CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1. INTRODUCTION
The buck, boost, buckboost, and Cuk converters are the four basic dcdc nonisolating converters that have found wide applications in industry. The buck converter can step down the dc voltage, whereas the boost converter is capable to perform a step-up function. In applications where both step-up and step-down conversion ratios are required, the buckboost and Cuk converters can be used. Simplicity and robustness are among the advantages of the buckboost converter. However, the pulsating input and output currents cause high conduction losses, and thus, impair the efficiency of buckboost. Furthermore, the buckboost converter uses the inductor to store the energy from the input source, and then, release the stored energy to the output. For this reason, the magnetic components of buckboost are subjected to a significant stress. These disadvantages limit the applications of the buckboost converter mainly to low power level. The isolated version of buckboost, referred to as the flyback converter, can achieve greater step-up or step-down conversion ratio utilizing a transformer, possibly, with multiple outputs. As compared with the buckboost converter, the Cuk converter has higher efficiency and smaller ripples in input and output currents. A significant improvement of the Cuk converter performance can be achieved by applying the zero ripple concept. The Cuk converter can be found in many high-performance power applications. In theory buck and boost converters can generate almost any voltage, in practice, the output voltage range is limited by component stresses that increase at the extreme duty cycle. Consequently, buck converter losses mount at low duty cycle, whereas boost converter efficiency deteriorates when the duty cycle tends to unity. Accordingly, voltage conversion range of the buck converter
1

below 0.10.15 becomes impractical whereas that of the boost converters is limited to below 810. Additional problems associated with narrow duty cycle are caused by MOSFET drivers rise and fall times as well as pulsewidthmodulated (PWM) controllers that have maximum pulsewidth limitations. These problems become even more severe at higher voltages and higher frequencies. Introducing a transformer helps attaining large step-up or stepdown voltage conversion ratio. Transformers turn ratio should be chosen as to provide the desired voltage gain while keeping the duty cycle within a reasonable range for higher efficiency. The transformer, however, brings in a whole new set of problems associated with the magnetizing and leakage inductances, which cause voltage spikes and ringing, increased core and copper losses as well as increased volume and cost. Single-transistor converter topologies, with quadratic conversion ratios, were proposed and demonstrated large step-down conversion ratio. This method has successfully achieved wide conversion range in the step done direction. A different approach to obtain wide conversion range utilizing coupled inductors was proposed. With only minor modification of the tapped-inductor buck, shows low component count and solves the gate-drive problem by exchanging the position of the second winding and the top switch. The problem of a high turn-off voltage spike on the top switch was solved by applying a lossless clamp circuit. Due to the coupled inductor action, the converter demonstrated high step-down dcdc conversion ratio, whereas the converters efficiency was improved by the extended duty cycle. A tapped-inductor buck with soft switching was introduced in. Another modification of the tapped-buck converter was realized in for power factor correction (PFC) application. With the addition of a line-frequency-commutated switch and a diode, both flyback and buck characteristics were achieved and large step-down was demonstrated. Some applications, especially battery-operated equipment, require high voltage boosting. To attain very large voltage step-up, cascaded boost converters that
2

implement the output voltage increasing in geometric progression were introduced. These converters effectively enhance the voltage transfer ratio, however, their circuits are quite complex. In comparison, tapped-inductor boost converters proposed and attain a comparable voltage step-up preserving relative circuit simplicity. The boost converter output terminal and flyback converter output terminal are connected in series to increase the output voltage gain with the coupled inductor. The boost converter also functions as an active clamp circuit to recycle the snubber energy. This project proposes a new wide-inputwide-output (WIWO) dcdc converter. The new converter is an integration of buck and boost converters via a tapped inductor. By applying proper control to the two active switches, the converter exhibits both buck and boost features. The high step-up dc-dc converters for these applications have the following common features. 1) High Step-up voltage gain. required. 2) High efficiency. 3) No isolation is required. Generally, about a tenfold step-up gain is

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Switching converter with wide dc conversion range by D. Maksimovic and S. Cuk, Vol. 6, No.1, Jan. 1991. In dc-to-dc conversion applications that require a large range of input and/or output voltages, conventional PWM converter topologies must operate at extremely low duty ratios, which limits the operation to lower switching frequencies because of the minimum ON time of the transistor switch. This is eliminated in a new class of single transistor PWM converters featuring voltage conversion ratios with quadratic dependence on duty ratio. Practical circuit examples operating at 0.5 MHz are described. 2.2 A Family of Buck-Type DC-DC Converters with Autotransformers by Kaiwei Yao, Yuancheng Ren, Jia Wei, Ming Xu and Fred C. Lee, Vol. 18, No. 1, Jan. 2003. It consists of a family of buck-type DC-DC converters with autotransformers, including forward, push-pull, half-bridge, and full-bridge topologies. Compared with an isolated transformer, the autotransformer has a simpler winding structure, and it only needs to transfer part of the input power, resulting in a smaller secondary winding current. Analysis shows that the autotransformer can also help to reduce the voltage stress and current ratings of power devices in the DC-DC converters. For some applications, a simple lossless passive clamp Circuit can be implemented to solve the transformer leakage problems, and the gate drive is significantly improved with a simple self-adaptive dead-time-

controlled bootstrap gate driver. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed topologies are very suitable for high-frequency applications.

