ur)oses o+ t(e I?O are to contribute to t(e establis(ment o+ lasting )eace by )romoting social justice@ to im)rove" t(roug( international action" labour conditions and living standards and to )romote economic and social stability, 1s an inde)endent international organization related to /nited Nations 0ystem, 3(e I181=s relations(i) 'it( t(e /N is regulated by s)ecial 1greement, In terms o+ its statute" t(e I181 re)orts annually to t(e /N General 1ssembly and '(en a))ro)riate" to t(e 0ecurity .ouncil regarding non6 com)liance by states 'it( t(eir sa+eguards obligations as 'ell as on matters relating to international )eace and security, ;aris" France 7oic(iro Matsuura
1)ril !" #$%<
Geneva" 0'itzerland
Dr, Margaret .(an
International ?abour Organisation
#$#$
Geneva" 0'itzerland
5uan 0omavia
International 1tomic 8nergy 1gency(I181 )
5uly $" #$&!
Aienna" 1ustria
Dr, Mo(ammed 8lbaradei
/nited Nations Organisation (/NO) October %" #$%& 3(e current /nited Nations emblem 'as a))roved on December :!" #$%9, 3(e design is Ba ma) o+ t(e 'orld re)resenting an azimut(al equidistant )rojection centred on t(e nort( )ole" inscribed in a 'reat( conssting o+ crossed conventionalized branc(es o+ t(e Olive tree" in gold on a +ield o+ smo2e6blue 'it( all 'ater areas in '(ite, 3(e )rojection o+ t(e ma) e*tends to 9: degrees sout( latitude and includes +ive concentric circles, Olive branc(es symbolize )eace, 3(e 'orld ma) de)icts t(e area o+ concern to t(e /nited Nations in ac(ieving its main )ur)ose" )eace and security, In #<!%" delegates +rom countries met in >erne" 0'itzerland" +or t(e +irst International ;ostal .ongress and ado)ted t(e >erne 3reaty, 3(e treaty" '(ic( came nto +orce on 5uly #" #<!& +or mally establis(ed t(e General ;ostal /nion, 1t t(e second International ;ostal .ongress" (eld in ;aris in #<!<" t(e General ;ostal /nion became t(e /niversal ;ostal /nion (/;/) Ne' Cor2 0(ei2(a Haya 4as(ed
/niversal ;ostal /nion
#<!%
>erne" 0'itzerland
8douard Dayan
-orld Intellectual ;o)erty Organisation (-I;O)
5uly #%" #$9!
Geneva" 0'itzerland
7amil Idris
8uro)ean /nion (8/) #$&! It 'as +ormed as 8uro)ean 8conomic .ommunity (88.) in #$&! by t(e 3reaty o+ 4ome among si* 8uro)ean countries, In #$$D" t(e Maastric(t 3reaty establis(ed t(e current legal +rame'or2, Founder .ountriesE(i) >elgium (ii) France" (iii) Germany" (iv) Italy" (v) ?u*embourg (vi) Net(erlands, FunctionsE(i) 3(e 8uro)ean /nion creates a single mar2et by a system o+ ?a's '(ic( a))ly in all member states" guaranteeing t(e +reedom o+ movement" o+ )eo)le" goods" services and ca)ital, (ii) It maintains a common trade )olicy" agricultural and +is(eries )olicies and a regional develo)ment )olicy, ;o)ulation o+ t(e 8/ .ountries E3(e combined )o)ulation o+ all ! member countries (as been estimated at %$&" # <" & $ in 5anuary ::!, Europe Day: 9 May 3(e ideas be(ind t(e 8uro)ean /nion 'ere +irst )ut +or'ard on May $" #$&: by Frenc( Foreign Minister 4obert 0c(uman, 0o $ may is celebtrated as t(e 8/=s birt(day Hans Gert ;ottering
SAMPLE MATERIAL ON ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

History of Global Warming and its Impact
1round #$<:=s t(e 'orld scienti+ic community started realizing t(at tree )lantation alone is not going to mitigate t(e vast amount o+ )olluters being released to t(e atmos)(ere by )rogressively increasing industrial activity, 3(is led to t(e emergency o+ a ne' conce)t o+ global climate c(ange and its e++ect on our li+e, 4esearc(ers began voicing concern about t(e li2ely consequences o+ t(e increasing levels o+ .arbon6dio*ide (.O ) and ot(er so6called (eat tra))ing Green House Gases (GHG)F li2e Met(ane (.H %)G Nitrous o*ide (NO*)G Ozone (OD)G
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.(loro+luorocarbons (.F.s), 3(ey started )rojecting grim scenariosF t(ese rising emission levels 'ould ma2e t(e eart( (otter" melt ice ca)s" raise sea levels" submerge islands and lo' lying coastal trac2s around t(e 'orld" cause loss o+ biodiversity@ drastic c(ange in 'eat(er )attern 'ill reduce +ood )roduction and s(ortage o+ +res( 'ater su))ly and so on, 3(is is no' an international buzz'ord called Global Warmin !
Our 0un )lays t(e most dominant role in designing t(e global tem)erature, 3(e eart(=s tem)erature is determined by t(e di++erence bet'een t(e 'armt( it receives +rom t(e sun and t(e (eat losses radiated +rom t(e eart(=s sur+ace to outer s)ace, In normal natural environment solar radiation )enetrates t(roug( eart(=s atmos)(ere to (eat t(e sur+ace o+ eart(, In t(is )rocess one t(ird o+ t(e solar radiation is re+lected bac2 into em)ty s)ace above t(e atmos)(ere and rest o+ it is absorbed 'it(in atmos)(ere" ocean" ice" land and biota, 3(us" atmos)(ere +unctions as a Hgarden green6(ouse= and insulated t(e eart( +rom t(e vagaries o+ e*treme tem)erature
3(is is 2no'n as HNormal En"r y #alan$"%,
In +act t(is in(erent )resence o+ green(ouse mec(anism in eart( (as +acilitated to ma2e it )leasantly (abitable, -it(out t(is e++ect t(e average tem)erature in t(e eart( 'ould (ave been DDI. colder and t(e li+e as 'e 2no' it 'ould not e*ist,
3(e molecules o+ di++erent gases (ave varying ca)abilities in t(e Hgreen(ouse e++ect=, 1 molecule o+ Met(ane" t(e major com)onent in natural gas" +or e*am)le" is D: times more e++ective t(an a molecule o+ carbon dio*ide, 3(e )roblem 'it( .O is t(at it is t(e most abundant in t(e eart(=s atmos)(ere, >esides" it is being released in ever greater quantities 'it( increased +ossil +uel combustion to create energy +or industry" (ome and trans)ort" cou)led 'it( burning o+ +orests to )rovide more land +or agriculture, Naturally t(e global tem)erature is )rogressively rising 'it( t(e quantum6increase o+ green(ouse gases in t(e eart(=s atmos)(ere on account o+ suc( (uman activities (3able ,) 3(e en(anced level o+ GHG (as led to t(e average global sur+ace tem)erature increasing by about :,D to :,9I. over t(e last #:: years (3(e global tem)erature record 2ee)ing began in #<9:), 3(e tem)eratures in late #$$:=s 'ere about :,9I. above t(ose at t(e end o+ last century, 0imilarly global sea level (as risen by #::6 # & mm in t(e same )eriod, It is estimate t(at i+ t(e .O emissions continue to gro' at t(e )resent rate ( J )er year)" t(e average global tem)erature by #:: may rise any '(ere bet'een I. rise" #I. to D,&I. (around 9,%I. in )olar region due to emergence o+ (ole in ozone layer in stratos)(ere" '(ic( acts as 0un 0creen), 3(e best guess is a
'(ic( 'ill be enoug( to dro'n island nations li2e Maldives and lo' lying >anglades(, 1bout !,# million )eo)le in India 'ould be a++ected by submergence o+ coastal lands i+ tem)eratures rise by I., 3(e economic loss" quite naturally" 'ould be (ig( in urban centers suc( as Mumbai and .(ennai, 3(e most visible direct im)act o+ suc( climate c(ange in India t(at is being attributed to global 'arming is total melting o+ Natural 0(ivalingam in sacred 1marnat( .ave (5ammu) by 5uly #" ::!, Normally it lasts +or anot(er mont(s ::! (till Mid61ugust) and every year &69 la2( Indians visit t(is s(rine to see2 its blessings, Its untimely s(rin2age 'as noticed in it (ad attained # ultimate melting by +irst 5uly ::!, In t(e )resent scenario" it is estimated t(at t(e develo)ed countries continue to emit !:J o+ global .O emissions and (ave been res)onsible +or <&J o+ t(e cumulated emissions +rom )re6industrial )eriod" to about !:J +rom #$&: on'ards, In s(ort" t(e global 'arming started 'it( t(e onset o+ Industrial 4evolution in 8uro)e and ot(er countries, 3(e ra)id increase o+ )o)ulation ()resent 'orld )o)ulation is over 9D:: million 'it( consequent develo)ment o+ tec(nology and +louris(ing o+ industry all over t(e 'orld" (ave 'orsened t(e situation" resulting in t(e +aster 'arming o+ t(e globe, ::9, ?ast year on 5une $" +eet (eig(t" but 'it(in #:6#& days it started s(rin2ing to
Tabl" & ' History o( Global Warmin S! No! #, Y"ar #!&: Obs"r)ation an* Miti ation St"+s ;rior to Industrial 4evolution" t(e atmos)(ere (eld <: )arts )er million ())m) o+ (eat tra))ing .arbon6dio*ide (.O )F determined t(roug( later researc(, 0vante 1(rrenius" a 0'edis( scientists 'arned t(at .O emission +rom coal and oil burning could 'arm t(e )lanet, .(arles 7eeling" a /0 0cientists +inds t(at t(e atmos)(eric .O (as risen to D#& ))m, 1++orestation )rogrammes gain momentum all over t(e 'orld to +unction as a .arbon6sin2, N101 scientist 5ames Hansen tells /0 -arming (as already commenced, standing started emerging t(at )rogrammes 'ill not be su++icient to )(enomenon, .ongress t(at Global 1 scienti+ic under mere a++orestation c(ec2 t(is 'arming
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384I (India) organized BInternational .on+erence on Global -arming and .limate .(angeF ;ers)ective From Develo)ing .ountries,K 1 )ioneering ste) t(at generated international a'arenessF .limate 3reaty sets voluntary goals to lo'er .O and ot(er green(ouse gas emissionsF 7yoto .on+erence
9, #$$ !,
3(e scienti+ic )anel o+ /nited Nation +inds evidence o+ man6 made emissions a++ecting 'orld climate, 3reaty )arties a))rove 7yoto ;rotocol mandating emission
#$$& <, #$$! $, #$$< #:, ::# ##, ::% # , ::& cuts by industrial nations, 1n a))roac( rejected in advance by /0 0enate, -armest year globally since record62ee)ing began in #$t( .entury, /N scienti+ic )anel concludes most 'arming li2ely due to man6made emissions, ;resident >us( renounces 7yoto ;rotocol, .O level reac(es record D!$ ))m, 4ussia rati+ies 7yoto ;rotocol, India acce)ted t(is on #9, , :: , 7yoto ;rotocol ta2es e++ect on February #9, It is t(e +irst Blegally binding global )lan to tac2le climate c(ange,K It requires develo)ed6nations to cut emissions o+ green (ouse gases" es)ecially .O reduction by &, J belo' #$$: level by ::<6# , ;aris .on+erenceF Over ne*t $: years global tem)erature may risely #,# to 9,%I." consequently melting o+ ice in 1rctic and 1ntartic sea 'ill raise sea levels a++ecting millions o+ coastal )o)ulation" cyclones 'ill intensi+y" drastic c(ange in 'eat(er 'ould a++ect +ood6)roduction and s(ortage o+ +res( 'ater su))ly 'ill increase malnutrition and increase diseases,
