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Lori-Ann Leach 11/52 Physics Mrs.

Probahar

The Cell
In chemistry, ions that move freely will conduct electricity during electrolysis. In physics, we are dealing with electricity as a flow of electrons. A cell uses chemical reactions to make electricity. Electricity will flow from the cell (or battery), and back to the cell. There is a difference between a cell and a battery.. A cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It comprises of two electrodes: an anode (the positive electrode) and a cathode (the negative electrode), with an electrolyte between them. At each electrode a half-cell electrochemical reaction takes place, as illustrated by the animation below.Two or more cells that are joined together are called a battery. The word "battery" is used to mean "collection". A collection of cells is called a battery of cells. The cells of a battery are joined together in series. The positive side of one cell touches the negative side of the next cell.

Zinc Carbonate Cell

Function of Different Parts of the Zinc Carbonate Cell


Carbon Cathode: This is a conductor and it allows the flow of electrons. It adds conductivity and holds the electrolyte. Manganese Dioxide: higher cell capacity and rate capabilities, and less polarization . The manganese (IV) oxide in the cell removes the hydrogen produced by the ammonium chloride. Electrolyte: Used to conduct electricity between the battery plates and to store energy on the plates themselves. During discharge, the number of electrons transferred in the external electric circuit from the anode to the cathode equals the number of ions (positive or negative atoms/molecules) that must be transferred by the cells internal electrolyte. The electrolyte is ionically conductive, but electronically non-conductive. The ionically conductive electrolyte completes the electro-chemical circuit by carrying only ions between the active cathode and anode materials. The electrode-electrolyte-electrode interfaces are where all the real action occurs within the cell, and these two interfaces determine much of the cells characteristics and features such as cell voltage, capacity, power capability, cycle life, calendar life, self discharge, temperature effects, safety, and more. Carbon rod: This is inserted into the cathode and acts as a current collector. It also provides structural support and vents hydrogen gas that evolves as the reactions proceed. When raw the rods are very porous, so must be treated with waxes or oils to prevent loss of water, but remain porous enough to allow hydrogen to pass through. Ideally, they should also prevent oxygen entering the cell, to aid corrosion of the zinc.

Separator: It physically separates the anode and the cathode, to prevent electrical short circuits, but allows ionic conduction to occur in the electrolyte. They are important to batteries because their structure and properties considerably affect the battery performance Seal: The function of the seal is to prevent evaporation of the electrolyte, and to prevent oxygen entering the cell and corroding the zinc. It also prevents the electrolyte from evaporating. Jacket: The jacket provides strength and protection, and will hold the manufacturers label. Electrical contacts: These are the terminals of the battery, and are tin plated steel or brass. They aid conductivity and prevent exposure of the zinc.

Primary Cells
A primary cell is one that is not rechargeable and is thrown away when its chemicals have been used up. Many of these are dry cells cells in which the electrolyte is not a liquid but a paste or similar. The cell electrochemical reactions are not easily reversible and the cell is used until the active components in the electrodes are exhausted. Generally, primary cells have a higher capacity and initial voltage than secondary/rechargeable batteries. While, A secondary cell is one that can be recharged by forcing current backwards, or in the reverse direction, through the cell. It is a rechargeable battery. The electrochemical reaction of the cell is reversible. They cost a lot more than primary cells.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Primary and Secondary Cells

Advantages of Primary Cells:


More portable than secondary cell because it is lighter and smaller Require small amount of current Low Cost Large availability of variety Mass distribution

Disadvantages of Primary Cells: High internal resistance Not rechargeable Low life cycle Advantages of Secondary Cells:
High power density High discharge rate Good low temperature performance Maximum current is 55-100mA Low internal resistance

Disadvantages of Secondary Cells:


Less portable than primary cells Poorer charge retention Safety issues Higher cost

How Secondary Cell can be recharged

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