(Life on a Chip)

(PAPER UNDER THE THEME:BIOCOMPUTING & INFORMATICS)

ABSTRACT
A single elec !"nic c#!$ %#& !e'l#ce e(e!& )ing in &"*! +#lle incl*$ing, , , , , , &"*! c#s) , , , &"*! c!e$i c#!$s , , , &"*! ATM c#!$ , , , &"*! ID c#!$s , , , &"*! ins*!#nce , , , #n$ &"*! li-e FUTURE One c#!$. "! "ne c)i'. +i ) &"*! li-e "n i , Biochips-The most exciting future technology is an outcome of the fields of Computer science, Electronics & Biology. Its a ne accurately trac# information regarding accurately trac# information regarding it. It$s no more re%uired type of !io-security de"ice to ho is to ho is actually doing hat a person is doing, and hat he is doing, and

ith !iochips the good old idea of remem!ering pes#y

&I's, &ass ords, & (ocial security num!ers .'o more matters of carrying medical records to a hospital, 'o more cash)credit card carrying to the mar#et place*

e"erything goes em!edded in the chip+. E"ery thing goes digitali,ed. 'o more ha #er tric#s on the internet+.- Biochip has a "ariety techni%ue for secured Emoney transactions on the net. The po er of !iochips exists in capa!ility of locating lost children, do ned soldiers, and andering .l,heimer patients.

O*! c"n !i/* i"ns " )is '#'e! lie in )e #s'ec s "I%'le%en # i"n "- Gl*c"se $e ec "! in Bi"c)i's I%'le%en # i"n "- O0&gen sens"! in Bi"c)i's 1 2 I%'le%en # i"n "- Bl""$ '!ess*!e sens"! in Bi"c)i's P!"'"s#l "- S"l* i"n -"! )e &'ic#l )e- '!"/le% -#ce$ /& )e Bi"c)i's T)e -"*! c"n !i/* i"ns )#(e /een $isc*sse$ in $e #il +i ) )e '!"'"se$ '!inci'les -"! i%'le%en # i"n "- )e c"nce' s, . simple I/ chip is already al#ing around in tens of thousands of indi"iduals, !ut

all of them are pets. Companies such as .0I/ 1'orco, Calif.2, Electronic I/, Inc. 1Cle!urne, T3.2, and Electronic Identification /e"ices, 4td. 1(anta Bar!ara, Calif.2 sell !oth the chips and the detectors. The chips are of the si,e of an uncoo#ed grain of rice, small enough to !e in5ected under the s#in using a hypodermic syringe needle. They respond to a signal from the detector, held 5ust a fe feet a ay, !y transmitting out an identification num!er. This num!er is then compared to data!ase listings of registered pets. T)e Bi"c)i' #gging -"! )*%#ns )#s #l!e#$& s #! e$3R*s) "* -"! &"*! #g44444

INTRODUCTION:Biochips are any microprocessor chips that can !e used in Biology . The !iochip technology as originally de"eloped in 6789 for monitoring fisheries, it$s use no includes, o"er 9:: ,oos, o"er 8: go"ernment agencies in at least ;: countries, pets 1e"erything from li,ards to dogs2, electronic <!randing< of horses, monitoring la! animals, fisheries, endangered ha,ardous ildlife, automo!iles, garment trac#ing, aste, and humans. Biochips are <silently< inching into humans. =or

instance, at least > million medical de"ices, such as artificial !ody parts 1prosthetic de"ices2, !reast implants, chin implants, etc., are implanted in people each year. .nd most of these medical de"ices are carrying a <surprise< guest ? a !iochip. In 6779, the =ood and /rug .dministration passed the (afe @edical /e"ices Aegistration .ct of 6779, re%uiring all artificial !ody implants to ha"e <implanted< identification ? the !iochip. (o, the yearly, > million recipients of prosthetic de"ices and !reast implants are <!iochipped<. To date, o"er B million animals ha"e !een <chipped<. The ma5or !iochip companies are ..0.I./. 1.merican 0eterinary Identification /e"ices2, Tro"an Identification (ystems, and /estron-=earing Corporation.