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Tabl" , ' R"lati)" Contrib-tion o( Man.ma*" Gr""n/o-s" Gas"s to Global Warmin S! No! #, .arbon (.O ) , D, %, Met(ane (.H%) .(loro+luorocarbons (.F.s) Nitrous O*ide (NO*) dio*ide 8lectricity De+orestation Ot(ers .oal Mines" .attle and organic decom)osition 1erosol )ro)ellants" and and solvents 9 % and re+rigerants .ombustion +ertilizer" resultant (ydrocarbon nitrogen 3otal #:: Nitrogenous tro)os)(eric o+ o+ Nam" 0&1234 So-r$" o( G"n"ration Contrib-tion +"r$"nta " #9 #D 9 #&
ozone (OD) +ormed +rom t(e emissions and o*ides
#, Ministry o( En)ironm"nt an* 5or"stry
6 0erves as t(e nodal agency in t(e country +or t(e /nited Nations 8nvironment ;rogramme (/N8;)" Nairobi" 0out( 1sia .o6o)erative 8nvironment ;rogramme (01.8;)" .olombo" and International .entre +or Integrated Mountain Develo)ment (I.IMOD) and +or t(e +ollo'6u) o+ t(e /nited Nations= .on+erence on 8nvironment and Develo)ment (/N.8D), , #ios+/"r" R"s"r)"s 6 1re areas o+ terrestrial and coastal ecosystems '(ic( are internationally recognized 'it(in t(e +rame'or2 o+ /N80.O=s Man and >ios)(ere (M1>) )rogramme, 6! W"tlan*s . Are lands mid'ay bet'een terrestrial and aquatic system '(ere land is covered by s(allo' 'ater and t(e 'ater table is usually near t(e sur+ace, 3(ese are li+e su))ort systems +or )eo)le living around t(ese areas" )lus t(ey are e++ective +or +lood control" 'aste 'ater treatment and serve as a 'inter c(oice +or a variety o+ birds +or s(elter and breeding, a) Ramsar Con)"ntion 6 De+ines 'etlands as areas o+ mars(" )eat lands" arti+icial or natural" brac2is( or salt marine 'ater 'it( t(e de)t( o+ '(ic( at lo' tide does not e*ceed si* metres, Mangroves" corals" estuaries" la2es" etc, are covered under t(is, b) Number o+ 'etlands identi+ied +or inclusion in National .onservation ;rogramme s(ot u) +rom ,3 to 17 i*"nti(i"* islan*s sin$" &1238 distributed in % 0tates, Ho'ever" in t(e Indian conte*t" )addy +ields are not to be vie'ed as covered by t(is de+inition, Government o+ India (as ta2en various ste)s +or controlling o+ s(rin2age o+ 'etlands" management" and identi+ication o+ 'etlands +or conservation under National -etland .onservation ;rogramme, 1n inter6governmental treaty 'as signed during a convention on -etlands" in 4amsar" Iran in #$!#" '(ic( )rovides t(e +rame'or2 +or National 1ction and International .oo)eration +or t(e .onservation and 'ide use o+ 'etlands and t(eir resources, 3(ere are )resently" #&% .ontracting ;arties to t(e .onvention" 'it( #99$ 'etland sites" total o+ #&#,:! million (ectares" designated +or inclusion in t(e 4amsar list o+ -etlands o+ International Im)ortance, E$olo i$al Si ni(i$an$" -etlands are among t(e 'orld=s most )roductive environments, 3(ey are cradles o+ biological diversity" )roviding t(e 'ater and )rimary )roductivity u)on '(ic( large numbers o+ )lant and animal s)ecies de)end +or survival, 3(ey are also im)ortant locations o+ )lant genetic diversity and su))ort large numbers o+ bird" mammal" re)tile" am)(ibian" +is( and invertebrate s)ecies, -etlands )rovide tremendous economic bene+its t(roug( muc( o+ t(e 'orld t(ey (ave a crucial role as a source o+ clean 'ater +or de)endent (uman )o)ulations, /n+ortunately t(ey are also among t(e 'orld=s most t(reatened ecosystems" o'ing mainly to continued drainage" )ollution" over6e*)loitation or ot(er unsustainable uses o+ t(eir resources, 3(e t(reats to 'etlands are mani+old, 3(e +aunal resources are mostly over6e*)loited, In rural areas" t(e 'etlands are converted +or agriculture and aquaculture, >ecause o+ +ormation o+ 'etlands" (abitat s(rin2s, In urban areas construction o+ buildings reduces 'etlands, 3remendous ant(ro)ogenic )ressure also results in ra)id destruction o+ (abitat, /ncontrolled siltation o+ rivers and 'etlands reduces t(e 'ater (olding ca)acity" '(ic( reduces t(e amount o+ available 'ater during dry )eriod, Disc(arge o+ +res('ater and industrial e++luents into reservoirs" altering t(e 'ater quality as 'ell as t(e natural )o)ulation o+ several sensitive s)ecies" accelerated eutro)(ication o+ natural 'etlands due to sur+ace run6++ and uncontrolled gro't( o+ 'eeds results in consequent decay,
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W"tlan*s in In*ia 3(ey are distributed in di++erent geogra)(ical regions ranging +rom Himalayas to Deccan )lateau, 3(e variability in climatic conditions and c(anging to)ogra)(y is res)onsible +or signi+icant diversity, 3(ey are classi+ied into di++erent ty)es based on t(eir origin" vegetation" nutrient status" t(ermal c(aracteristics, India (as t'elve di++erent ty)es o+ 'etlands, 3(ey areF Glaciatic Wetlands L 3so Morari in 5M7" .(andertal in H,;" Tactonic Wetlands L 7(ajjiar in H,; and Nainital M >(imtal in /ttaranc(al" Oxbow Wetlands L Dal" -ullar in 5M7 and ?o2ta2 la2e in Mani)ur and some o+ t(e 'etlands in t(e river )lains o+ >ra(ma)utra and Indogangetic region, Dee)ar >eel in 1ssam" 7abar in >i(ar and 0ura(tal in /,;, Lagoons L .(il2a in Orissa Crater wetlands L ?onar la2e in Ma(aras(tra Salt water Wetlands L ;angong 3so in 5M7 and 0amb(ar in 4ajast(an Urban Wetlands L Dal la2e in 5M7" Nainital in /ttaranc(al M >(oj in Mad(ya ;rades( Pons/Tanks !an"male Wetlands L Hari2e in ;unjab and ;ong Dam" Himac(al ;rades( #eser$oirs L Idu22i" Hira2ud Dam" >(a2ra6Nangal" Govind60agar !angro$e L >(itar2ani2a" Orissa Coral reefs L ?a2s(ad'ee) Creeks L 3(ane .ree2" Ma(aras(tra 0ea grasses" estuaries" t(ermal s)rings are some o+ t(e ot(er 2inds o+ 'etlands in t(e country, National W"tlan* Cons"r)ation Pro ramm" 0NWCP4 3(e country (ad only $%'etland areas till #$<!, % 0tates (ave been covered under N-.;" +or conservation )ur)ose 4s,9,< crores 'ere s)ent in t(e 8ig(t( ;lan and 4s,D: crores in Nint( ;lan, In t(e 8levent( ;lan" t(is amount (as been increased seven times, 3(e government is determined to conserve t(e 'etlands at any costs in +uture, 7! Man ro)"s 6 Mangrove )lants are t(ose t(at survive /i / salinity8 ti*al "9tr"m"s8 stron :in*s8 /i / t"m+"rat-r" an* m-**y ana"robi$ soil! 3(ese )rotect coastal communities +rom cyclones and coastal storms, 0o +ar D< mangrove areas +or conservation and management (ave been identi+ied, a) Ministry o+ 8nvironment M Forestry (as establis(ed a National Man ro)" G"n"ti$ R"so-r$"s C"ntr" in Orissa! b) National En)ironm"ntal Poli$y ; ,<<= recognizes t(e mangroves and coral ree+s as im)ortant coastal environmental resources,
>! Coral r""(s 6 1re s(allo'6'ater tro)ical marine ecosystems" c(aracterized by (ig( biomass )roduction and ric( +loral and +aunal diversity, a) Four coral ree+s namely" G-l( o( Mannar8 An*aman an* Ni$obar Islan*s8 La?s/a*:""+ Islan*s an* G-l( o( K-t$/ (ave been identi+ied +or conservation and management by t(e National .ommittee on Mangroves and .oral 4ee+s, =! #io*i)"rsity . Is t(e variability among living organisms and t(e ecological com)le*es o+ '(ic( t(ey are )art" including diversity 'it(in and bet'een s)ecies and ecosystems,
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India is one o+ t(e #! mega diverse countries '(ic( toget(er )ossess 9: to !: )er cent o+ t(e 'orld=s biodiversities, *) India rati+ied t(e International convention on >iodiversity (.>D)I in #$$% and became a )art o+ it, () 3! O@on" lay"r 6Ozone layer is de)leted by t(e (alons" carbon tetrac(loride" met(yl c(loro+orm" .F. and met(yl bromide, /se o+ Halons +rom # 5an, ::# substances (OD0) suc( as carbon tetra c(loride" met(yl c(loro+orm and .F. +or metered dose in(alers can be used u) to # 5an, :#:, Furt(er t(e use o+ met(yl bromide (as been allo'ed only u) to # 5an, :#&, () 3(e Ozone .ell o+ t(e Ministry and /N8; jointly launc(ed a ne' global initiative to raise a'areness on t(e Ozone ?ayer ;rotection and B R"m"mb"rin O-r 5-t-r"' Comm"moratin $los-r" o( ODS Pro*-$tion Sit"s8 -n*"r t/" Montr"al Proto$ol on 2 Mar$/ ,<<>K, *) 3(e 7yoto )rotocol commits t(e develo)ed countries" including economies in transition to reduce emissions o+ green(ouse gases by an average o+ &, J belo' #$$: levels during ::<6# , c) India acceded to t(e 7yoto )rotocol in 1ugust :: and one o+ t(e objectives o+ acceding to t(e 7yoto ;rotocol 'as to +ul+ill )rerequisites +or im)lementation o+ .lean Develo)ment Mec(anisms (.DM) in accordance 'it( t(e National sustainable )riorities, 2! Ministry o( En)ironm"nt an* 5or"sts . is t(e nodal )oint +or various environmental related multi6lateral conventions namely, a4 #as"l Con)"ntionF On control o+ 3rans6boundary movement o+ (azardous 'astes and t(eir dis)osal, b4 Rott"r*am Con)"ntion' On t(e ;rior In+ormation .onsent (;I.) )rocedure +or certain (azardous c(emicals and )esticides in international trade, $4 Sto$?/olm Con)"ntionF On )ersistent organic )ollutants (;O;s), *4 Con)"ntion on W"tlan*s o+ International Im)ortance" es)ecially as -ater+o'l (abitat" "4 Vi"nna Con)"ntion F +or t(e )rotection o+ t(e Ozone ?ayer (4 MontrAal Proto$ol on S-bstan$"s' t(at de)letes t(e Ozone ?ayer 4 Con)"ntions on #iolo i$al Di)"rsiti"s8 /4 BN 5ram":or? Con)"ntion on Climat" C/an "! i4 Kyoto Proto$ol an* Con)"ntion to Combat D"s"rti(i$ation j) BN Con)"ntion to Combat D"s"rti(i$ation 0BNCCD4 'as (eld at >ang2o2 during 1ugust" ::9, 3(e 'orld Day to .ombat Deserti+ication and Droug(t is celebrated on #! 5une, MaCor E)"nts in t/" (i"l* o( En)ironm"nt #, , D, %, &, 9, !, <, $, >otanical 0urvey o+ India L #<$: First Forest ;olicy L #<$% Noological 0urvey o+ India L #$#$ ;revention o+ .ruelty to 1nimals 1ct L #$9: -ild ?i+e (;rotection) 1ct L #$! Forest (.onservation) 1ct L #$<: Forest 0urvey o+ India L #$<# -et land .onservation ;rogramme L #$<! Mangrove .onservation ;rogramme L #$<!