2.3 High-Efficiency, High Step-Up DCDC Converters, Qun Zhao and Fred C. Lee, Vol. 18, No. 1, Jan. 2003. Many applications call for high step-up dcdc converters that do not require isolation. Some dcdc converters can provide high step-up voltage gain, but with the penalty of either an extreme duty ratio or a large amount of circulating energy. DCDC converters with coupled inductors can provide high voltage gain, but their efficiency is degraded by the losses associated with leakage inductors. Converters with active clamps recycle the leakage energy at the price of increasing topology complexity. A family of high-efficiency, high step-up dcdc converters with simple topologies is proposed in this paper. The proposed converters, which use diodes and coupled windings instead of active switches to realize functions similar to those of active clamps, perform better than their active-clamp counterparts. High efficiency is achieved because the leakage energy is recycled and the output rectifier reverse-recovery problem is alleviated. 2.4 Tapped-Inductor Buck Converter for High-Step-Down DCDC Conversion, Kaiwei Yao, Mao Ye, Member, Ming Xu and Fred C. Lee, Vol. 20, No. 4, July 2005. The narrow duty cycle in the buck converter limits its application for high-step-down dcdc conversion. With a simple structure, the tapped-inductor buck converter shows promise for extending the duty cycle. However, the leakage inductance causes a huge turn-off voltage spike across the top switch. Also, the gate drive for the top switch is not simple due to its floating source
5

connection. This paper solves all these problems by modifying the tappedinductor structure. A simple lossless clamp circuit can effectively clamp the switch turn-off voltage spike and totally recover the leakage energy.

2.5 A Novel Tapped-Inductor Buck Converter for Divided Power Distribution System, K. Nishijima, K. Abe, D. Ishida, T. Nakano, T. Nabeshima T. Sato and K. Harada, June 2006. A novel tapped-inductor converter which has similar characteristics to a typical buck converter is proposed. A high step-down conversion ratio is achieved, and the magnetic core size of the tapped-inductor is minimized. The high side switch is easily driven by a usual driver IC without a pulse transformer. The over voltage load protection is inherently realized without any additional components. Furthermore a divided power distribution system with the proposed Tapped-inductor converter is discussed for supplying the power to the digital applications.

CHAPTER 3
DC-DC CONVERTERS
3.1 INTRODUCTION A dc converter can be considered as dc equivalent to an ac transformer with a continuously variable turns ratio. Like a transformer it is used to step down or step up a dc voltage source. There are various dc-dc converters such as buck, boost, buck-boost and cuk converters. The basic buck and boost converters can be transformed into a number of new topologies by bringing in the tapped inductor. 3.2 BUCK CONVERTER The buck converter is widely adopted for step-down dc-dc conversion when there is no isolation requirement. For output levels with high currents and low voltages, a synchronous MOSFET can replace the freewheeling diode in order to reduce the conduction loss. Fig.3.1 shows a synchronous buck converter. A simple bootstrap gate driver can drive both the top and bottom switches (Q1 and Q2). Because of its simple structure and very low cost, the buck converter dominates the power supply market in the telecom and data com fields. For a dc-dc converter, is defined as the voltage gain, as follows: * * High-step-down conversion means a very small value for. The duty cycle of the buck converter in continuous-current mode (CCM) which is completely determined by the voltage gain.
7

For high-step-down dc-dc conversion, the duty cycle becomes very small. Consequently, the regulation period is very short, which is much worse in high-frequency applications.

Fig.3.1 Synchronous buck converter

Thus the buck-derived converters with tapped inductors is shown in the fig.3.2, with their corresponding voltage conversion ratios plotted in fig. 3.3.

Fig 3.2 Buck derived converters with tapped inductor

In fig 3.3, D is the duty ratio of switch S, M is the voltage conversion ratio, and n is the turn ratio of the tapped inductors, which is defined as n = n2: n1. As the turn ratio n tends to infinity, the conversion ratio of the buck-derived converters approach the characteristic of a basic buck topology.
8

Fig 3.3 Voltage conversion ratio of buck derived converters with tapped inductors

3.3 BOOST CONVERTER The boost converter converts an input voltage to a higher output voltage. The boost converter is also called a step-up converter. Boost converters are

used in battery powered devices, where the electronic circuit requires a higher operating voltage than the battery can supply, e.g. notebooks, mobile phones and camera-flashes.

Fig.3.4 Circuit diagram of Boost converter Thus the buck-derived converters with tapped inductors is shown in the fig.3.5, with their corresponding voltage conversion ratios plotted in fig. 3.6.

Fig 3.5 Boost derived converters with tapped inductor

In fig 3.6, D is the duty ratio of switch S, M is the voltage conversion ratio, and n is the turn ratio of the tapped inductors, which is defined as n = n2: n1. As the turn ratio n tends to zero, the conversion ratio of the buck-derived converters approach the characteristic of a basic boost topology.