THE BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY

The current, in use, !iochip implant system is actually a fairly simple de"ice. Today$s, !iochip implant is !asically a small 1micro2 computer chip, inserted under the s#in, for identification purposes. The !iochip system is radio fre%uency identification 1A=I/2 system, using lo -fre%uency radio signals to communicate !et een the !iochip and reader.

THE BIOCHIP IMPLANT SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO COMPONENTS:

PERSPECTI5E OF THE ACTUA6 SI7E

THE TRANSPONDER:
The transponder is the actual !iochip implant. It is a passi"e transponder, meaning it contains no !attery or energy of its o n. In comparison, an acti"e transponder ould pro"ide its o n energy source, normally a small !attery. Because the passi"e !iochip contains no !attery, or nothing to ear out, it has a "ery long life, up to 77 years, and no maintenance. Being passi"e, itCs inacti"e until the reader acti"ates it !y sending it a lo -po er electrical charge. The reader <reads< or <scans< the implanted !iochip and recei"es !ac# data 1in this case an identification num!er2 from the !iochip. The communication !et een !iochip and reader is "ia lo -fre%uency radio a"es.

T)e /i"c)i' !#ns'"n$e! c"nsis s "- -"*! '#! s:

1. computer Microchip: The microchip stores a uni%ue identification num!er from 6: to 6D digits long. The storage capacity of the current microchips is limited, capa!le of storing only a single I/ num!er. .0I/ 1.merican 0eterinary Identification /e"ices2, claims their chips, using an nnn-nnn-nnn format, has the capa!ility of o"er B: trillion uni%ue num!ers. The uni%ue I/ num!er is <etched< or encoded "ia a laser onto the surface of the microchip !efore assem!ly. Ence the num!er is encoded it is impossi!le to alter. The microchip also contains the electronic circuitry necessary to transmit the I/ num!er to the <reader<.

2. Antenna Coil: This is normally a simple, coil of copper scanner.

1, Tuning

ire around a ferrite or iron core. This is

tiny primiti"e radio antenna <recei"es and sends signals from the reader or

Capacitor:

The capacitor stores the small electrical charge 1less than 6)6::: of a att2 sent !y the reader or scanner, <radio hich acti"ates the transponder. This <acti"ation< allo s the transponder to send !ac# the I/ num!er encoded in the computer chip. Because a"es< are utili,ed to communicate !et een the transponder and reader, the capacitor is <tuned< to the same fre%uency as the reader.
2, Glass

Capsule:

The glass capsule <houses< the microchip, antenna coil and capacitor. It is a small capsule, the smallest measuring 66 mm in length and ; mm in diameter, a!out the si,e of an uncoo#ed grain of rice. The capsule is made of !iocompati!le material such as soda lime glass. .fter assem!ly, the capsule is hermetically 1air-tight2 sealed, so no !odily fluids can touch the electronics inside. Because the glass is "ery smooth and suscepti!le to mo"ement, a material such as a polypropylene polymer sheath is attached to one end of the capsule. This sheath pro"ides a

compati!le surface

hich the !odily tissue fi!ers !ond or interconnect, resulting in

a permanent placement of the !iochip.

BIOCHIP AND S8RINGE

The !iochip is inserted into the su!5ect

ith a hypodermic syringe. In5ection is safe

and simple, compara!le to common "accines. .nesthesia is not re%uired nor recommended. In dogs and cats, the !iochip is usually in5ected !ehind the nec# !et een the shoulder !lades. Tro"an, 4td., mar#ets an implant, featuring a patented <,ip %uill<, hich you simply press in, no syringe is needed. .ccording to .0I/ <Ence implanted, the identity tag is "irtually impossi!le to retrie"e. . . The num!er can ne"er !e altered.<

THE READER:
The reader consists of an <exciter< coil hich creates an electromagnetic field that, att2 to

"ia radio signals, pro"ides the necessary energy 1less than 6)6::: of a

<excite< or <acti"ate< the implanted !iochip. The reader also carries a recei"ing coil that recei"es the transmitted code or I/ num!er sent !ac# from the <acti"ated< implanted !iochip. This all ta#es place "ery fast, in milliseconds. The reader also contains the soft are and components to decode the recei"ed code and display the result in an 4C/ display. The reader can include a A(-;9; port to attach a computer.