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#:, National 4iver ;olicy L #$<< ##, >io Diversity 1ct L :: # , -et ?and and Mangrove .onservation ;rogramme L O ;lan #D, .entral ;ollution .ontrol >oard L #$!% #%, National 1++orestation and 8co6Develo)ment >oard 6 #$$ #&, Aienna .onvention +or )rotection o+ Ozone layer L #$<& #9, Montreal ;rotocol on substances de)lete t(e ozone layer L #$<! #!, National 8nvironment ;olicy L ::9 #<, -ater (;revention M .ontrol o+ ;ollution) 1ct L #$!% #$, 1ir(;revention and .ontrol o+ ;ollution) 1ct L #$<# :, National 1++orestation and 8co6Develo)ment >oard 6 #$$ ,!RENEWA#LE ENERGY IN INDIA SOLAR ENERGY 0un is t(e earliest source o+ energy 2no'n to t(e man2ind" and is also t(e origin o+ ot(er +orms o+ energy used by man, Di++erent rene'able sources o+ energy" suc( as" 'ind" (ydro)o'er biomass and ocean energy are t(e indirect +orms o+ solar energy, 0olar energy (as many salient +eatures" '(ic( ma2e it an attractive )ro)osition li2e its 'ide6s)read distribution" environment +riendly" and virtually" environment +riendly and virtually ine*(austible su))ly, Pot"ntial in In*ia' India receives solar energy equivalent to over &::: trillion 7'(Gyear" '(ic( is +ar more t(an t(e total energy consum)tion o+ t(e country, 3(e daily average o+ incident solar energy in India ranges % L ! 2'(Gm " de)ending u)on t(e location, India (as one o+ t(e 'orld=s largest )rogrammes in 0olar 8nergy, 3(e Ministry o+ Non6 .onventional 8nergy 0ources is im)lementing country'ide di++erent )rogrammes, Solar T/"rmal En"r y Pro ' 0olar t(ermal energy re+ers to t(e utilization o+ solar energy by ca)turing t(e available solar radiation various use+ul activities li2e (eating" cooling" drying" 'ater )uri+ication" industrial )rocess (eat and )o'er generation, India (as led to signi+icant ac(ievements in t(e im)rovement and commercialization o+ solar 'ater (eating systems and solar coo2ers, 3(e +ocus during ##t( ;lan )eriod is to be on develo)ing suitable advanced solar collectors to )rovide industrial )rocess (eat and develo)ing tec(nologies +or solar t(ermal )o'er generation, Solar P%oto$oltaic Programme In India t(ere are about D:: clear sunny days in a year and solar energy is 'idely available in most )arts o+ t(e country, 0olar )(otovoltaic tec(nologies o++er a unique decentralized o)tion +or )roviding electricity locally at t(e )oint o+ use, 3(e ;A systems covered under t(e )rogrammes are 0olar 0treet ?ig(ting 0ystems" 0olar ?anterns@ 0tand6alone ;A ;o'er ;lants@ 0olar ;A -ater ;um)ing systems and ot(er a))lications o+ ;A 3ec(nology including ne' a))lications,
En"r y (rom Brban Wast"s 3(e increasing industrialization" urbanization and c(anges in t(e )attern o+ li+e give rise to generation o+ increasing quantities o+ 'astes leading to increased t(reats to
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t(e environment, In recent years" tec(nologies (ave been develo)ed t(at not only (el) in generating substantial quantity o+ decentralized energy but also in reducing t(e quantity o+ 'aste +or its sa+e dis)osal, 8nergy in t(e +orm o+ biogas" (eat or )o'er is seen as a bonus, -(ile incineration and biomet(anation are t(e most common tec(nologies" )yrolysis and gasi+ication are also emerging as )re+erred o)tions, En"r y (rom In*-strial D Comm"r$ial Wast"s India is a +ast gro'ing develo)ing economy 'it( a GD; gro't( rate o+ 96!J, 4a)id industrialization (as resulted in t(e generation o+ (uge quantity o+ 'astes" bot( solid and liquid" in industrial sectors suc( as sugar" )ul) and )a)er" +ruit and +ood )rocessing" starc(" distilleries" dairies" tanneries" slaug(ter(ouses" )oultries" etc, It (as been estimated t(at t(ere 'ill be a )otential +or recovery o+ about ::: M- o+ energy +rom industrial 'astes by t(e year :#!, 0everal initiatives (ave been ta2en on 'it( an aggregate ca)acity o+ about ! M'eq Have been installed u) to 1ugust ::& in t(e country, One )roject +or generation o+ ,& M- )o'er +rom )oultry dro))ings is under installation at Nama22al" 3amil Nadu,
WIND ENERGY India=s 'ind )o'er )otential (as been assessed +or sites (aving 'ind )o'er density (')d) greater t(an :: -Gm at &: m (ub6(eig(t" assuming land availability in )otential area P # )ercent and requirement o+ 'ind +arms P # (aG M-, .entre +or -ind 8nergy 3ec(nology (as been establis(ed +or reassessment and e*)ansion o+ t(e 'ind resource base, Pot"ntial D Ca+a$ity Install"*' In India t(ere is an estimated Gross ;otential o+ %&"::: M- M 3ec(nical ;otential o+ #D"::: M-, India no' (as t(e & t( largest 'ind )o'er installed ca)acity in t(e 'orld, 3(e cumulative installed ca)acity o+ 'ind )o'er )rojects at )resent is above &%#& M-, ?arge )rivate sector cor)orations" )ublic sector units and )o'er utilities are being motivated to set u) 'ind )o'er )rojects #IO.MASS ENERGY 3(e current )otential o+ sur)lus agro and +orestry residues to energy is estimated at #9"::: M'e, In )ractice biomass )o'er generation units )re+er to use +uel6'ood +or tec(no6economic reasons, 1 >iomass 1tlas covering only sur)lus agro residues is under )re)aration" '(ic( is e*)ected to more accurately assess state6'ise sur)lus agro6residue to energy )otential, Ca+a$ity Install"*' 3(e cumulative installed ca)acity o+ biomass and biogas co6 generation )o'er )rojects u) to D#,D, ::9 'as $# M-, GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geot(ermal resources" '(erever e*isting" can be utilized +or )o'er generation and as a source o+ (eat +or s)ace (eating" green6(ouse cultivation" coo2ing" etc, ;reliminary data on resource assessment (as been generated +or D%: (ot s)rings in t(e country by t(e Geological 0urvey o+ India, Magneto6telluric (M3) investigations (ave already been carried out at ;uga Aalley" ?ada2(" 5ammu M 7as(mir and 3atta ;ani" 0arguja district" .((attisgar(, Investigations 'ere continued in 0atluj60)iti" >eas and ;Qrbati Aalleys in Himac(al ;rades(" >adrinat(63a)ovan in /ttara2(and and 0uraj2und in 5(ar2(and +or assessing t(e geot(ermal )otential o+ t(ese areas, Data (ave been collected and analyzed t(roug( com)uter modeling and quantitative inter)retation at ! stations in 7ulu Manali grou)s o+ (ot s)rings (;arbati valley) and #$ stations in t(e 0atluj60)iti Aalley region, In t(e 0uraj2und region" 5(ar2(and M3 studies and analysis (ave been carried out, 3(e )roject is li2ely to be com)leted during ::!6:<,
Geot(ermal 1tlas o+ India" )re)ared by t(e Geological 0urvey o+ India (G0I) gives in+ormationG data +or more t(an D:: geot(ermal )otential sites, 3(is 1tlas is being u)dated by G0I 'it( MN48 su))ort, TIDAL ENERGY 3(e ocean contains rene'able energy in t(e +orm o+ tem)erature gradients" 'aves" tides" and ocean currents, 3(e realization o+ ocean t(ermal energy conversion is at )resent limited due to large tec(nological ga)s and absence o+ in+rastructure needed, 0ome )otential sites can be develo)ed +urt(er +or utilization o+ tidal energy in t(e Gul+ o+ 7utc(" Gul+ o+ .ambay in Gujarat and t(e Delta o+ t(e Ganga in 0underbans area in -est >engal, 3(e Ministry (as su))orted )re)aration o+ a detailed )roject re)ort and environmental im)act assessment study +or a D,9& M- ca)acity tidal )o'er )lant at Durgaduani .ree2 in 0underbans, 3(e revised )roject cost (as been estimated at 4s,%:,#& crore, 3(e )roject is being a))raised +or tec(nical +easibility and economic viability, HYDROGEN ENERGY Hydrogen is a clean and e++icient energy carrier 'it( t(e )otential to substitute liquid and gaseous +ossil +uels, In recent years" signi+icant )rogress (as been re)orted by several countries" including India" in t(e develo)ment and demonstration o+ (ydrogen energy a))lications" es)ecially automobiles, 1t )resent" (ydrogen is )roduced mainly t(roug( t(e (ydrocarbon route in re+ineries and +ertilizer )lants" and also as a by6)roduct o+ some c(emical industries, 3(e current +ocus o+ researc( on (ydrogen )roduction is to cover ot(er routes as 'ell as t(ose t(at eit(er do not )roduce .O or are .O neutral, In t(is conte*t" researc( on electrolysis" 'ater decom)osition t(roug( t(ermo6c(emical" )(oto6electroc(emical" )(oto6catalytic )rocesses and microbial met(ods and +rom ot(er rene'able sources li2e biomass" 'ind and solar energy are being )ursued and is under di++erent stages o+ develo)ment, #IO.5BELS >io+uel can be de+ined as solid" liquid" or gas +uel consisting o+" or derived +rom biomass, It is a rene'able energy source based on t(e carbon cycle" unli2e ot(er natural resources suc( as )etroleum" coal and nuclear +uels, 1gricultural )roducts s)eci+ically gro'n +or bio+uel )roduction include corn" soybeans" ra)eseed" '(eat" sugar beet" sugar cane" )alm oil and jatro)(a, .onsidering t(e need +or use o+ bio6+uels +or trans)ortation" )ortable and stationary a))lications" s)eci+ic res)onsibilities (ave been assigned to t(e Ministry o+ Ne' M 4ene'able 8nergy, &' ()*I#O)!()T+L L+WS I) I),I+ G"n"ral &12= ;T/" En)ironm"nt 0Prot"$tion4 1ct aut(orizes t(e central government to )rotect and im)rove environmental quality" control and reduce )ollution +rom all sources" and )ro(ibit or restrict t(e setting and Gor o)eration o+ any industrial +acility on environmental grounds, &121 ; T/" ObC"$ti)" o( Ha@ar*o-s Wast" 0Mana "m"nt an* Han*lin 4 R-l"s is to control t(e generation" collection" treatment" im)ort" storage" and (andling o+ (azardous 'aste, &11& ; T/" P-bli$ Liability Ins-ran$" A$t an* R-l"s an* Am"n*m"nt8 &11, 'as dra'n u) to )rovide +or )ublic liability insurance +or t(e )ur)ose o+ )roviding immediate relie+ to t(e )ersons a++ected by accident '(ile (andling any (azardous substance,