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Fig 3.6 Voltage conversion ratio of boost derived converters with tapped inductors

Inspection of the conversion ratio plots, as given in Fig. 3.2(a), reveals that the proposed buck-derived converter achieves wider voltage step down than a basic buck converter. Also, by examining Fig. 3.5(a), it becomes evident that
11

the suggested boost-derived converter attains a wider voltage step-up than a basic boost converter. The idea proposed here is that these two topologies may be combined to form a new two-switch topology, with an extended conversion range.

3.4 BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER * The main application of a buck-boost converter is in regulated dc power supplies, where a negative polarity output may be desired, and the output voltage can be either higher or lower than the input voltage. * A buck-boost converter can be obtained by the cascade connection of the two basic converters: buck converter and boost converter.

The buck-boost converter is a type of DC-to-DC converter that has an output voltage magnitude that is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude.

Fig. 3.7 Circuit diagram of buck-boost converter When Switch is ON, inductor stored energy. Diode isolates input from the output. Capacitor supplies the load. When the switch is OFF, the inductor stored energy charges the capacitor and supplies the load through the diode. As

12

the inductance polarity is reversed when it transfers power, the output has a reverse polarity compared to the input. When the switch is closed, (3.1)

(3.2)
ON

(3.3) When (3.4) the switch is OFF,

OFF

(3.5) Therefore, (3.6) Where, Vin =input voltage L = inductor di/dt =rate of change of current Ton =on time Toff =off time D =duty ratio. Two different topologies are called buck-boost converter. Both of them can produce a range of output voltages, from an output voltage much larger (in absolute magnitude) than the input voltage, down to almost zero.

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CHAPTER 4
WIWO DC-DC CONVERTER
4.1 GENERAL WIWO can operate either in step-down or the buck mode or in step-up or in boost mode. The buck will reduce voltage until 15%, Boost will increase the voltage until 800-1000%, and buck-boost will be in between. To have higher range we will go for fly back converter. But the leakage and magnetizing inductance will cause spike and ringing. To have a range between all these range and above we are going for WIWO.

4.2 PROPOSED WIWO DC-DC CONVERTER TOPOLOGY The proposed WIWO DC-DC converter is illustrated in Fig 4.1

Fig 4.1 WIWO DC-DC converter The converter is comprised of two active switches S1 and S2, tapped inductors L1 and L2 with turns ratio n = n2 : n1 , diode D, and capacitive output filter C the tapped inductor is reconfigured into a pair of coupled inductors in Fig. 4.1. Being equivalent electrically, this reconfiguration is beneficial from a practical point of view. In Fig. 4.1, S1 and S2 are connected to a common junction or midpoint. The midpoint is periodically switched by S1 to ground, which allows recharging the
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bootstrap power supply and reliable operation of the flying driver of the top switch S2. Consequently, a standard half-bridge driver chip can be used with the low-side driver operating the bottom switchS1 and the bootstrap high-side driver activating the top switch S2. WIWO can operate either in the step-down or the buck mode or in the step-up or the boost mode. To operate the WIWO in the buck mode, the switch S1 is assigned a high-frequency switching signal with a predetermined duty cycle D, whereas S2 is switched complementarily to S1. The diode D is kept ON by the inductor L2 current, which is assumed to be continuous. To operate WIWO in the boost mode, the controller keeps S2 switch continuously ON and issues the required duty cycle signal for the S1 switch. Thus, the diode D is forced to switch on and off complementarily to S1. In both modes, the capacitor C filters the pulsating current and provides a smoothed output voltage for the load R.

4.3 CONTROL SCHEME For the proper operation of WIWO, a modified PWM control circuitry is required. This PWM is generated using a microcontroller and the process for generating switching pulses for the mosfet switches are defined in the microcontroller. The microcontroller generates a PWM signal in the form of pulses whose voltage is low compared to the switching pulses of the switch, there the signal generated is not directly given to the switch since there is no use. It requires an intermediate circuit to drive the pulses and amplify the pulses. This process is done by means of driver circuit. The generated pulse from the controller is boosted up and given to the switches.

4.4 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF WIWO CONVERTER The steady-state operation of the proposed WIWO converter is described. The analysis is performed assuming that the circuit is comprised of ideal components. The
15

coupling coefficient of the tapped inductor is assumed to be unity. Under continuous inductor current (CCM) condition, the proposed WIWO converter exhibits four topological states, as shown in Fig. 4.2.

Fig 4.2 (a) Buck mode charging state, (b) Buck mode discharging state, (c) Boost mode charging state, (d) Boost mode discharging state

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4.4.1 BUCK MODE: STATE 1 (t0 t < t1) It is the buck-mode charging state [see Figs. 4.2(a) and 4.5(a)]. Here, the switch S2 is turned on and S1 is turned off. The diode D conducts and the coupled inductors L1 and L2 are charged. The energy is also transferred from dc source to load.