WOR IN! O" A #IOC$I%:

The reader generates a lo -po er, electromagnetic field, in this case "ia radio signals, hich <acti"ates< the implanted !iochip. This <acti"ation< ena!les the !iochip to send the I/ code !ac# to the reader "ia radio signals. The reader amplifies the recei"ed code, con"erts it to digital format, decodes and displays the I/ num!er on the readerCs 4C/ display. The reader must normally !e !et een ; and 6; inches near the !iochip to communicate. The reader and !iochip can communicate through most materials, except metal.

THE APPLICATIONS:
9 :i ) # /i"c)i' !#cing "- # 'e!s"n;#ni%#l . #n&+)e!e in )e +"!l$ is '"ssi/le: Ence the reader is connected to the internet, satellite and a centrali,ed data!ase is maintained a!out the !iochipped creatures, It is al ays possi!le to trace out the personality intended. < A /i"c)i' c#n s "!e #n$ *'$# e -in#nci#l. %e$ic#l. $e%"g!#')ic $# #. /#sic#ll& e(e!& )ing #/"* # 'e!s"n: .n implanted !iochip can !e scanned to pay for groceries, o!tain medical procedures, and conduct financial transactions. Currently, the in use, implanted !iochips only store one 6: to 6D digits. If !iochips are designed to accommodate ith more AE@ & A.@ there is definitely an opportunity. = A /i"c)i' le#$s " # sec*!e$ E>C"%%e!ce s&s e%s : It$s a fact* the orld is "ery %uic#ly going to a digital or E-economy, through ill

the Internet. It is expected that !y ;::8, >:F of the Business transactions necessarily secure. The Internet asnCt !uilt to !e =ort Gnox. In the

!e performed through the Internet. The E-money future, ho e"er, isnCt rong hands, this po erful tool can turn dangerous. Hac#ers ha"e already !ro#en into !an# files that ere 6::F secure. . !iochip is the possi!le solution to the <identification and security< dilemma faced !y the digital economy. This type of ne !io-security de"ice is capa!le of accurately trac#ing hat users are doing, and information regarding ho are to accurately trac# information

regarding hat users are doing, and ho is actually doing it. Bi"c)i's !e#ll& #!e '" en in !e'l#cing '#ss'"! s. c#s). %e$ic#l !ec"!$s: The really po ered !iochip systems can replace cash, passports, medical & other records- It$s no more re%uired to carry allet full cash, credit).T@ cards, passports & medical records to the mar#et place. &ayment system, authentication procedures may all !e done !y the means Biochips.

1 0

Me$icin#l i%'le%en # i"ns "- Bi"c)i's : A Ne+ E!# P!"'"se$ /& *s Biochip as Glucose Detector : The Biochip can !e integrated ith a glucose detector. The chip ill allo

dia!etics to easily monitor the le"el of the sugar glucose in their !lood. /ia!etics currently use a s#in pric# and a hand-held !lood test, and then medicate themsel"es simple and or#s ith insulin depending on the result. The system is !lood means that most dia!etics ho monitored infre%uently suffer ill sit ell, !ut the need to dra

donCt test themsel"es as often as they should. .lthough they may get a ay ith this in the short term, in later life those from !lindness, loss of circulation, and other complications. The solution is more fre%uent testing, using a less in"asi"e method. The !iochip radio-fre%uency communication. Proposed principle of Glucose detection: . light-emitting diode 14E/2 in the !iochip starts off the detection process. The light that it produces hits a fluorescent chemicalI one that a!sor!s incoming light and re-emits it at a longer a"elength. The longer a"elength of light is then detected, and the result is sent to a control panel outside the !ody. Jlucose is detected !ecause the sugar reduces the amount of light that the fluorescent chemical re-emits. The more glucose there is the less light that is detected. #iochip as O&'gen sensor: The !iochip can also !e integrated sensor ith an oxygen sensor .The oxygen underneath the s#in, sense the glucose le"el, and send the result !ac# out !y