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&11> ; T/" National En)ironm"ntal Trib-nal A$t (as been created to a'ard com)ensation +or damages to )ersons" )ro)erty" and t(e environment arising +rom any activity involving (azardous substances, &113 . T/" National En)ironm"nt A++"llat" A-t/ority A$t (as been created to (ear a))eals 'it( res)ect to restrictions o+ areas in '(ic( classes o+ industries etc, are carried out or )rescribed subject to certain sa+eguards under t(e 8;1, ,<<< ; T/" O@on" D"+l"tin S-bstan$"s 0R" -lation an* Control4 R-l"s (ave been laid do'n +or t(e regulation o+ )roduction and consum)tion o+ ozone de)leting substances, ,<<, ; T/" Nois" Poll-tion 0R" -lation an* Control4 0Am"n*m"nt4 R-l"s lay do'n suc( terms and conditions as are necessary to reduce noise )ollution" )ermit use o+ loud s)ea2ers or )ublic address systems during nig(t (ours (bet'een #:F:: ),m, to # F:: midnig(t) on or during any cultural or religious +estive occasion ,<<, . T/" #iolo i$al Di)"rsity A$t is an act to )rovide +or t(e conservation o+ biological diversity" sustainable use o+ its com)onents" and +air and equitable s(aring o+ t(e bene+its arising out o+ t(e use o+ biological resources and 2no'ledge associated 'it( it, -orest and wildlife &13, ; T/" Wil*li(" Prot"$tion A$t8 R-l"s &136 an* Am"n*m"nt &11& )rovides +or t(e )rotection o+ birds and animals and +or all matters t(at are connected to it '(et(er it be t(eir (abitat or t(e 'ater(ole or t(e +orests t(at sustain t(em, &12< ; T/" 5or"st 0Cons"r)ation4 A$t an* R-l"s8 &12& )rovides +or t(e )rotection o+ and t(e conservation o+ t(e +orests, Wat"r &213 ; T/" In*ian 5is/"ri"s A$t establis(es t'o sets o+ )enal o++ences '(ereby t(e government can sue any )erson '(o uses dynamite or ot(er e*)losive substance in any 'ay ('(et(er coastal or inland) 'it( intent to catc( or destroy any +is( or )oison +is( in order to 2ill, &137 ; T/" Wat"r 0Pr")"ntion an* Control o( Poll-tion4 A$t establis(es an institutional structure +or )reventing and abating 'ater )ollution, It establis(es standards +or 'ater quality and e++luent, ;olluting industries must see2 )ermission to disc(arge 'aste into e++luent bodies, 3(e .;.> (.entral ;ollution .ontrol >oard) 'as constituted under t(is act, Air &172 ; T/" 5a$tori"s A$t an* Am"n*m"nt in #$<! as t(e +irst to e*)ress concern +or t(e 'or2ing environment o+ t(e 'or2ers, 3(e amendment o+ #$<! (as s(ar)ened its environmental +ocus and e*)anded its a))lication to (azardous )rocesses, &12& ; T/" Air 0Pr")"ntion an* Control o( Poll-tion A$t )rovides +or t(e control and abatement o+ air )ollution, It entrusts t(e )o'er o+ en+orcing t(is act to t(e .;.> ) . ,IS+#!+!()T T#(+TI(S G"n")a Proto$ol ;&1,> 3(e )rotocol +or t(e )ro(ibition o+ t(e use in 'ar o+ as)(y*iating" )oisonous or ot(er gases" and o+ bacteriological met(ods o+ 'ar+are" usually called t(e Geneva ;rotocol" is a treaty )ro(ibiting t(e use o+ c(emical and biological 'ea)ons, It 'as signed at Geneva on 5une" #!" #$ & and 'as entered into +orce on February <" #$ <, /iological Weapons Con$ention .0123 3(e convention on t(e )ro(ibition o+ t(e develo)ment" )roduction and stoc2)iling o+ bacteriological and to*in 'ea)ons and on t(eir destruction" usually re+erred to as t(e >iological -ea)ons .onvention (>-.)" 'as t(e +irst multilateral disarmament treaty
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banning t(e )roduction o+ an entire category o+ 'ea)ons" 'it( e*ce)tions +or medical and de+ensive )ur)oses in small quantities, 3(e >-. 'as o)ened +or signature on 1)ril #:" #$! and entered into +orce Marc( 9" #$!& '(en t'enty6t'o governments (ad de)osited t(eir instruments o+ rati+ication, 3(e >iological -ea)ons .onvention (as #!# signatories and (as been rati+ied by #&& signatories, India is also t(e )arty o+ t(e convention, Ho'ever" t(e absence o+ any +ormal veri+ication regime to monitor com)liance (as limited t(e e++ectiveness o+ t(e .onvention 8ac( state )arty to t(is convention underta2es never in any circumstances to develo)" )roduce" stoc2)ile or ot(er'ise acquire or retainF (#) Microbial or ot(er biological agents" or to*ins '(atever t(eir origin or met(od o+ )roduction" o+ ty)es and in quantities t(at (ave no justi+ication +or )ro)(ylactic" )rotective or ot(er )eace+ul )ur)oses@ ( ) -ea)ons" equi)ment or means o+ delivery designed to use suc( agents or to*ins +or (ostile )ur)oses or in armed con+lict, C%emical Weapons Con$ention .011& 3(e .(emical -ea)ons .onvention (.-.) is an arms control agreement" '(ic( outla's t(e )roduction" stoc2)iling and use o+ c(emical 'ea)ons, It )ro(ibits t(e develo)ment" )roduction" stoc2)iling and use o+ c(emical 'ea)ons and on t(eir destruction, 0igned in #$$D and entered into +orce on 1)ril $" #$$! t(e convention augments t(e Geneva ;rotocol o+ #$ & +or c(emical 'ea)ons and included e*tensive veri+ication measures suc( as on6site ins)ections, 3(e conventions is administered by t(e Organization +or t(e ;ro(ibition o+ .(emical -ea)ons (O;.-)" '(ic( conducts ins)ection o+ military and industrial )lants in all o+ t(e member nations as 'ell as 'or2ing 'it( stoc2)ile countries, O4ter Space Treat5 .0162 3(e Outer 0)ace 3reaty" t(e treaty on )rinci)les governing t(e activities o+ states in t(e e*)loration and use o+ outer s)ace" including t(e moon and ot(er celestial bodies" +orms t(e basis o+ international s)ace la', 3(e treaty 'as o)ened +or signature on 5anuary !" #$9!" and entered into +orce on October #:" #$9!, 1s o+ ::9" $< countries are states6)arties to t(e treaty" '(ile anot(er ! (ave signed t(e treaty but (ave not yet com)leted rati+ication, )4clear )on"Proliferation Treat5 .0167 3(e treaty on t(e non6)roli+eration o+ nuclear 'ea)ons" also called Nuclear Non6 ;roli+eration 3reaty (N;3)" is an international treaty" o)ened +or signature on 5uly #" #$9< to limit t(e s)read o+ nuclear 'ea)ons, 3(ere are #<$ states )arty to t(e treaty, Only +our states are not, 3'o countries6 India and ;a2istan6 out o+ eig(t con+irmed nuclear )o'ers (t(ose '(o (ave o)enly tested nuclear 'ea)ons)" and none )resumed nuclear )o'er 6 Israel neit(er signed nor rati+ied t(e treaty, Nort( 7orea rati+ied t(e treaty" violated it and later 'it(dre', 3(e treaty 'as )ro)osed by Ireland" and o)ened +or signature in #$9<" Finland 'as t(e +irst to sign, >y #$$ all +ive t(en6declared nuclear )o'ers (ad signed t(e treaty" and t(e treaty 'as rene'ed in #$$& (and +ollo'ed by t(e .om)re(ensive 3est >an 3reaty in #$$9), In Ne' Cor2 .ity" on May ##" #$$&" t(e )arties to t(e treaty decided by consensus to e*tend t(e treaty inde+initely and 'it(out conditions, 3(ree states6India" ;a2istan and Israel6(ave declined to sign t(e treaty, India and ;a2istan are con+irmed nuclear )o'ers" and Israel made a statement t(at it )ossesses nuclear 'ea)ons, 3(ese countries argue t(at t(e N;3 creates a club o+ Bnuclear (avesK and a larger grou) o+ Bnuclear (ave6notsK by restricting t(e legal )ossession o+ nuclear 'ea)ons to t(ose states t(at tested t(em be+ore #$9!" but t(e treaty never e*)lains on '(at et(ical grounds suc( a distinction is valid, Nort/ Kor"a' Nort( 7orea endorsed t(e treaty on December # " #$<&" but gave notice o+ 'it(dra'al +rom t(e treaty on 5anuary #:" ::D +ollo'ing /,0, allegations t(at it (ad started an illegal enric(ed uranium 'ea)ons )rogram" and t(e /,0,
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subsequently sto))ing +uel oil s(i)ments under t(e 1greed Frame'or2 '(ic( (ad resolved )lutonium 'ea)ons issues in #$$%, 3(e 'it(dra'al became e++ective 1)ril #:" ::D, Nort( 7orea (ad once be+ore announced 'it(dra'al" on Marc( # " #$$D" but sus)ended t(at notice be+ore it came into e++ect, On February #:" ::&" Nort( 7orea )ublicly declared t(at it )ossessed nuclear 'ea)ons and )ulled out o+ t(e si*6)arty tal2s (osted by .(ina to +ind a di)lomatic solution to t(e issue, Iran' Iran is signatory state o+ t(e N;3 and (as recently resumed develo)ment o+ a uranium enric(ment )rogram, -(ile t(e Iranian government claims t(at t(is enric(ment )rogram is a ste) to'ards a civilian nuclear energy )rogram" '(ic( is allo'ed under t(e terms o+ t(e N;3" a /nited Nations 0ecurity .ouncil resolution orders Iran to (alt its activity, 3(e /nited 0tates and several members o+ t(e 8uro)ean /nion (ave accused Iran o+ using t(is )rogram to (el) covertly develo) nuclear 'ea)ons" '(ic( 'ould be in violation o+ t(e N;3, Iran remains under investigation by t(e International 1tomic 8nergy 1gency, So-t/ A(ri$a' During t(e days o+ a)art(eid" t(e '(ite 0out( 1+rican government develo)ed a dee) +ear o+ bot( a blac2 u)rising and t(e t(reat o+ communism, 3(is led to t(e develo)ment o+ a secret nuclear 'ea)ons )rogram as an ultimate deterrent, 0out( 1+rica (as a large su))ly o+ uranium" '(ic( is mined in t(e country=s gold mines, 3(e government built a nuclear researc( +acility at ;elindaba near ;retoria '(ere uranium 'as enric(ed to +uel grade +or t(e nuclear )o'er )lant at 7oeberg as 'ell as 'ea)on grade +or bomb )roduction, In #$$#" a+ter international )ressure and '(en a c(ange o+ government 'as imminent" 0out( 1+rica signed t(e Nuclear Non6;roli+eration 3reaty, In #$$D" t(e t(en )resident Frederi2 -illem de 7ler2 o)enly admitted t(at t(e country (ad develo)ed a limited nuclear 'ea)on ca)ability, 3(ese 'ea)ons 'ere subsequently dismantled )rior to accession to t(e N;3, 0out( 1+rica t(en o)ened itsel+ u) to I181 +or ins)ection, In #$$% t(e I181 com)leted its 'or2 and declared t(at t(e country (ad +ully dismantled its nuclear 'ea)ons )rogram, Libya' ?ibya signed t(e Nuclear Non6;roli+eration 3reaty" and in October o+ ::D 'as caug(t in violation o+ it '(en t(e /nited 0tates interce)ted t(e illegal trans)ort o+ ;a2istani6designed centri+uge )arts sent +rom Malaysia, ?ibya t(en admitted to )ossessing an illegal nuclear 'ea)ons )rogram in violation o+ t(e treaty and simultaneously announced its intention to end it and dismantle all e*isting 'ea)ons o+ mass destruction to be veri+ied by unconditional ins)ections, +nti"/allistic !issile Treat5" 0123 3(e 1nti6>allistic Missile 3reaty (1>M3) 'as a treaty bet'een /01 and /004 on t(e limitation o+ t(e anti6ballistic missile systems used in de+ending areas against missile delivered nuclear 'ea)ons, On May 9" #$! " t(e /0 ;resident 4ic(ard Ni*on and t(e General 0ecretary o+ t(e .ommunist ;arty o+ t(e 0oviet /nion" ?eonid >rez(nev signed t(e 1nti6>allistic Missile 3reaty, 3(e treaty 'as in +orce +or t(irty years" +rom #$! until :: , On 5une #D" :: " si* mont(s a+ter giving t(e required notice o+ intent" t(e /0 'it(dre' +rom t(e treaty, 7! DISASTER MANAGEMENT Disaster Management is an e++ort to inquire into t(e )rocess o+ a (azard turning to disaster" to identi+y its causes and recti+y t(e same t(roug( )ublic )olicy, 3(ere+ore disaster management is a )olicy issue concerned 'it( minimizing and )reventing t(e damaging im)act o+ a natural or man made (azard, 0ome o+ t(e )olicy and administrative +actors relevant to disaster management are suc( as )oor and 'ea2 or overcro'ded buildings in eart(qua2e )rone zone" )oor land use" inadequate
1$