Fig 4.3 Switched circuit models (a) Buck mode when charging STATE 2 (t1 t t2) It is the buck-mode discharging state [see Figs. 4.2(b) and 4.5(a)]. Here, the switch S2 is turned off also cutting off the current in the L1 winding, whereas S1 is turned on and the diode D conducts L2 current to the load.

Fig 4.3 Switched circuit models (b) Buck mode when discharging

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4.4.2 BOOST MODE: STATE 3 (t0 t < t1) It is the boost-mode charging state [see Figs. 4.2(c) and 4.5(b)]. Here, the switches S1 and S2 are turned on charging the L1 inductor. The diode D is cut off by the negative voltage induced in L2 winding. The output voltage is supported by the capacitor C.

Fig 4.3 Switched circuit models (c) Boost mode when charging STATE 4 (t1 t < t2) It is the boost-mode charging state [see Figs. 4.2(c) and 4.5(b)]. Here, the switch S2 is still ON whereas S1 is turned off. Both windings L1 and L2 conduct through the diode D and discharge the stored energy to the output.

Fig 4.3 Switched circuit models (d) Boost mode when discharging
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4.5 STEADY STATE ANALYSIS The steady-state models of the proposed WIWO converter are shown in Fig. 4.2. These models preserve the tapped-inductor symbol. More suitable for analysis purposes, however, are the models of Fig. 4.3. Here, the role of the magnetizing inductance Lm is clearly shown. The detailed analysis was carried out in using statespace averaging technique.

Fig 4.4 Voltage transfer characteristic M (n,m) of the WIWO DC-DC converter.

WIWO voltage conversion ratio, output voltage ripple, voltage stresses, etc., were obtained. WIWO voltage transfer characteristics M (n, m) are plotted in Fig. 4.4. Clearly, for n = 1, the voltage transfer ratio is smooth at the vicinity of the buck to boost switchover point m = 1, whereas for other values of n, the curves exhibit a slope change. This statement can be verified analytically by calculating the derivatives of M (m) atm=1. Using the expressions for voltage conversion ratio, the result is ((n + 1)/n) for the buck mode and (n + 1) for the boost mode. Obviously, the slope of WIWO dcdc characteristic becomes continuous for n = 1.

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The small-signal transfer functions of the WIWO converter were derived by linearizing the state-space equations around the operating point. The line-to-output and control-to-output transfer functions reveal strong dependence on the operating point and a right-half-plane (RHP) zero. Here the large output filter capacitor is replaced by an ideal voltage source. The waveforms and timing diagram of WIWO for both buck and boost modes are illustrated in Fig 4.5.

Fig 4.5 Waveforms of the DC-DC converter. (a) Buck mode (b) Boost mode.
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CHAPTER 5
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
5.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION: The Block diagram of the proposed converter is shown in Fig.5.1. It consists of DC source, proposed converter, driver circuit, micro controller and load.

Fig.5.1 Block Diagram of wide input wide output dc-dc converter 5.1.1 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT The main purpose of the power supply circuit is the conversion of AC voltage to required DC voltage. The rated AC voltage is first stepped down to the required AC voltage by using a step down transformer.

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 Then this AC voltage is given to a bridge rectifier consists of 4 diodes for the conversion of AC to DC voltage. Due to this conversion, ripples are present in the obtained DC voltage. To avoid this, a capacitive filter is used. A smoothed output voltage is provided for resistive load.

5.1.2 POWER CIRCUIT The converter is comprised of two active switches S1 & S2, tapped inductors L1 & L2 with turns ratio n= n2:n1, diode D and capacitive output filter C. S1 & S2 are connected to common junction or midpoint. The midpoint is periodically switched by S1 to ground, which allows recharging the bootstrap power supply and reliable operation of the flying driver of top switch S2. A bridge rectifier chip can be used with low side driver operation the bottom switch S1 & bootstrap high-side driver activating the top switch S2. To operate WIWO in buck mode, the switch S1 is assigned a high frequency switching signal with a predetermined duty cycle D, whereas S2 is switched complementary to S1. The diode D is kept ON by inductor L2 current. In boost mode, the controller keeps S2 switch continuously ON and issues the required duty cycle signal for S1 switch. Thus, the diode D is forced switch ON & OFF complementary to S1. C used to provide a smoothed output voltage for load R.

5.1.3 DRIVER CIRCUIT The main purpose of driver circuit is To enhance the switching voltage for the mosfet or any switching device. To isolate the power circuit from the microcontroller circuit, because the power circuit must not enter into the microcontroller circuit.
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 An opto-coupler will be connected as the buffer which receives pulse signals of 5 V from microcontroller to the driver circuit, opto-coupler isolates the power circuit with microcontroller circuit. After it gets the signal from the microcontroller it will get enhanced using a NPN transistor to higher level of voltage. This voltage gets regulated by the use of Darlington pair (PNP-NPN transistor pair). 5.1.4 CONTROL CIRCUIT The control circuit is used to provide the required gate pulses to the switches in the power circuit. It is provided by means of developing a PWM signal using a microcontroller. The developed signal is given to the driver circuit for amplification and then provided to the switch. 5.2 COUPLED INDUCTORS Mutual inductance occurs when the change in current in one inductor induces a voltage in another nearby inductor. It is important as the mechanism by which transformers work, but it can also cause unwanted coupling between conductors in a circuit. The mutual inductance, M, is also measure of the coupling between two inductors. The mutual inductance by circuit i on circuit j is given by the double integral Neumann formula, The mutual inductance also has the relationship: M21N1N2P21 Where M21 is the mutual inductance, and the subscript specifies the relationship of the voltage induced in coil 2 due to the current in coil 1, (5.1)

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N1 is the number of turns in coil 1, N2 is the number of turns in coil 2, P21 is the permeance of the space occupied by the flux.

