UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMAICA Faculty of Engineering & Computing School of Engineering

Electrical Machine Lab #1: Two Wattmeter Method of Measuring Power in Three Circuits

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree

Date: February 4, 2010 Ainsloy Richards (Id#:0703146) Instructor: Nathan Martin

Objective To test the theory that the sum of the two wattmeter readings gives the total power in a three phase balanced load and to compare the experimental value of the power with the theoretical value. Theory General Balance in a three phase load is achieved when the line voltages are equal and the line currents are equal. For a balanced three phase system that is connected in wye, the line currents are equal and line voltages are equivalent to the product of root three and the phase voltage {( and . On the contrary, the line current is equivalent to the product of

root three and the phase current and the line voltages are equal to the phase voltages in a delta connection ( { Power The apparent power for each phase in a three system is given by: , for the delta connection: ( .

Hence, the apparent power in the three phase delta system is given by:

The total active power in a three phase system is three times the product of the phase voltage, phase current and the power factor ( ).

That is; For the both delta and Wye connection is; For a purely resistive circuit, the power factor is equal to 1 ( equal to the apparent power. The power in a three phase system can be measured by using the one wattmeter meter or the two wattmeter method. The one wattmeter method is limited to measuring power in the star connection but the two wattmeter method is used for both the star and delta connection. The total power in the three phase system, when using the two wattmeter method, is given by the algebraic sum of the power on both meters. That is; Apparatus 3 Ammeter, 0-5 A 3Bulbs, 150 W/ 220V Universal Power Supply 60 -105 Fig. 1 Experimental Circuit 2 Electronic Wattmeter 68 - 200W Digital Multimeter (DDM) Three Phase Measurement Panel ) and the total power is

Procedure The circuit was setup a shown in figure 1 and the universal power supply switched on. The variable supply was adjusted to give a reading of 110 V between the red and yellow line. The line voltages was then measured and recorded. The voltage drop across each phase, the phase currents, and the line currents were also measured and recorded. The universal power supply was the switched off and the circuit dissembled.

Results Table 1a: The necessary data that was collected in the experiment for power calculation Line Voltages (V) V RY = 110 VYB = 114 V BR = 113 Line Currents (A) I R = 0.4375 IY = 0.45 I B = 0.4625 Phase Currents (A) I RY = 0.24 I YB = 0.25 I BR = 0.2375 Phase Voltages (V) V RY = 110 V YB = 114 VBR = 113 Total power Measured Power (W) W1 50 108 W2 58 26.4 28.5 26.8 81.7 Calculated power (W)

Sample Calculations: Since the circuit was not balanced, the power in each phase must be calculated separately by the equation; (Assuming that the loads are purely resistive) For; V RY = 110 V, I RY = 0.24 A

The Power Factor Taking the average of the line voltages and phase currents and assuming that the system is balanced. ( )

( The Total power is by;

The Power factor using the readings from the Wattmeters: [ * ( ] )+ * ( )+

Discrepancy between the measured and calculated power; ( Discussion: The power in consumed in a three-phase delta or wye connection can be found by the two wattmeter method. This is achieved by using one of the lines as reference (connected in to the voltage coil of both wattmeters) and the remaining lines are connected to current coil of the wattmeters. The experimental value for the total power that was consumed in the three phase circuit was calculated by the algebraic sum of the power reading on wattmeter 1 and 2. The dissipated power was found to be 108 W. In theory, the dissipated power in the balanced threephase system is three times the power consumed in a single phase. The theoretical power was calculated to be 81.7 W. When the theoretical and experimental values for the power are compared, it is revealed that there is a significant 32.2 % discrepancy in the readings and it is apparent that the experiment did not support the theory. This experiment can be considered as been unsuccessfully conducted due to the fact that the experimental power is greater that the )

theoretical power. In general, the theoretical values for the power should be greater since it takes into consideration the ideal situation. It does not take into consideration the resistance of the wire and the addition resistance associated with the attaching the measuring apparatus to the system that would have cause the experimental value to be less. The only logical reason for the having the measured power greater than the theoretical power is that the apparatus used were faulty. The apparatus must have not been calibrated before the start of the experiment. It must also be noted that the system was not balanced and this could have contributed to the discrepancy in the result. Conclusion: The experimental power consumed by the system was found to be 108 W and the theoretical power consumption is 81.7 W. There is a 32.2% deviation of the experimental power form the theoretical power but due to the source of error encountered in the experiment, it can still be stated that the total power in the system is the sum of the power reading on both wattmeters. Reference Wildi, T, 2006, Electrical Machines, Drives and Power System, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall McPherson, L, 2003, An Introduction to Electrical Machines and Transformers, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & son Milton, R, 2010, lesson_1_Three Phase BEng 3m lecture notes, http://utechonline.utech.edu.jm/course/view.php?id=413