and +aulty la's regulating various )rocesses and +acilities" general lo' ris2 )erce)tion to'ards (azards among )eo)le etc, 3(e ne' a))roac( to disaster management evolved gradually in #$$:s beginning 'it( t(e declaration o+ #$$:6 ::: by /N General 1ssembly as t(e International Decade o+ Natural Disaster 4eduction, 3(e major disaster suc( as 3sunami in 1sia in ::%" Hurricane 7atrina in /,0, in ::& and Muza++arabad 8art(qua2e in ::& underlined t(e im)ortance o+ t(e ne' a))roac( across t(e 'orld, 3(e /nited Nations 4e)ort titled B?iving 'it( ris2K claims t(at t(oug( t(ere (as been decline in t(e number o+ losses to (uman lives +rom disasters" t(e occurrence o+ disasters is rising, 3(e major ste) to give concrete s(a)e to ne' strategy o+ disaster management 'as ta2en in t(e Yo?o/oma Con("r"n$" on *isast"r mana "m"nt /"l* in May &117 in Ea+an an* or ani@"* by t/" BNO , 3(e ne' a))roac( called Ca2o(ama 0trategy +or Disaster 4eduction ado)ted in t(e con+erence aimed at minimizing t(e losses to (uman lives and )ro)erty due to disasters, T/" main +oints o( ya?o/ama strat" y ar"F #, .ultivation o+ global culture o+ )revention o+ disasters, , Framing and im)lementing )olicy o+ sel+6reliance in vulnerable communitiesG countries, D, 0trengt(ening education and training mec(anisms in t(e )revention" )re)aredness and mitigation 'it( res)ect to disaster, %, Involvement o+ )rivate sector and )eo)le in mitigation e++orts, &, 1do)ting community based a))roac(es to vulnerability reduction, 9, 0trengt(ening (uman resources and material ca)abilities o+ researc( and develo)ment institution !, 0u))orting and strengt(ening /N ca)acity in disaster mitigation e++orts, <, 0u))orting and strengt(ening /N ca)acity in disaster mitigation e++orts, Furt(er" as a +ollo'6u) to International Decade +or Natural Disaster 4eduction (/N)E#$$:6 :::" t(e International 0trategy +or Disaster 4eduction (I0D4) 'as announced in ::# by t(e /N" t(is aimed to enable all societiesG nations to become resilient to t(e e++ects o+ natural and man made (azards and to minimize (uman" social and economic losses, 3(e Ya?o/ama Strat" y (or *isast"r mana "m"nt 'as rene'ed at t(e 'orld con+erence on Disast"r R"*-$tion /"l* at Hyo o 0Ea+an4 in Ean! ,<<> , 3(e con+erence laid em)(asis on some crucial but neglected as)ects o+ disaster management suc( as governance and )olicy +rame'or2" ris2 identi+ication and early 'arning" 2no'ledge management" reducing ris2 +actors and )re)aredness +or e++ective res)onse and recovery, 3(e Hyogo .on+erence ado)ted t(e +rame'or2 o+ 1ction" ::&6 :#& called B#-il*in t/" R"sili"n$" o( Nations an* Comm-niti"s to Disast"rsG 8' I!PO#T+)T ()*I#O)!()T+L CO)*()TIO)S Montr"al Proto$ol 0&1234' .F. )roduction and consum)tion to be +rozen at #$<9 levels by #$$:@ t(at o+ Halons +rom #$$%@ develo)ing countries 'it( consum)tion o+ .F.s less t(an D 2g, to delay com)liance by #: yearsF )rotocol e++ective +rom 5anuary #$<$, H"lsin?i D"$laration 0&1214' On )rotection o+ ozone layer" )(ase out .F. )roduction and consum)tion by :::,
1%
Lon*on Con("r"n$" 0&11<4' .F. )roduction and consum)tion to be )(ased out by ::: (develo)ed countries) and by :#: (develo)ing countries) Co+"n/a "n Con("r"n$" 0&11,4' ;(ase out .F.s by #$$9" Halons by .arbon tetrac(loride by #$$9" H.F.s by :D:, Rio.Eart/ S-mmit 0&11,4' 1genda # to )revent environmental degradation, Kyoto Con("r"n$" 0&1134' 3o cut GHG by &, )ercent to #$$: levels by ::<6# @ 5a)an (9J cut)" /0 (!J cut)" 8/ (<,# cut) India and .(ina +ace no binding, Sto$?/olm Con("r"n$" 0&13,4' It 'as t(e international con+erence on Human 8nvironment '(ic( 'as organized in #$! " ##% countries )artici)ated in it, 3(e con+erence declared E-n" > as t/" Worl* En)ironm"nt Day, Nairobi Con("r"n$" 0&12,4' It 'as a /N .on+erence (eld at Nairobi" '(ic( ado)ted a re)ort titled B3(e -orld 8nvironment #$! 6< K, Worl* S-mmit on S-stainabl" D")"lo+m"nt 0,<<,4' It 'as 5o(annesburg, Over %" :::: delegates +rom about #:: countries )artici)ated in it, (eld in :::"
Sto$?/olm Con)"ntion 0,<<74' It 'as (eld on May #! aimed at )(asing out # dangerous )esticides and industrial )ollutants (;o;s), More t(an #&: countries (ave signed it and about 9: (ave rati+ied it, =! En)ironm"nt Mo)"m"nts in In*ia
C/i+?o Mo)"m"nt' It 'as stared in &136 in t(e C/amoli *istri$t o( Bttran$/al! .(i)2o (to embrace) movement 'as against de+orestation, S-n*"rlal #a/- -na8 Ga-ra D")i an* C/an*i Prasa* #/att 'ere )rominent leaders o+ t(is movement, #is/noi Mo)"m"nt' It 'as started in %:: years ago by a sage 2no'n as SombaCi in RaCast/an" '(ere a large number o+ trees are still 'ors(i)ed by devotees, ;eo)le resisted t(e cutting o+ suc( trees and advocated movement against de+orestation, Narma*a #a$/ao An*olan' It is a movement against building multi6 )ur)ose dam over Narmada river '(ic( 'ill ultimately result in +lood and 'ater logging in a large area covered by about #"::"::: )eo)le, 3(e movement is led by M"*/a Pat?ar8 #aba Amt" an* Ar-n*/ati Roy! Sil"nt Vall"y Mo)"m"nt' It 'as a movement against a (ydroelectric )roject on t(e river 7ut(i)uz(a" a tributary at ;eriyar river, In+act" t(e )roject site is covered by evergreen +orest" '(ic( is a (ome to many rare s)ecies o+ )lants" and +auna" '(ic( may be destroyed by submergence, #aliya+al Mo)"m"nt' It is a movement against testing o+ missiles on t(e land o+ >aliyal Aillagers" '(ic( may lead to in+ertility o+ soil,
SAMPLE MATERIAL ON MATHS

3(e 'ord 3rigonometry comes +rom t(e gree2 'ordsF3reisRt(ree " goniaRangle and MetronRmeasurement,
1&
-(at comes to our mind '(en 'e t(in2 B3rigonometryK is a bunc( o+ con+using +ormulae 'it( t(e symbol BSK 'ritten every'(ere, >ut '(en 'e analyze it dee)ly 'e are le+t 'it( not(ing but +e' sim)le rules t(at can ma2e our li+e easy, 3(e starting )oint o+ any course on trigonometry (as to be ;yt(agoras t(eorem, Pyt/a oras T/"or"m F In a rig(t angled triangle " t(e square o+ t(e (y)otenuse is equal to t(e sum o+ t(e squares o+ t(e ot(er t'o sides,
c R a Tb Ill-stration Probl"ms #,1 ladder 1> is resting on a 'all as s(o'n in t(e +igure #,#,
a).alculate t(e lengt( o+ t(e ladder, 1ns F 3(e question can=t get more sim)le t(an t(is, >y ;yt(agoras t(eorem
1'
1> R1O TO> 1> R& T# R#9$
1> R #D b)No' t(e ladder sli)s and comes to rest in its ne' )osition 1=>= suc( t(at 11=R , .alculate >>=,(4e+er +ig#, ) 1ns F 3(e lengt( o+ t(e ladder is going to be a constant and (ence 1>R1=>=R#D 1lso " (1= >=) R(1=O) T(O>=) 1=OR1OT11=R&T R! #D R! T(O>=) O>=RU# :@ >>=RO>6O>=R# 6U# : 1nglesF In any ri /t an l"* trian l"" +or any angleF 3(e sine o+ t(e angle R t(e lengt( o+ t(e o))osite side t(e lengt( o+ t(e (y)otenuse 3(e cosine o+ t(e angle R t(e lengt( o+ t(e adjacent side t(e lengt( o+ t(e (y)otenuse 3(e tangent o+ t(e angle R t(e lengt( o+ t(e o))osite side t(e lengt( o+ t(e adjacent side 63(e (y)otenuse o+ a rig(t angled triangle is t(e longest side" '(ic( is t(e one o))osite t(e rig(t angle, 63(e adjacent side is t(e side '(ic( is bet'een t(e angle in question and t(e rig(t angle, , 3(e o))osite side is t(e side o))osite to t(e angle in question, 3rigonometric +ormulaeF
0inSRbGc @ cosSRaGc@ tanSRbGa >y ;yt(agoras t(eorem a Tb Rc Dividing bot( sides by c ( a G c )T (b G c )R# .os ST0in SR# 8*am)le#F ;rove t(at #Ttan SRsec S 1ns F #Ttan S R#T(b Ga )R(a Tb )Ga Rc Ga R#Gcos SRsec S Do r"m"mb"r t/" (ollo:in #,secSR#GcosS ,cosecSR#GsinS D,tanSRsinSGcosS %,cotSR#GtanS Frequently used values S : D: %& 9: $: 0inS : #G #GU UDG # .osS # UDG #GU #G : tanS : #GUD # UD V r-l"s an* )al-"s
Im+ortant i*"ntiti"s #+, sin (1 T >) R sin 1 cos > T cos 1 sin > +, cos (1 T >) R cos 1 cos > 6 sin 1 sin >
3(ese D +ormulae can be used to derive a variety o+ ot(er identities commonly as2ed in com)etitive e*ams, Derive t(e +ollo'ing set o+ identities
1.
sin (1 6 >) R sin 1 cos > 6 cos 1 sin >
1nsF4emember t(at sinS and tanS are odd +unctions and cosS is an even +unction, sin(6S)R6sinS and cos(6S)RcosS" tan(6S)R6tanS -e 2no' t(at " sin (1 T >) R sin 1 cos > T cos 1 sin > re)lace H>= by H6>= sin(16>)Rsin1cos(6>)Tcos1sin(6>)Rsin1cos>6cos1sin>
,;rove t(at sin SR sinScosS 1nsF re)lace 1R>RS in #+ 0in SR0in(STS)RsinScosSTcosSsinSR sinScosS Do it by yo-rs"l( an* +ro)" t/" (oll:in ' #,0inDSRDsinS6%sinDS ,cos SR cos S6#R#6 sin S D,tan SR tanSG#6tan S 8*am)lesF #,Find t(e value o+ tan!& 1nsF>y D+,
No' "!&R%&TD:
tan(%&TD:) R tan%&TtanD: #6tan%&tanD: R #T#GUD #6#GUD R TUD ((o' WWW)
, Find t(e value o+
#6tan#& #Ttan#&
1nsF tan(16>)R tan16tan> #Ttan1tan> No' tan1R# i+ 1R%& tan(%&6>)R #6tan> #Ttan> -e +ind t(at >R#&@ 3(ere+ore #6tan#& R tan(%&6#&)RtanD:R#GUD #Ttan#& D,cotS6tanS sim)li+ies to a)cot S b)tan S " c) cot S tanS R sinS cosS sinS R cos S6sin S cosS sinScosS (re+er q) d) tan S
1ns F cotS R cosS 0inS
cotS6tanSR cosS 6 sinS
R cos S6(#6 cos S) R cos S6# 0inScosS sin SG
R cos S R cot S 0in S 1ngles greater t(an $:F
II -.(/0(1t '+2321&+
I -.(/0(1t +232'+
III -.(/0(1t 1&+232 %+
I4 -.(/0(1t %+232!$+
I Xuadrant F In t(e +irst quadrant '(en :YSY$: " sinS"cosS and tanS are all )ositive in value, 0in($:6S)RcosS .os($:6S)RsinS tan($:6S)RcotS e*F sinD:Rcos9:R:,& II Xuadrant F In t(e II quadrant '(en $:YSY#<:"only sinS and cosecS are )ositive,4emaining trigonometric quantities are negative in value, 0in(#<:6S)RsinS .os(#<:6S)R6cosS tan(#<:6S)R6tanS e*FsinD:Rsin#&: III quadrant F -(en #<:YSY !: "only tanS and cotS are )ositive, 0in( !:6S)R6cosS .os( !:6S)R6sinS 3an( !:6S)RcotS IA quadrant -(en !:YSYD9: " only cosS and secS are )ositive, 0in(D9:6S)R6sinS .os(D9:6S)RcosS 3an(D9:6S)RtanS
"
4emember t(e rule F 1ll 0ilver 3ea .u)s
161ll t(e values are )ositive in I quadrant 06 sinS is )ositive in II quadrant 36 tanS is )ositive in III quadrant .6cosS is )ositive in IA quadrant 8*am)lesFFind t(e values o+ t(e +ollo'ing #,tan#&: ,cos #<: D,sin & %,cos(6# :)
1nsF#,tan#&: Here #&: is in II quadrant " so tanS is negative (ere tan(#<:6D:)R6tanD:R6#GUD , cos#<: .os(#<:6S)R6cosS .os(#<:6:)R6cos:R6# D, sin & Here & is in III quadrant" so sinS is negative (ere 0in &Rsin( !:6%&)R6cos%&R6#GU
%, cos(6# :) .os(6# :)Rcos(# :) ZcosS is an even +unction[ # : is in II quadrant and (ence cosS is negative (ere .os(#<:6S)R6cosS .os(#<:69:)R6cos9:R6#G
E9"r$is" Probl"ms #, 3(e sides o+ a rectangle are < and 9 units res)ectively, 3(e lengt( o+ t(e diagonal is a) # +rom t(e base o+ t(e 'allW a) #:m a)UD6# U b) b) #:, m UDT# U c) c) $ U UD d) # d) None o+ t(ese D, Find t(e exact value o+ cos !&\ b) #D c) $ d) #: , Ho' +ar u) a 'all 'ill an ##m ladder reac(" i+ t(e +oot o+ t(e ladder must be %m
%, sin#&:]cos# : equals a) 6:, & &, sin#D& T %sin %& a) DGU a) sec * a) DG & a) D G9&
D D
b) 6UDG% b) U c) U GD d) #G
c) UDG%
d) :, &
9, tan x T cot x sim)li+ies to b) sec*cosec* b) %G & b) DDG9& b) 6DcosS b) -12/25 b) -2 ( )*) b) 1 b) (U 6#)GU c) UDG c) 6UD c) bot( a M b c) #<G & c) cos S c) %& c) # d) #& d) % c) ## G9 & 9, c #9, c !, b #!, c d) #9<G9 & <, b #<, a $, b #$, a #:, d :, a d) 6%G & d) cos S c) sec*cosec* d) cosec * !, I+ sinSRDG& and S is in I quadrant" +ind t(e value o+ sin S c) %G# & d) #:G9$ d) 6DsinS d) -24/7 b) -2 ( 2*) d) ,o#e o% t ese d) (U 6#) UD d) # G & <, sin*RDG& and sinyR&G#D @ +ind cos(*Ty) Zbot( * and y are in I quadrant[ c) # G9& c) DsinS c) -7/24 c) -2 ( 2 $, cosDS6%cos S sim)li+ies to a) DcosS a) 12/25 a) ' ( 2 a) -1 #D, cos ( ,&) c) (#TUD)G U d) UDG% d) UD6U d) 9: a) (#TU )G U a) UD a) TUD a) $: a) #<G%: a) # a) D: a) b) 6UDG b) 6 6UD b) %& b) #<G #:, sinSR%G& and S is in I quadrant"tan S equals 11. T e !"#"!u! a#d !ax"!u! $alues o% s"#x&s"#y "s 12. s"#+ & cos+ ca# be #e$er be equal to c) 2
#%, 0inDD:^3an %: equals #&, 3(e value o+ tan#& is #9, I+ sin SR cos S " t(en S equals #!, I+ sinSRDG& t(en sin ScotS equals #<, sin STcos (#<:6S) equals b) sin S b) 9: b) D #$, #Ttan (#<:6S)R%GD@t(en S equals :, G#Ttan S is al'ays less t(an or equal to #, I+ sinSRDG&" sin%S equals a) #9<G#&9 & #, d ##, c #, d ,b # ,c D, a #D, a b) # <G9 & %, a #%, b &, a #&, c
SAMPLE MATERIAL ON ECONOMICS