Fig. 5.2 Coupled Inductor

The mutual inductance also has a relationship with the coupling coefficient. The coupling coefficient is always between 1 and 0, and is a convenient way to specify the relationship between a certain orientations of inductor with arbitrary inductance: Where k is the coupling coefficient and 0 k 1, L1 is the inductance of the first coil, and L2 is the inductance of the second coil. (5.3) Where Vs is the voltage across the secondary inductor, Vp is the voltage across the primary inductor (the one connected to a power source) Ns is the number of turns in the secondary inductor, and Np is the number of turns in the primary inductor. (5.2)

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CHAPTER 6
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF CIRCUITS
6.1 DESIGN Vin=12 V, Vout=5-20 V, Io=2 A, s 50 kHz.

DUTY RATIO

0 0 0

( 0. 0

INDUCTOR SELECTION ( ( . ) . )

CAPACITANCE SELECTION

0. 00

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6.2 GENERAL Simulation has become a very powerful tool on the industry application as well as in academics, nowadays. It is now essential for an electrical engineer to

understand the concept of simulation and learn its use in various applications. Simulation is osne of the best ways to study the system or circuit behavior without damaging it. The tools for doing the simulation in various fields are available in the market for engineering professionals. Many industries are spending a considerable amount of time and money in doing simulation before manufacturing their product. In most of the research and development (R&D) work, the simulation plays a very important role. Without simulation it is quiet impossible to proceed further. It should be noted that in power electronics, computer simulation and a proof of concept hardware prototype in the laboratory are complimentary to each other. However computer simulation must not be considered as a substitute for hardware prototype. The objective of this chapter is to describe simulation of impedance source inverter with R, R-L and RLE loads using MATLAB tool.

6.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It

integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses includes, 1. Math and computation 2. Algorithm development 3. Data acquisition 4. Modeling, simulation and prototyping 5. Data analysis, exploration and visualization 6. Scientific and engineering graphics 7. Application development, including graphical user interface building

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MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical

computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar non interactive language such as C or FORTRAN. Areas in which toolboxes are available

include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation and many others. Electrical Power systems are combinations of electrical circuits and electro mechanical devices like motors and generators. Sim Power System is a modern design tool that allows scientists and engineers to rapidly and easily build models that simulate power systems. Sim Power Systems uses the Simulink environment, allowing you to build a model using simple click and drag procedures. Since

Simulink environment, allowing you to build a model using simple click and drag procedures. Since Simulink uses MATLAB as its computational engine,

designers can also use MATLAB toolboxes and Simulink block sets. Sim Power Systems and Sim Mechanics share a special Physical Modeling blocks and connection line interface.

6.2.2 SIM POWER SYSTEM LIBRARIES Sim Power Systems can be made to work. The libraries contain models of typical power equipment such as transformers, lines, machines and power electronics as shown in Fig.5.1. These models are proven ones coming from textbooks and their validity is based on the experience of the Power Systems Testing and Simulation Laboratory of Hydro-Quebec, a large North American utility located in Canada. The capabilities of Sim Power Systems for modeling a typical electrical system are illustrated in demonstration files.

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6.3 SIMULATION RESULT Simulations are carried for proposed converter in both open and closed loops. 6.3.1 PROPOSED METHOD WIWO OPEN LOOP SYSTEM The Simulation circuit of the proposed coupled inductor WIWO converter open loop is shown in the Fig.6.1.

Fig 6.1 Simulation circuit of coupled inductor WIWO converter- Open Loop. The output voltage of open loop in buck mode is shown in the Fig.6.2.

Fig.6.2 Output voltage of open loop in buck mode By performing simulation with the help of MATLAB 13. It is observed that by giving an input voltage of 12 V and the output is 4.33 V.
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The output voltage of open loop in boost mode is shown in the Fig.6.3.

Fig.6.3 Output voltage of open loop in boost mode By performing simulation with the help of MATLAB 13. It is observed that by giving an input voltage of 12 V and the output is 19.68 V. 6.3.2 PROPOSED METHOD-WIWO CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM

Fig 6.4 Simulation circuit of WIWO dc-dc converter- closed loop

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Thus the WIWO dc-dc converter subsystem output in buck and boost mode is shown in fig 6.5 and 6.6

Fig 6.5 Output voltage of closed loop in buck mode By performing simulation with the help of MATLAB 13. It is observed that by giving an input voltage of 12 V and the output is 4.65 V.

