Chapter 6

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that comparterizes their functions.
3 Essential things a Cell Should Have:
1. Cell membrane
2. Ribosome
3. Cells (DNA)

A smaller cell has a higher surface to volume ratio, which facilitates the exchange of
materials into and out of the cell.
Total Surface Area 6 150 750
Total Volume 1 125 125
Surface to Volume 6 12 6

Eukaryotic cells have extensive and elaborately arranged internal membranes which form
organelles.

Ribosome- Carries Photosynthesis

Free- stays in the cytoplasm
Bound- works for the membrane

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - is continuous with the nuclear envelope, network of

membrane, and functionally important.
Rough- Ribosome attached
Smooth- No ribosome. More variables

The Smooth ER
• Synthesizes lipids
• Metabolizes carbohydrates ( production & storage in the liver)
• Stores calcium
• Detoxifies poison- breaks alcohol dehydrogenates and other poisons in the liver

The Golgi Apparatus- receives many of the transport vesicles produced in the rough ER
• Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
• Vesicles transport specific proteins backwards to newer Golgi cisternae
• Cis-face: receiving side, Trans-face: shipping side
 Lysosome (digest) - is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes
• Are derived from Golgi to endomembranal system
• Can digest all kinds of macromolecules

Phagocytosis
• Food molecules fuses with lysosome which makes a simpler molecules,
allowing it to attach to the membrane

Autophagy (cell mantience)

• Lysosome breaking down damaged organelles.

PH levels are different of lysosome and cell: because the amount of H ions
• Microenvironment ( H ions within it self)

Central Vacuoles
• Found in plant cells
• Holds reserves of important organic compounds and water

Mitochondria & Chloroplasts change energy from on e form to another.

• Eukaryotic- are the sites of cellular respiration
• Cellular respiration- process of breaking organic compounds by breaking down
oxygen to release energy.

Chloroplasts (plant) - sites of photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis- cell takes water and C02 and uses energy to make glucose
(replaces eating) (not cellular respiration)

Mitochondria (2 membranes)
• Smooth outer membrane
• Has own DNA and ribosome (mDNA…)
• The cristae- doubled membrane
• Mitochondrial DNA= production and function= maternal lineage (no genetics)

Chloroplast- found in leaves and green organs (algae)

• Have own DNA and ribosome
Theory of Endosymbiosis- believed that mitochondria and chloroplast would be free-
living cells and would have teamed up with other cells and would be dependent of other
cells = presence of DNA and ribosome.

Peroxisomes- produces H peroxides and converts it into water

Cytoskeleton- gives mechanical support and structure to cell

• Actin filaments- plentiful and dynamic = can be built and broken down = muscles
• Involved in cell motility which utilizes motor proteins

Microtubes- tubulant and hollow = track for vesicles to move (motor protein) = protein
can change shape and move b/c of ATP

Functionality = change
• Cell motility- cilia, flagella= beating pattern
• Chromosomes- spindle fibers = microtublings = cell division
• Shape of cell changes= microfilaments

Ameboib movement
• Centrioles= cell division = ciliary motion
• Involves contraction of actin and myosin filaments

Flagella and cilia share a common ultra structure

9+4 structure = 9 pairs of microtublines

Protein dynein- responsible for bending the flagella

• Can’t move up or down, so it bends

Chapter 8
The Living Cell
• A miniature factory where thousands of reactions occur
• Converts into many different energies

An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy

Metabolic pathway has many steps

• Begin with specific molecule and end with a product
 • Each catalyzed by a specific enzyme.
Catabolic pathways- (glycolosis)
• Break down complex molecules
• Simpler molecules= release energy

Anabolic pathways
• Build complicated molecules from simpler molecules ( consume energy)

Energy- capacity to cause change

• Exists in various forms, some which can perform work.

Kinetic energy- the energy associated with motion

Potential energy- stored in the location of matter, includes chemical energy stored in
molecular structure

Laws of Thermodynamics- study of energy transformations

2 laws of Thermodynamics:
1. energy can be transferred and transformed ( can transform differently)
2. Energy cannot be created or destroyed
• Spontaneous changes do not require outside energy , increases the entropy