)+TIO)+L I)CO!( CO)C(PTS National income is a +lo' not a stoc2, In India" national income estimates are related 'it( t(e +inancial year (# st 1)ril to D#st Marc(), 3 Gross National ;roduct P mar2et )rices (GN; P m)) in t(e mar2et value o+ +inal good and services )roduced in an economy during an accounting year including net +actor income +rom abroad, GNPm+ H GDPm+ I N5IA 0N"t 5a$tor In$om" (rom Abroa*4 4 Gross Domestic ;roduct at mar2et )rices (GD; P ma)) is t(e sum total money value o+ all +inal goods and services )roduced in t(e domestic territory o+ a country during a given year, 5 NNP ; 0N"t National Pro*-$t4' NNP is obtain"* by s-btra$tin *"+r"$iation )al-" (rom GNP! NNP H GNP ; *"+r"$iation -(en NN; is obtained at +actor cost" it is 2no'n as national income (NI), 6 National Income (NI)F National Income is calculated by subtracting t(e net indirect ta*es +rom NN; at mar2et )rices, 7 NN; at Factor .ost or NIF NNP at mar?"t +ri$"s ; in*ir"$t ta9"s I s-bsi*i"s, 8 NN; at Mar2et ;ricesF NNP at (a$tor $ost I in*ir"$t ta9"s ; s-bsi*i"s! 9 GN; at Mar2et )riceF GDP at mar?"t +ri$"s I N"t (a$tor in$om" "arn"* (rom abroa*! 10 NN; at Mar2et ;ricesF GNP at mar?"t +ri$"s ; $ons-m+tion o( (i9"* $a+ital 11 ;er ca)ita income, N!I! at $onstant +ri$"s H JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ Po+-lation Not"' 1 2 #, Di++erence bet'een gross value and net value is de)reciation, 2. Di++erence bet'een domestic )roduct and National )roduct is NFI1, 3. Di++erence bet'een mar2et )rice and +actor cost is net indirect ta*, 4. Domestic territory is a 'ider term t(an )olitical or geogra)(ical boundary o+ a country, It includes 8mbassies located in ot(er countries" s(i)s and aircra+t o)erated bet'een countries" de+ence establis(ments" researc( stations +unctioning abroad, &, Normal resident re+ers to individuals and institutions in a country '(ere t(eir economic interest lie, M"t/o*s o( Cal$-latin National In$om" 3(ere are t(ree 'ays to calculate t(e national income
1. Pro*-$t m"t/o* or N"t )al-" a**"* m"t/o*' Aalue added is t(e di++erence bet'een value o+ out)ut o+ a +irmed t(e value o+ in)uts used by t(at +irm, 0um total o+ net value added at +actor6cost by all )roducing enter)rises in t(e t(ree sectors (;rimary" secondary and tertiary) is Net Domestic ;roduct at +actor cost or domestic income, 3o ND;+c" NFC1 s(ould (e added to get NN; P +actor cost or National income, Pr"$a-tions' #) value o+ intermediate goods named not be included, ( ) value o+ )roduction +or sel+ consum)tion and o'n account )roduction o+ +i*ed assets s(ould be included, 2. In$om" m"t/o*' >y t(is met(od domestic income is t(e sum total o+ +actor income generated by every )roduction unit in t(e t(ree sectors, Factor income includes 4ent" .om)ensation o+ em)loyees" )ro+it and interest income earned by t(e sel+ em)loyed is Hincluded under t(e (eading" BMi*ed income sel+ em)loyed,K Not"' a, 4ent includes 4oyalty, b, .om)ensation o+ em)loyees includes 'ages and salaries in cas(" com)ensation in 2ind" and em)loyer=s contribution to social security sc(emes, c, ;ro+it includes Divided" .or)orate )ro+it ta* and retained earning or undistributed )ro+its, Pr"$a-tions' a, income +rom sale o+ second (and goods" income +rom sale o+ +inancial assets" illegal income and trans+er income s(ould be e*cluded, b, Im)uted rent o+ o'ner occu)ied (ouses to be included '(ile estimating national income, 3. E9+"n*it-r" m"t/o*' 3(is re+ers to e*)enditure on GD;, 3(is includes ;rivate +inal consum)tion e*)enditure" Government +inal consum)tion e*)enditure" investment e*)enditure and net e*)orts, Pr"$a-tions' a, Government=s e*)enditure on trans+er )ayments" 8*)enditure on intermediate consum)tion" e*)enditure on )urc(ase o+ second (and goods" +inancial assets s(ould be e*cluded, In India a combination o+ )roduct and income met(od is used +or estimating t(e National Income, Due to di++iculty in obtaining relevant data on consum)tion e*)enditure" e*)enditure met(od (as limited use only, II' )+TIO)+L I)CO!( ST+TISTICS 1 .0O (as c(anged t(e base year +or estimating National Income aggregates +rom &116.17 to &111.,<<<! 2 .0O released advanced estimates +or ::&6:9 on February !" ::9, GDP gro't( rate +or ::&6:9 (as been estimated at 2!&K at constant #$$$6 ::: )rices" '(ile it remained at # ,&J on current )rices, 3 Indian economy a+ter gro'ing at <,&J and !,&J in t(e t'o )revious years is )rojected to gro' at <,#J in ::&6:9, Gro't( o+ GD; at constant )rices in e*cess o+ <,:J (as been ac(ieved by t(e economy in only +ive years, NATIONAL INCOME ESTIMATES
&
GD; at Factor .ost (at #$$$6 ::: )rices) +or ::%6:& For ::&6:9 (4evised 8stimates) NN; at Factor .ost (at #$$$6 ::: ;rices) +or ::%6:& For ::&6:9 (revised estimates) ;er ca)ita income (at #$$$6 ::: )rices) For ::%6:& For ::&6:9 (4evised 8stimates) GD; )er ca)ita at current )rices +or ::!6:<
4s, 4s, 4s, 4s, 4s, 4s, 4s,
D$D9!# &$&$D$ #%#!!9 D & < #$9%$ #::& %!#D#%<
crore crore crore crore
crore
India9s Position in t%e world econom5 Indian (conom5 contin4es to be fo4rt% largest econom5 of t%e world on PPP /asis 1ccording to -orld >an2 4e)ort titled Worl* E$onomi$ In*i$ator8 India maintains its (o-rt/ )lace in 'orld=s largest economies on t(e basis o+ ;;; (i,e, ;urc(asing ;o'er ;arity), Five largest economies o+ t(e 'orld areF Ran? #, , D, %, &, Nations /,0,1 .(ina 5a)an India Germany
Indian 8conomy became &<t/ lar "st "$onomy o+ t(e 'orld on t(e basis o+ GDP in absolute terms 'it( !D&,9 billion dollar GD; in ::<" India ac(ieved t(e #:t( ran2 in t(e 'orld" as )er t(e latest re)ort o+ -orld >an2" /01" 5a)an" Germany" /7" France" .(ina" Italy" 0)ain" .anada and India are to) #: largest economies o+ t(e -orld on GD; basis in absolute terms, In*ia Coins t/" trillion *ollar $l-b! In*ia%s GDP /as $ross"* t/" trillion *ollar mar? (or t/" (irst tim" in /istory ,> A+ril ,<<3! III! CENTRAL STATISTICAL ORGANILATION 0CSO4
3(e .entral 0tatistical Organization 'as set u) in t(e year #$&%, It is res)onsible +or coordination o+ statistical activities in t(e country" evolving and maintaining statistical standards, Its activities include National Income 1ccounting" conduct o+ 1nnual 0urvey o+ Industries" 8conomic .ensuses and its +ollo' u) surveys" com)ilation o+ Inde* o+ Industrial ;roduction" as 'ell as .onsumer ;rice Indices" im)arting training in O++icial 0tatistics" Five Cear ;lan 'or2 relating to Develo)ment 0tatistics" Gender 0tatistics" in t(e 0tates and /nion 3erritories@ dissemination o+ statistical in+ormation" 'or2 relating to trade" energy" construction and environment statistics" revision o+ National Industrial .lassi+ication etc,
IV!
NATIONAL SAMPLE SBRVEY ORGANILATION 0NSSO4
'
3(e National 0am)le 0urvey Organization (N00O) 'as set u) in #$&:, It carries out so$io "$onomi$ s-r)"ys8 -n*"rta?"s (i"l* :or? (or t/" Ann-al S-r)"y o( In*-stri"s an* (ollo:.-+ s-r)"ys o( E$onomi$ C"ns-s8 sam+l" $/"$?s on ar"a "n-m"ration an* $ro+ "stimation s-r)"ys an* +r"+ar"s t/" -rban (ram"s -s"(-l in *ra:in o( -rban sam+l"s8 b"si*"s $oll"$tion o( +ri$" *ata (rom r-ral an* -rban s"$tors! 3(is organization +unctions under t(e overall direction o+ a Governing .ouncil 'it( requisite inde)endence and autonomy in t(e matter o+ collection" )rocessing and )ublication o+ N00 data, 3(e base year #$$$6 ::: coincides 'it( t(e year o+ t(e >>t/ ro-n* o+ t(e quinquennial survey on em)loyment and unem)loyment by N00O, IMPORTANT IN5ORMATION CSSO D NSSO to b" m"r "* 3(e government is )lanning to merge .entral 0tatistical Organization (.0O) and National 0am)le 0urvey Organization (N00O) +or )romoting statistical net'or2 in t(e country, 3(e ne'ly merged unit 'ill be named as National Statisti$al Or ani@ation 0NSO4! 3(e (ead o+ t(e organization 'ill be designated as .(ie+ 0tatistician o+ India, O#EECTIVE MBESTIONS 1. 2. -(ic( o+ t(e +ollo'ing is a better measurement o+ 8conomic Develo)mentW a, GD; b, Dis)osable Income c, NN; d, ;er .a)ita Income .0O (as c(anged t(e base year +or national income estimates, 3(e ne' base year isE a, #$$:6$# b, #$$D6$% c, #$$$6 ::: d, :::6:# 3(e largest source o+ National Income in India isE a, 0ervice 0ector b, 1griculture c, Industrial 0ector d, 3rade 0ector H.losed 8conomy= is t(at economy in '(ic(E a, Only e*)ort ta2es )lace b, Money su))ly is +ully controlled c, De+icit +inancing ta2es )lace d, Neit(er e*)ort nor im)ort ta2es )lace 3(e )ro)ortion o+ labour in GN; becomes lo'" due to t(e +ollo'ing reasonE a, -ages lag be(ind )rices b, ;rices lag be(ind 'ages c, ;ro+it lags be(ind )rices d, ;rices lag be(ind )ro+it National Income in India is estimated byE a, ;lanning .ommission b, Finance .ommission c, Indian 0tatistical Institute d, .entral 0tatistical Organization 8conomic gro't( in an economy is measured by t(e increase inE a, GD; b, GN; c, NN; d, ;er .a)ita Income National income on current )rices are (ig(er to t(at o+ constant )rices becauseE a, ;rice increase is equal to increase in )roduction b, ;rice increase is (ig(er to increase in )roduction c, ;rice increase is lo'er to increase in )roduction d, Only decrease in )roduction -(ic( sector constitutes t(e ma*imum s(are in National Income o+ IndiaW
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
9.
!+
a, ;rimary b, 0econdary c, 3ertiary d, 1ll t(e above (ave equal s(are -(ic( reason among t(e +ollo'ing e*)lains t(e lo' gro't( rate o+ real national income as com)ared to monetary national incomeW a, ;o)ulation is increasing b, Inequalities are gro'ing c, ;rice level is increasing d, 8*)orts are lesser t(an im)orts 3(e .(airman o+ HNational Income .ommittee= (#$%$) 'asE a, D,4, Gadgil b, ;,., Ma(alanobis c, A,7,4,A, 4ao d, >, Natrajan -(ic( +actor among t(e +ollo'ing creates obstacle in measuring correct estimate o+ national incomeW a, 8*istence o+ non6monetised 0ector b, ?o' rate o+ savings c, /nder em)loyment d, In+lation -(at is true +or <t( )lanW (I) Gro't( rate target 'as &,9J ),a (II) 1ctual gro't( rate 'as 9,<J ),a, a, Only (I) is correct b, >ot( (I) and (II) are correct c, Only (II) is correct d, >ot( (I) and (II) are +alse 3(e di++erence bet'een GD; and ND; isE a, Government revenue b, Net Indirect 3a* (Indirect 3a* 0ubsidy) c, .onsum)tion o+ +i*ed ca)ital d, Net .a)ital +ormation On t(e basis o+ GD;" '(ic( economy is t(e largest economy in t(e 'orldW a, /01 b, >ritain c, 5a)an d, .(ina National 0am)le 0urvey (N00) 'as establis(ed inE a, #$&: b, #$&# c, #$& d, #$%! 1t '(ic( ran2 in t(e 'orld" Indian 8conomy in )laced on t(e basis o+ GD;W a, Fourt( b, 0i*t( c, 8ig(t d, 3ent( -(at average annual rate o+ gro't( o+ GD; (as been )ro)osed in t(e a))roac( )a)er +or t(e ##t( )lan )eriodW a, $J b, <J c, !,&J d, !J 4ecently .0O (as c(anged t(e base year +or National 1ccounting +rom #$$D6 #$$% to #$$$6 :::, Ho' many times t(e base year (as been c(anged so +ar since inde)endenceW a, Four times b, Five times c, 0i* times d, 0even times Mid6term 8conomic 0urvey 'as )resented in t(e ;arliament +or t(e +irst time in t(e yearE a, :::6:# b, ::#6: c, :: 6:D d, ::D6:%
10.
11. 12.
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15. 16. 17. 18.