Fig 6.6 Output voltage of closed loop in boost mode

By performing simulation with the help of MATLAB 13. It is observed that by giving an input voltage of 12 V and the output is 21.68 V.

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CHAPTER 7
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
7.1 PROPOSED WIDE INPUT WIDE OUTPUT DC-DC CONVERTER The Circuit diagram of the proposed converter consists of Power Supply circuit, proposed wide input wide output converter, driver circuit, Microcontroller and load. 7.2 POWER SUPPLY 7.2.1 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

Fig.7.1 Circuit diagram of the power supply The power circuit is used for the conversion of 230 V ac to 12 V and 5 V dc. It comprises of a step down transformer which is used for the conversion of 230 V ac to 12 V ac. A bridge rectifier is used for the conversion of ac to dc. During this conversion there will be a formation of ripples in the dc, therefore a filter capacitor is implemented and the pulsated dc is converted into dc by means of regulator. The regulator determines the amount of output voltage based on its value, the regulators used here are 7805 and 7812 for outputs 5 V and 12 V.

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7.3 DRIVER CIRCUIT The main purpose of driver circuit is we have to enhance the switching voltage for the mosfet or any switching device. And also we have to isolate the power circuit from the microcontroller circuit. Because the power circuit current must not enter into the microcontroller circuit. MCT2E is the opt coupler which will be connected to the buffer CD4050 which send pulse signals of 5v from microcontroller to the driver circuit.

Fig.7.2 Circuit Diagram of Driver Circuit

MCT2E is the device which isolates the power circuit with the microcontroller circuit. After it gets the signal from the microcontroller it will get enhanced using the 2N2222 transistor to higher level of voltage. After this voltage get regulated by the use of Darlington pair. The Darlington is made of 2N2222 (NPN) and CK100

(PNP) transistor. In the driver circuit the following values are used IRFP460, Diode IN4007, and Capacitors, 1000F/25V, Opto-coupler MCT2E, Transistors 2N2222 CK100, Resisters 1k, 100 ohm and Transformers 230V/50.

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7.4 OPTO COUPLER ISOLATION 7.4.1 OPTO ISOLATOR: In electronics, an opto-isolator (or optical isolator, opto-coupler or photo coupler) is a device that uses a short optical transmission path to transfer signal between elements of a circuit, typically a transmitter and a receiver, while keeping them electrically isolate since the signal goes from an electrical signal to an optical signal back to an electrical signal, electrical contact along the path is broken.

A common implementation involves an LED and a light sensor, separated so that light may travel across a barrier but electrical current may not. When an

electrical signal is applied to the input of the opto-isolator, its LED lights, its light sensor then activates and a corresponding electrical signal is generated at the output. With a photodiode as the detector, the output current is proportional to the amount of incident light supplied by the emitter. The diode can be used in a photovoltaic mode or a photoconductive mode. In photovoltaic mode, the diode acts like a current source in parallel with a forwardbiased diode. The output current and voltage re dependent on the load impedance and light intensity.

Fig.7.3 Schematic Diagram of Opto-coupler In photoconductive mode, the diode is connected to a supply voltage, and the magnitude of the current conducted is directly proportional to the intensity of light. An opto-isolator can also be constructed using a small incandescent lamp in place of the LED such a device, because the lamp has a much slower response time than an LED, will filter out noise or half-wave power in the input signal. It has the further
33

disadvantage, of course, (an overwhelming disadvantage in most applications) that incandescent lampshade finite life spans. The transmitting and receiving elements of an optical isolator may be contained within a single compact module, for mounting, for example, on a circuit board, in this case, the module is often called an optoisolator or opto-isolator. 7.5 POWER CIRCUIT

Fig 7.4 Circuit diagram of Power circuit The power circuit comprises of coupled inductors L1 and L2, mosfet switches IRF840 S1 and S2, capacitor C1, diode D1 and resistor R1. It is the main circuit of the whole system in which the buck boost converter is implemented for WIWO operation. A predetermined duty cycle D is provided to switches S1 and S2 by means of control and Driver circuit. The main circuit comprises of following ratings 230/12V, 1A step down transformer, bridge Rectifier 5 amp, Toroidal core, Inductor copper coil (1mm thickness) , Mosfet Switches IRF840, Capacitor 25V, 4700uf, Power Resistors 10W.

7.6 METAL OXIDE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (MOSFET)

34

The metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOSFET) is a transistor used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. Although the MOSFET is a four-terminal device with source(S), gate (G), drain (D), and body (B) terminals, the body (or substrate) of the MOSFET. It often is connected to the source terminal, making it a three-terminal device like other field. When two terminals are connected to each other (short-circuited) only three terminals appear in electrical diagrams. The MOSFET is by far the most common transistor in both digital and analog circuits, though the bipolar junction transistor was at one time much more common.