ill !e useful not only to monitor !reathing in intensi"e care units, !ut

also to chec# that pac#ages of food, or containers of semiconductors stored under nitrogen gas, remain airtight. %ropose( principal o) O&'gen sensor in #iochip: The oxygen-sensing chip sends light pulses out into the !ody. The light is a!sor!ed to "arying extents, depending on ho much oxygen is !eing carried

in the !lood, and the chip detects the light that is left. The rushes of !lood pumped !y the heart are also detected, so the same chip is a pulse monitor. 1 #iochip as an #loo( %ressure sensor: In normal situations, The Blood &ressure of a healthy Human !eing is 6;:)8: mm of Hg. . &ressure ratio lo er than this is said to !e 4o reflected in humans during 4o Hospitals and this is done only B& condition & ill !e . &ressure ratio more than this is High B& condition. (erious Effects

& High B& conditions* it may sometimes hen the patient is a!normal. Ho e"er, a

cause the death of a &erson. Blood &ressure is chec#ed ith B& .pparatus in continuous monitoring of B& is re%uired in the aged people & &atients. . huge "ariety of hard are circuitry 1sensors2 is a"aila!le in electronics to detect the flo of fluid. It$s al ays possi!le to em!ed this type of sensors into ith the rate & hen a !iochip. .n integration of &ressure 1Blood =lo 2 detecting circuits Biochip can ma#e the chip to continuously monitor the !lood flo the pressure is in its lo through the reader hence to ta#e up remedial measures.

or high extremes it can !e immediately informed

Typical Problem of Biochips: A Solution Proposed

T)e 6"c?: P!"/le% /e-"!e )e +"!l$
.

chip implant

ould contain a person$s financial

orld, medical history, ould !e a

health care ? it and if the

ould contain his electronic life<. If cash no longer existed as totally chip oriented* ? there

orld$s economy

huge <!lac#-mar#et< for chips- (ince there is no cash and no other !artering system, criminals ould cut off hands and heads, stealing <rich-fol#s< chips. <It is "ery dangerous !ecause once #idnappers get to #no chips, they ill s#in people to find them,< 1'e Kor# Times, Lune ;:, 67772 on$t or# ell are already proposed !y different a!out these

The typical solutions peopleI

The Biochip must retain data only if it is placed in a fluid medium li#e !lood & not in any other medium. This techni%ue is unsuita!le for identification of dead !odies 1murdered !y the #idnappers2 as it loses the data a!out the social security num!er. ; The data in the Biochip must !e erased if it is exposed to sunlight)air.

This techni%ue is unsuita!le as transplantation of !iochip from genuine to the fraud in dar#ness 1!y means of infrared light2 or in the "acuum 1!y means of oxygen cylinders2. .nd many such++.-------O*! ?e&: T)e s"l* i"n P!"'"se$ /& %e: . generic & existing model of Biochips consists of only AE@ component in it and is capa!le of accommodating the data such as social security num!er, &assport num!er, !an#card num!er etc., hich are normally permanent in nature. The induction of A.@ component in addition to AE@ & storing the Ban#card, =inancial details hich causes the pro!lem is a mere solution. .s A.@ needs to !e continuously charged inorder to retain the data, Current can !e supplied to the chip either from the electrical energy produced in the cells or !y con"erting the heat energy in our !ody to electrical energy. Ence if the chip is ta#en out from the human !ody A.@ immediately loses the &o er supply from the human !ody* thus information in the A.@ is lost and therefore is useless for the #idnappers. Ho e"er this techni%ue unidentified. ill not affect the data in AE@ i.e. (ocial security ere

num!er that can !e used to detect the address of the dead !odies that

CONCLUSION
T)e C&/e! F* *!e In-"Tec) +ill /e i%'l#n e$ in "*! /"$ies,

. chip implanted some here in human !odies might ser"e as a com!ination of credit card, passport, dri"erCs license, personal diary. 'o longer ould it !e needed to orry a!out losing the credit cards hile tra"eling. . chip inserted into human !odies might also gi"e us extra mental po er. The really fascinating idea is under fast trac# research <!ut day in fiction. hich eCre close. The ith e ha"e chips em!edded in our s#ins is not too far from no . <This is

science fiction stuff.< This is a true example to pro"e science really starts s

BIBLOGRAPHY:.mrgco.com .anl.go" .freepatentsonline.com