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Ans:"r' #, d ##, b ,c # ,a D, a #D, b %, d #%, c &, a #&, a 9, d #9, a !, a #!, d <, b #<, a $, c #$, b #:, c :, c
SAMPLE MATERIAL ON HISTORY

RELIGIOBS MOVEMENTS
!1
#-**/ism
It 'as +ounded by Gautama >udd(a (&9D6%<D >,.,) His original name 'as 0id(art(a, He belonged to t(e 0a2ya clan o+ 7s(atriyas, His +at(er 'as 0udd(odana" t(e ruler o+ 7a)ilvastu, He 'as born in ?umbini in 7a)ilvastu, His mot(er 'as Ma(amaya o+ t(e 7osalan dynasty Maya died in c(ild birt( and little 0idd(art(a 'as broug(t u) by (is ste) mot(er Gautami, 0id(art(a married (is cousin Cas(od(ara and begot a son 4a(ul, 1+ter seeing an old man" a sic2 man" a cor)se and an ascetic" (e decided to become a 'anderer, One nig(t accom)anying c(anna (c(arioteer) and (is +avourite (orse 7ant(a2a" (e le+t (ome at t(e age o+ $, 3(us (e )er+ormed Ma(ab(inis(2ramana and became a 'andering ascetic, (is great going or
He got Nirvana (at D& years o+ age) at Br-)"la" on t(e ban2 o+ river Niranjana" under a )i)al tree, No' (e 'as +ully enlig(tened L a >udd(a, He gave (is +irst sermon at Sarnat/ '(ere (is +ive +ormer disci)les (ad settled, 3o t(ese +ive ascetics .(a2ra)arivartana, (e )reac(ed (is +irst sermon calling it D(arma
He died at t(e age o+ <: in %<D >,., at K-s/ina ara identical 'it( village 7asia in Deoria district o+ /,;, in t(e Malla re)ublic, 3(is 'as (is +inal bo'ing out or ;arinirvana, His last 'ords 'ere _1ll com)osite t(ings decay" strive diligently=, His +our noble trut(s 'ere t(e 'orld is +ull o+ su++ering" su++ering is caused by (uman desires t(e renunciation o+ desire is t(e )at( to salvation and t(is salvation is )ossible t(roug( eig(t +old )at( '(ic( consisted o+ rig(t vie's" resolve" s)eec(" conduct" liveli(ood" e++ort" recollection and meditation,
0alvation lay in ac(ieving nirvana or +reedom +rom t(e '(eel o+ rebirt(, He believed in t(e t(eory o+ 7arma, Nirvana can be ac(ieved by an individual during (is li+etime,
T/" (o-r #-**/ist Co-n$ils No! #, , Dat" an* Pla$" %<D >,., 4ajgri(a D<D >,., Aais(ali R-l"r 1jatasatru 7alas(o2 Pr"si*"nt Ma(a2as(ya) 0arva2amini A$/i")"m"nt .om)ilation o+ Ainay ;ita2 M 0utta ;ita2 Division bet'een t(eraved and Ma(a 0ang(i2 too2 )lace
D, %, &: >,., ;atili)utra #stG nd century 1,D, 7undalavana 1s(o2a 7anis(2a 3issa Moggali)uttra Aasumitra M 1svag(os(a 1b(id(amma ;ita2 com)iled 0(ar) division bet'een Hinayana and Ma(ayana
:ainism
It came into )rominence under t(e ,7t/ Tirt/an?ar Var*/amana Ma/a)ira (&%: >,., to %9< >,.) He belonged to t(e 5antri2a 7s(atriya clan His birt( )lace 'as 7undagram in Aais(ali His +at(er=s name 'as 0idd(art(a and mot(er=s name 'as 3ris(ala" '(o 'as a sister o+ t(e ?ic(c(avi )rince .(eta2 o+ Aais(ali, He got HKai)alya% at t(e age o+ % under a 0al tree on t(e ban2 o+ river 4eju)ali2a near village 5imb(i2agrama, For )reac(ing (e visited 7osala" Magad(a" Mit(ila" .(am)a etc, He died at ;ava)uri 1t +irst Ma(avira +ollo'ed t(e )ractices o+ an ascetic grou) called t(e Nirgrant(as (+ree +rom 'ants)" '(ic( (ad been +ounded some ;arsavanat(, ;arsavanat( 'as remembered as t(e Drd 3irt(an2ara, Ris/ab/*")a :as t/" (irst Tirt/an?ara, For some 9 years Ma(avira=s (ards(i) 'as s(ared by Gosala Mas2ri)utra but ultimately t(e t'o quarrelled and Gosala le+t Ma(avira to +ound t(e sect o+ 1jivi2as, Ma(avira=s +irst disci)le 'as 5ameli, Ma(avira believed in t(e dualistic )(iloso)(y and (eld t(at matter and soul are t(e only t'o ever e*isting elements, 5ainism taug(t +ive doctrines (i) 0atya or do not s)ea2 lies (ii) 1(imsa or do not commit violence (iii) 1)arigra(a or do not o'n )ro)erty (iv) 1steya or do not steal and (v) >ra(mac(arya or celibacy, Ma(avira (ad added t(e last one" t(e earlier +our 'ere already in e*istence, :: years earlier by
T/" NTriratnasG o( Eainism ar" ri /t ?no:l"* "8 ri /t (ait/ an* ri /t a$tion, 5ainism li2e >udd(ism is +undamentally at(eistic" t(oug( not denying t(e e*istence o+ gods" it re+uses to give t(em any im)ortance in t(e universal sc(eme o+ t(ings and )laces t(em lo'er t(an 5ina (t(e conqueror), 3(e 'orld o+ t(e 5ainas is not created" maintained or destroyed by any deity but +unctions only according to universal sc(eme o+ la' and it is eternal,
!!
0alvation could be ac(ieved by t(e )uri+ication o+ soul t(roug( severe )enance and )racticing 3riratnas, Ho'ever +ull salvation is )ossible only +or ascetics and not to a laity, Nayavada o+ 5ainism states t(at reality can be a))roac(ed +rom di++erent vie' )oints '(ic( are t(ere+ore relative and 2no'ledge cannot be absolute, 3rut( can t(ere+ore be a++irmed only 'it( a degree o+ )robability" '(ic( is called 0yadavada in 5ainism,
During Magad(a +amine in t(e reign o+ .(andragu)ta Maurya some 5ain Mon2s under >(adraba(u migrated to 7arnata2a '(ere t(ey lived in old traditional 'ay strictly observing t(e religious rules, 3(ey alleged t(at t(e ascetics living in Magad(a (ad violated t(ose rules and ta2en '(ite dress besides editing religious te*ts in t(eir absence, 3(en on t(e sout(erners came to be called Digamber (t(e 02y clad) and t(e Magad(ans 0'etamber (t(e '(ite clad),
1ccording to 0'etambars t(e original doctrine taug(t by Ma(avir 'as contained in #% old te*ts called )urvas '(ic( 'as )assed orally +or :: years, 1+ter t(e (irst Eaina $o-n$il (eld at Patli+-tra (D#: >,.) t(ese 'ere +inally com)iled into # digambars, 1ngas by t(e 0'etambars but 'ere not acce)ted by t(e
3(e s"$on* $o-n$il (eld at Vallab/i in Gujarat (%&D 1,D) +inally codi+ied t(ese scri)tures and reduced t(em to 'riting, Monastic establis(ment o+ t(e 5ains 'as called >asadis,
-./0T.1 M23EME,T
3(oug( >(a2ti is traced bac2 to t(e /)anis(ad" t(e >(aga'at Gita and t(e )uranas" it began in 0out( India, 3(e 1lvars (Aais(navites) and Nayanmars (0(aivites) )o)ularized t(e b(a2ti cult in sout(ern India, San?ara$/arya 'as born in Kala*i 0K"rala4 in !<< 1,D, He )ro)ounded t(e advaita )(iloso)(y, He also 'rote commentaries on t(e >ra(masutra and /)anis(ads, His +amous quote is >ra(ma 0atyam 5agat Mit(ya" jivo >ra(maiva Na)ara(a or t(e absolute s)irit is t(e reality" t(e 'orld o+ a))earance is illusory (Maya)" t(e so called individual soul is absolute in itsel+, 1ccording to (im" gyan alone can lead to salvation, He also 'rote $omm"ntary on #/a :at Gita and 'rote boo2s li2e B+a*"s/ S/astri8 Vi)"?a C/-*amani8 #/aCa Go)in*am Stotra etc,
He establis(ed mat(s at S/rin "ri8 D:ar?a8 P-ri an* #a*rinat/, 3(e claim t(at (e +ounded t(e 7anc(i mat( is dis)uted, Raman-Car 'as born in Sri+"ramba*-r, He o))osed t(e mayavada o+ 0(an2ara and advocated t(e )(iloso)(y o+ vis(itadvaita, He +ounded t(e s(rivais(nava sect, He 'rote 0rib(as(ya" vederas(t(a sengra)(" Aedantasara" Aedanta di)a and Gita
!"
>(as(ya, He advocated salvation by >(a2ti, His teac(er 'as Cadav ;ra2as(, He advocated )ra)at(imarga ()at( o+ sel+ surrender to God,)
0ri2ant(ac(arya +ounded t(e s(ivadvaita Mad(avac(arya +ounded t(e dvaita )(iloso)(y, He 'as born in 7alyan)ura in sout( 7anera district, 1ccording to (im 'orld is not an illusion but a reality" +ull o+ real distinction, God" soul and matter are all unique in nature and (ence t(ey are irreducible to eac( ot(er, He +ounded t(e >ra(ma sam)radya, Hari*as +ounded t(e P-ran*ar*asa movement, 3(e ?ingayat set 'as +ounded by >asava, 3(e sect is also 2no'n as virasaiva sect, 82nat( 'as a +amily man and said t(at staying in an institution or monastery or resignation +rom t(e 'orld are not necessary to lead a religious li+e, 3u2aram 'as a sudra by birt(, He earned t(e gratitude o+ 0(ivaji, He +ounded t(e var2ari sect, He 'or2ed +or Hindu Muslim unity, 4amdasa 'rote t(e Dababod(a, He 'as t(e guru o+ 0(ivaji, He started t(e cult o+ )armart(a, 1ccording to .(andidas" t(e only 'ay to salvation is love to God and t(is love must be )assed to an eart(ly )erson, Aidya)ati 'rote in Mait(ili, 0(an2aradeva s)read >(a2ti in 1ssam 4amananda 'as born in 1lla(abad but settled in Aaranasi, He +ounded t(e 4amanand sect, His t'elve +ollo'ers 'ere 1nantananda" 7abir" ;i)a" >(avanada" 0u2(a" 0ursura" ;admavatsa" Nar(ari" 4aids" D(anna" 0ena and 'i+e o+ 0ursura, 7abir 'as broug(t u) in varanasi, 1ccording to (im 4am" 4a(im" 1lla( etc," '(ere all t(e same, His disci)les +ormed t(e 7abir)ant(i sect, His songs are +ound in 1di grant(a, G-r-nana? +ounded t(e si?/ sect and (e started +ree community 7itc(ans called Guru 2a langar, He 'as a mystic o+ Nirguna 0c(ool and re+lected t(e ideas o+ 7abir,
4a#5arac arya 3(e leader o+ Hindu revivalist movement 'as 0an2arac(arya" He 'as a great t(in2er and a distinguis(ed )(iloso)(er, >ut (is )reac(ing o+ t(e doctrine o+ )ure monoism (1dvaitam) being beyond t(e intelligence o+ t(e common )eo)le" it 'as le+t to 4amanuja to revive Hinduism (Aais(navism) by )reac(ing H>(a2ti= as a means to salvation,
!#
Raman-Ca0&<&3 ; &&634 He built u) t(e )(iloso)(y o+ Ais(is(tadvaita (quali+ied monoism) and )reac(ed t(e doctrine o+ )ersonal devotion to God,()ra)at(i) He traveled e*tensively t(roug(out India to )reac( (is ideals and (is teac(ings and 'on a large number o+ ad(erents, His +ollo'ers are called Aais(navas,
Ramanan*a 0ab"r He 'as t(e greatest among various disci)les o+ 4amanand, He 'as t(e +irst religious teac(er o+ )rominence to +oster a s)irit o+ unity among t(e Hindus and Muslims, He +oug(t against su)erstitions" ritualism" idol 'ors(i) and caste system, 1ccording to (im" t(ere 'as one God '(o could be described by various names! NCall /im Ram8 Ra/im8 Alla/8 K/-*a8 Hari8 Go)in*8 b-t H" is on"!G Nana2" t(e +ounder o+ 0i2( religion" 'as o))osed to all distinctions o+ caste as 'ell as t(e religious rivalries and rituals, He declared" B3(ere is no Hindu" t(ere is no Musalman,K His gos)el 'as t(at o+ universal toleration based on all t(at 'as good in Islam or Hinduism, He )reac(ed t(e /nity o+ God and condemned +ormalism and ritualism o+ bot( Islam and Hinduism, 3(e >(a2ti movement (el)ed a great deal in creating (armony bet'een t(e Hindus and Muslims, 3(e movement reduced t(e bitterness bet'een t(e t'o religions and develo)ed understanding and res)ect +or eac( ot(er, 4amananda broug(t to Nort( India '(at 4amanuja did in 0out( India, He raised (is voice against t(e increasing +ormalism o+ t(e ort(odo* cult He +ounded a ne' sc(ool o+ Aais(navism based on t(e gos)el o+ love and devotion, His most outstanding contribution is t(e abolition o+ distinctions o+ caste among (is +ollo'ers,