Fig.7.5 Structure of MOSFET

In enhancement mode MOSFETs, a voltage drop across the oxide induces a conducting channel between the source and drain contacts via the field effect. The term enhancement mode refers to the increase of conductivity with increase in oxide field that adds carriers to the channel, also referred to as the inversion layer. The channel can contain electrons (called an nMOSFET or Nmos), or holes (called a pMOSFET or pMOS), opposite in type to the substrate, so nMOS is made with a ptype substrate, and pMOS with an n-type substrate (see article on semiconductor devices)

7.6.1 RATINGS

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The ratings of MOSFET IRF840 values are VDS = 500 V,

ID (cont) =

20 A,

RDS (on) = 0.85ohm. For some low power devices (few hundred watts) may go up to MHZ range. Turning on and off is very simple. Gate drive circuit is simple. To turn on: VGS =+10V Circuit protection-Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC gets too hot. 7.6.2 FEATURES Repetitive avalanche energy rated Fast switching times Low RDS (on) HDMOSTM process Rugged polysilicon gate cell structure High Commutating dv/dt Rating

7.7 CONTROL CIRCUIT

Fig 7.6 Circuit diagram of control circuit

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The main circuit of control circuit is to provide switching pulses to the mosfet. It is generated as PWM pulses by using microcontroller. The microcontroller requires VDD of 5 V and is given from the power supply circuit. In hardware we used PIC16F877A microcontroller, ac socket, bridge rectifier 1 amps, capacitor 470microfrad/25v, voltage regulator LM7805, LED resistor 330 ohm, reset switch, resistor 100 ohm. 7.7.1 MICRO CONTROLLER (PIC16F877A) DESCRIPTION The PIC16F877A is a low power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8k of flash programmable memory and 256 bytes of EEPROM. It comprises of high performance RISC CPU with Only 35 single word instructions to learn All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM) Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77 Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources) Eight level deep hardware stack Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes Power-on Reset (POR) Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable peration Programmable code protection
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 Power saving SLEEP mode Selectable oscillator options Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology Fully static design In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability In-Circuit Debugging via two pins Processor read/write access to program memory Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA Commercial, Industrial and Extended temperature ranges Low-power consumption PIN DIAGRAM

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Fig.7.7 Pin Diagram of PIC16F877A

PIN DESCRIPTION I/O PORTS Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for the peripheral features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that pin may not be used as a general purpose I/O pin. PORTA and the TRISA Register PORTA is a 6-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a Hi-Impedance mode). Clearing a
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TRISA bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin). Reading the PORTA register reads the status of the pins, whereas writing to it will write to the port latch. All write operations are read-modify-write operations. Therefore, a write to a port implies that the port pins are read; the value is modified and then written to the port data latch. Pin RA4 is multiplexed with the Timer0 module clock input to become the RA4/T0CKI pin. The RA4/T0CKI pin is a Schmitt Trigger input and an open drain output. All other PORTA pins have TTL input levels and full CMOS output drivers. Other PORTA pins are multiplexed with analog inputs and analog VREF input. The operation of each pin is selected by clearing/setting the control bits in the ADCON1 register (A/D Control Register1). PORTB and the TRISB Register PORTB is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is TRISB. Setting a TRISB bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a Hi-Impedance mode). Clearing a TRISB bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin). Three pins of PORTB are multiplexed with the Low Voltage Programming function: RB3/PGM, RB6/PGC and RB7/PGD. The alternate functions of these pins are described in the Special Features Section. Each of the PORTB pins has a weak internal pull-up. A Single control bit can turn on all the pull-ups. This is performed by clearing bit RBPU (OPTION_REG<7>). The weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port pin is configured as an output. The pull-ups are disabled on a Power-on Reset. Four of the PORTB pins, RB7:RB4, have an interrupt on- change feature. Only pins configured as inputs can cause this interrupt to occur (i.e., any RB7:RB4 pin configured as an output is excluded from the interrupt on- change comparison). The input pins (of RB7:RB4) are compared with the old value latched on the last read of
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PORTB. The mismatch outputs of RB7:RB4 are ORed together to generate the RB Port Change Interrupt with flag bit RBIF (INTCON<0>). PORT C PORTC is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is TRISC. Setting a TRISC bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a Hi-Impedance mode). Clearing a TRISC bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin). PORTC is multiplexed with several peripheral functions (Table 3-5). PORTC pins have Schmitt Trigger input buffers. When the I2C module is enabled, the PORTC<4:3> pins can be configured with normal I2C levels or with SMBus levels by using the CKE bit (SSPSTAT<6>). When enabling peripheral functions, care should be taken in defining TRIS bits for each PORTC pin. Some peripherals override the TRIS bit to make a pin an output, while other peripherals override the TRIS bit to make a pin an input. Since the TRIS bit override is in effect while the peripheral is enabled, read-modify write instructions (BSF, BCF, and XORWF) with TRISC as destination, should be avoided. The user should refer to the corresponding peripheral section for the correct TRIS bit settings. PORTD and TRISD Registers PORTD and TRISD are not implemented on the PIC16F873 or PIC16F876. PORTD is an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers. Each pin is individually configurable as an input or output. PORTD can be configured as an 8-bit wide microprocessor port (parallel slave port) by setting control bit PSPMODE (TRISE<4>). In this mode, the input buffers are TTL. TIMER0 MODULE The Timer0 module timer/counter has the following features: 8-bit timer/counter
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 Readable and writable 8-bit software programmable prescaler Internal or external clock select Interrupt on overflow from FFh to 00h Edge select for external clock Timer mode is selected by clearing bit T0CS (OPTION_REG<5>). In Timer mode, the Timer0 module will increment every instruction cycle (without prescaler). If the TMR0 register is written, the increment is inhibited for the following two instruction cycles. The user can work around this by writing an adjusted value to the TMR0 register TIMER1 MODULE The Timer1 module is a 16-bit timer/counter consisting of two 8-bit registers (TMR1H and TMR1L), which are readable and writable. The TMR1 Register pair (TMR1H:TMR1L) increments from 0000h to FFFFh and rolls over to 0000h. The TMR1 Interrupt, if enabled, is generated on overflow, which is latched in interrupt flag bit TMR1IF (PIR1<0>). This interrupt can be enabled/disabled by setting/clearing TMR1 interrupt enable bit TMR1IE (PIE1<0>). Timer1 can operate in one of two modes: As a timer As a counter The operating mode is determined by the clock select bit, TMR1CS (T1CON<1>). TIMER2 MODULE Timer2 is an 8-bit timer with a prescaler and a postscaler. It can be used as the PWM time-base for the PWM mode of the CCP module(s). The TMR2 register is
42