SU-I !O*(!()T S4fism 0u+ism develo)ed a+ter t(e establis(ment o+ 3ur2is( rulers in India, 3(e basic t(oug(t o+ t(ese 0u+i 0aints 'ere borro'ed +rom Xuran and Hadis, 3(ese 0aints trans+ormed t(ese t(oug(ts into mysticism, 3(e origin o+ t(e 'ord 0u+i" (as been e*)lained in a number o+ 'ays, 1bu Nusrat 0iraj says t(at t(e 'ord 0u+i came +rom H0oo+= or 'ool, 3(e 0u+i 0aints resided in t(eir K/anOa/s and taug(t t(eir disci)les,
3(ey observed certain )ractices, 3auba 'as re)entance over bad deeds
!$
Aara 'as non6acce)tance o+ '(at 'as not given +reely 5ulud symbolized 2indness Fa2r 'as )overty 0u(r (el)ed t(em to observes tolerance 0u2ar 'as t(e acce)tance o+ obligation 7(au+ symbolized +ear 4ay 'as (o)e 3a'a22(ul (el)ed t(em to observe contentment 4iza 'as surrender to God to ac(ieve vasl or salvation
3(e Islamic mysticism (as been designated as 0u+ism, It is not one religion or one )rinci)le, 3(ey (ad t(eir o'n sc(ool o+ 3(oug(ts, 3(ey acce)ted Mo(ammad 0a(eb and ideas o+ Xuaran, ?ater" t(eir t(oug(ts 'ere in+luenced by .(ristian" Noroastrian" >udd(ist and Hindu )(iloso)(y, 3(eir central t(oug(t 'as t(at t(e relations(i) bet'een t(e soul and God 'as one o+ t(e lo'er and t(e beloved, 3(ey obtained t(e t(oug(t o+ tolerance and non6violence +rom Hinduism and mainly +rom >udd(ism, 3(ey also believed in starving t(e body and giving )ain to t(e )(ysique in order to meet God, 3(e 0u+i saints believed t(at to meet God t(ey (ad to undergo t(eir journey t(roug( ten stages, 3(ese stages are 3auba (4e)entence), -ara (abstinence)" Nu(d (;iety)" Faqr ()overty)" 0abr (;atience)" 0(u2ra (Gratitude)" 7(au+ (+ear)" 4aja (Ho)e)" 3a'a22ul (.ontentment) and 4iza (submission to t(e divine 'ill), 3(e t'o aims o+ t(e 0u+i 0aints 'ere6 #, 0el+ develo)ment" , 0ervice to Humanity, 3(e main teac(ing o+ 0u+ism is t(roug( submission to t(e 'ill o+ God" t(e s)irit realizes t(e 0u)reme >eing, 0u+ism laid do'n t(e tradition o+ ;ir6Muridi, Murid 'as t(e +ollo'er o+ t(e 0u+i 0aints '(o be(aved 'it( ot(er +ollo'ers as brot(ers, 3(e teac(er o+ t(e Murids 'as 2no'n as ;ir to '(om t(e Murid 'as totally dedicated, 1mong all t(e 0u+i 0aints" t(e name o+ S/"i?/ K/:aCa M-in-**in C/is/ti is remar2able, He came to ?a(ore +rom G(azni in ##9#, He laid t(e +oundation o+ t(e C/is/ti Silsila in India, 1+ter (im t(e ne*t im)ortant .(is(ti 0aint 'as S/"i?/ 5ari*-**in.GanC.".S/a?ar '(o lived in India +rom ##!& to # 9&, He 'as also 2no'n as >aba Farid, 1+ter (im t(e )rominent 0u+i 0aint 'as Ni@am-**in A-liya (# D<6#D &) 1mir 7(usrau 'as (is c(ie+ disci)le, In t(e #D t( century" -a(auddin Na2(aria laid t(e +oundation o+ S-/ra:ar*i Silsila in India, 3(e .(is(ti 0aints believed in a li+e o+ )overty, 3(e 0u(ra'ardi is believed t(at an a++luent and )leasurable li+e and interest in )olitics 'ould not lead to s)iritualism, In #& century" S/"i?/ Ab*-lla/ Sattari an* Saiyya* Go/ Wala Pir lai* t/" (o-n*ation o( t/" Ma*ri Silsila in India! 3(us" in India" 0u+ism 'as divided into di++erent sects, 1bdul Fazl lists +ourteen 0ilsila(s o+ t(e 0u+is '(ic( a))arently +ound t(eir 'ay to India,
!%
/) to #&t( .entury" t(ere 'ere +our 0u+i 0ilsilas +ounded in India, In #9 t( century t(eir number gre' to #%, 1bul Fazl mentions t(ese #% 0ilsilas, 1mong t(ese t(e .(is(tis and 0u(ra'ardis too2 dee) roots in Indian soil, Firdausi and 0attari 0ilsilas 'ere active in >engal and >i(ar, 3(e .(is(tis 'ere most )o)ular among all t(e 0u+i sects, 3(e .(is(ti customs 'ere similar to Hindu customs, 3(e )rominent .(is(ti 0aints 'ere 7('aja Muinuddin .(is(ti" 7('aja Xutubuddin >a2(tiar 7a2i" 7'aja Fariduddin Masud Ganj6e60(a2ar" 0(ei2( Nizamuddin 1uliya" 0(ei2( Nasiruddin" .(irag6I6De(alvi" 0(ei2( 1la6ul6Haq" 0(ei2( Hamiduddin Mani2)uri" >ur(anuddin G(arib" Noor Xutub 1lam" Hazarat 0(ei2(u Daraz etc,
SAMPLE MATERIAL ON ENGLISH

Pr"+ositions ; #" +r"+ar"*P 1 )re)osition serves to connect its object 'it( t(e rest o+ a sentence, 3(e use o+ )re)ositions is com)le*" as most o+ t(em (ave more t(an one meaning" can also be used as adverbs" and in idioms and )(rasal verbs, 1lso" many adjectives" nouns and verbs must usually be +ollo'ed by certain )re)ositions, Given belo'" are some common )re)ositions '(ic( (ave many meanings, A(t"r #, ?ater in timeF a(t"r si* o=cloc2@ a(t"r )lay , ?ater in a seriesF $ comes a(t"r < , D, In )ursuit o+F 3(e )oliceman ran a(t"r t(e t(ie+ Amon #, -it(in a grou)F 3(e money 'as s(ared amon t(e +our investors, Note, H1mong= is used +or more t(an t'o )eo)le" and Hbet'een= is used +or t'o )eo)le, Aro-n* #, .ircling somet(ingF -e 'al2ed aro-n* t(e building, , 0urroundingF 3(ere is a +ence aro-n* t(e garden, D, In di++erent )arts o+F I loo2ed aro-n* t(e building +or a )lace to )ar2 my car, %, In t(e ot(er directionF He turned aro-n* and loo2ed at me, &, 1))ro*imatelyF 0(e must be aro-n* +ive +eet in (eig(t, At #, , D, %, &, 1 s)eci+ic locationF at #%" M,G,0treet@ at t(e circus, 1 )oint in timeF at & o`cloc2@ at Di'ali, 1 conditionF at 'ar@ at rest 1n activityF at 'or2@ at )lay, 3o'ardsF ?oo2 at someone@ 'ave at someone
#"/in* #, 1t t(e bac2 o+F 3(e s(y little boy (id b"/in* (is mot(er, , ?ateF 0(e is al'ays b"/in* in (er studies, D, .ause@ originF He 'as b"/in* t(at sinister )lan,
!&
#"si*" #, Ne*t to@ at t(e side o+F I li2e to sit b"si*" t(e +lo'ing river, #"si*"s #, 1lso@ as 'ell asF It is good to 2no' ot(er languages b"si*"s your mot(er tongue, Not" t(e di++erent meanings o+ b"si*" and b"si*"s, #"si*" is usually used 'it( re+erence to a )(ysical location, #"t:""n #, 1n intermediate locationF 0(e sits b"t:""n 0ita and me in t(e class, , 1n intermediate timeF b"t:""n .(ristmas and Ne' Cear, D, Intermediate in a seriesF ! comes b"t:""n 9 and <, %, 1n intermediate amountF b"t:""n +our and eig(t )eo)le &, -it(in a grou) o+ t'oF 3(e money 'as s(ared b"t:""n t'o )eo)le, #y #, NearF a (ouse by t(e sea , ;astF He 'aved as (e drove by t(e (ouse, D, Not later t(anF 3ry to +inis( t(e 'or2 by tomorro', %, In units o+F c(ea)er by t(e dozen@ sold by 'eig(t &, 3(roug( t(e means o+F travel by )lane@ 'ritten by (im 5or #, , D, %, &, 9, In #, , D, %, &, 9, !, <, $, O( #, , D, %, ?ocationF east o+ t(is (ouse@ t(e middle o( t(e road ;ossessionF a +riend o( (ers@ t(e (ouse o( (er brot(er ;art o+ a grou)F one o( us@ a member o( t(e grou), MeasurementF a cu) o( mil2@ t'o inc(es o( rain, ;lace t(oug(t o+ as an areaF in ?ondon@ in .(ina -it(in a locationF in t(e (all, ?arge units o+ timeF 3(at (a))ened in May" in ::!, -it(in a certain timeF I 'ill leave in an (our, >y means o+F 'rite in )en@ s)ea2 in 8nglis( .onditionF in doubt@ in a (urry@ in secret 1 member o+F He is in t(e army@ in t(e navy -earingF t(e boy in t(e blue s(irt -it( re+erence toF lac2ing in good manners@ ric( in alluvial soil,
Duration o+ timeF -e 'al2ed (or t'o (ours, DistanceF I 'al2ed (or +ive 2ilometers, ;ur)oseF I boug(t t(is dress (or you, In t(e direction o+F 0(e le+t (or >ombay, In +avor o+F -e are (or t(e vote, .onsideringF 0(e is clever (or (er age,
O(( #, Not on@ a'ay +romF ;lease 2ee) o(( t(e grass, , 1t some distance +romF 3(ere are islands o(( t(e coast, On
!'
#, , D, %, &, 9, 3ouc(ing t(e sur+ace o+F on t(e table@ on t(e 'all 1 certain dayF 0(e came (ere on Friday" on t(e Drd o+ 1)ril, 1 certain streetF on Madison road, 1boutF a boo2 on science 1 state or conditionF on stri2e@ on vacation, >y means o+ F (e lives on (is +at(er=s 'ealt( @ s(o'n on television
O)"r #, 1bove@ (ig(er t(anF 3(ere is a )icture o)"r t(e s(el+,, , .overingF -e s)read a ne' s(eet o)"r t(e bed, D, 1crossF 0(e jum)ed o)"r t(e big stone, , %, More t(anF It cost o)"r eig(ty ru)ees@ it too2 o)"r an (our &, DuringF He came to my (ouse several times o)"r t(e )ast 'ee2, 9, >y means o+F -e too2 t(e decision o)"r t(e tele)(one, Sin$" #, From a s)eci+ic time in t(e )astF I (ave been studying sin$" +our o`cloc2, , From a )ast time until no'F I (ave been staying (ere sin$" yesterday, Not"' >ecause o+ its meaning" t(e )re)osition sin$" is usually used in combination 'it( a )er+ect tense, It s(ould be noted t(at t(e )re)osition (or can also be used 'it( a )er+ect tense, Ho'ever" '(en used 'it( re+erence to time" (or is usually +ollo'ed by a )(rase re+erring to a +"rio* o+ time@ '(ereas sin$" is usually +ollo'ed by a )(rase re+erring to a s+"$i(i$ time, e,g, I (ave 2no'n (im (or si* mont(s, I (ave 2no'n (im sin$" 5anuary, Wit/ #, 1ccom)anyingF He came :it/ (er@ I (ave my boo2s :it/ me, , Having@ containingF Here is a bag :it/ a )ac2et o+ s'eets,, D, >y means o+@ usingF I re)aired t(e s(oes :it/ glue, %, MannerF :it/ )leasure@ :it/ ease@ :it/ di++iculty &, >ecause o+F -e 'ere )aralyzed :it/ +ear,
Tips especiall5 for 5o4 For mont(s" years" lengt( o+ timeaaaa,use Hin= (I 'ill come t(ere in 5anuary,) For days o+ t(e 'ee2" 'ee2end" a certain dayaa,use Hon=( I 'ill come t(ere on Monday,) For a s)eci+ic )oint in timeaaaaaaa,use Hat= ( I 'ill meet you at 9 o=cloc2,) For medium o+ communication( radio" 3,A etc) a,,use Hon=,( I (eard it on t(e radio) For a )eriod o+ timeaaaaaa,use H+or=(I (ave lived (ere +or +ive years,) For a s)eci+ic time aaaaaa,use Hsince= ( I (ave lived (ere since ::D,) For a s)eci+ic locationaaaaaaaaa,,use Hat=( I live at %" M,G, 4oad,) For an area locationaaaaa,,use Hin= ( I live in India,) For a certain streetaaaa,use Hon= ( I (ave )ar2ed my car on M,G,4oad,) For t(ings at rest" aaa,use Hon, ( 3(e boo2 is on t(e table,) For t(ings in motionaaause Hu)on= ( 3(e cat s)rang u)on t(e table,) For re+erence to t'o )eo)leaa,use Hbet'een=a(3(e money 'as s(ared bet'een t(e t'o brot(ers,) For re+erence to more t(an t'oaa,,use Hamong= ( 3(e money 'as s(ared among t(e t(ree o+ t(em,)
"+
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15. 16. 17. 18.