readable and writable, and is cleared on any device RESET. The input clock (FOSC/4) has a prescale option of 1:1,1:4, or 1:16, selected by control bits T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0 (T2CON<1:0>). The Timer2 module has an 8-bit period register, PR2. A Timer2 increment from 00h until it matches PR2 and then resets to 00h on the next increment cycle. PR2 is a readable and writable register. The PR2 register is initialized to FFh upon RESET. The match output of TMR2 goes through a 4-bit postscaler (which gives a 1:1 to 1:16 scaling inclusive) to generate a TMR2 interrupt (latched in flag bit TMR2IF, (PIR1<1>)). Timer2 can be shut-off by clearing control bit TMR2ON (T2CON<2>), to minimize power consumption.

CHAPTER 8
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
8.1 HARDWARE SETUP

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Fig.8.1 Experimental Setup of WIWO DC-DC Converter

8.2 OUTPUT WAVEFORMS: The output terminals are connected to the CRO and the following waveforms are obtained,
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Fig 8.2 Output voltage waveform of WIWO in Buck mode

45

Fig 8.3 Output voltage waveform of WIWO in Boost mode

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CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION

A new WIWO dc-dc converter, which is an integration of buck and boost converters with coupled inductors. The new converter topology has several advantages. The WIWO retains the features of both the buck and the boost

converters however, it achieves wider step-up and wider step-down dc-dc conversion range. By replacing the inductor with coupled inductors, the new converter not only retains the functions of both converters, but also extends the conversion range. Therefore, wide-step-up and wide-step-down dc-dc conversions can be achieved.

Based on the Simulation results hardware setup is designed and implemented, it yield a output voltage of 5-20V for an input voltage of 12V.

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REFERENCES
[1] D. Maksimovic and S. Cuk, Switching converter with wide de conversion

range. IEEE Trans. Power Electron, Vol. 6, No.1, pp. 151-157, Jan. 1991. [2] Q. Zhao and F. C. Lee, High efficiency, high step -up dcdc converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 6573, Jan. 2003. [3] H. Cheng and K. Smedley, Wide input wide output (WIWO) dc-dc converter, in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo., 2008, pp. 156-1568. [4] K. Yao, Y. Ren, J. Wei, M. Xu, and F. Lee, A family of buck type dcdc converters with autotransformers, in Proc. Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC 2003), pp. 114120. [5] K. Nishijima, K. Abe, D.Ishida, T. Nakano, T. Nabeshima, T. Sato and K. Harada, A novel tapped-inductor buck converter for divided power distribution system, in Proc. IEEE PESC Conf. (PESC 2006), Jun. 1822, pp. 1-6. [6] K.C. Tseng and T.J.Liang, Novel high efficiency step -up converter, Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng. Electr. Power Appli., vol.151, No.2, pp. 180-190, Mar. 2004. [7] K. Yao, M. Ye, M. Xu, and F.C. Lee, Tapped-inductor buck converter for highstep-down dc-dc conversion, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol.20, No.4, pp.775780, July.2005. [8] Muhammad H. Rashid, Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications, 3rd ed. [9] N. Mohan, T.M. Undeland, and W.P. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley 2002.

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[10] N. Vazquez, L. Estrada, C. Hernandez, and E. Rodriquez, The tapped inductor boost converter in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Ind. Electron, Jun, 4-7, 2007, pp. 538-543. [11] Q. Zhao and F.C. Lee, High efficiency, high step-up dc-dc converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron, Vol.18, No.1, pp. 65-73, Jan. 2003. [12] www.mathswork.com [13] www.google.com [14] www.powerelectronics.com [15] www.educypedia.com

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