Exam I Solution: Math 215 (03) Spring 11 C.

Arcos
1. For the differential equation (DEQ) x
d
3
y
dx
3
+
1
x
2 ( )
d
2
y
dx
2
= ysin x , answer the following: [12 pts]
(a) Is this DEQ an ordinary or a partial DEQ? Explain.
Ordinary because it does not have partial derivatives.

(b) Is this DEQ linear or nonlinear? Explain.
Linear because y and its derivatives all are first power.

(c) Give the order of this DEQ. Explain.
3
rd
order because the highest derivative is 3.

2. For the DEQ
dy
dx
=
2x
1+3y
2
: [10 pts]
(a) Show that y = x
2
y
3
is a solution of this DEQ.

Differentiating the equation y = x
2
y
3
implicitly,we get:

dy
dx
= 2x 3y
2
dy
dx

dy
dx
+ 3y
2 dy
dx
= 2x

dy
dx
1 + 3y
2
( ) = 2x

dy
dx
=
2x
1+3y
2 .

(b) Is the solution shown in part (a) explicit or implicit? Explain.
y = x
2
y
3
is an implicit solution of the given DEQ because y is not written as a function of x only.
If you try to solve for y , you will see that this is not possible in this case.
3. i. The DEQ
d
2
y
dx
2
y = 0 has the general solution y = C
1
e
x
C
2
e
x
. Determine the particular solution that satisfies [12 pts]
this DEQ and the conditions y(0) =1 and y
'
(0) = 2.


From y = C
1
e
x
C
2
e
x
and y(0) =1, we get:
1 = C
1
e
0
C
2
e
0
C
1
C
2
= 1 C
1
=1 + C
2
From y
'
= C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
x
and y
'
(0) = 2, we get:
2 = C
1
e
0
+C
2
e
0
C
1
+C
2
= 2 C
2
= 2 C
1
.
Solving this system of two equations, we get:
C
1
= 1+ (2 C
1
) 2C
1
= 3 C
1
=
3
2
,
C
2
= 2 (
3
2
) C
2
=
1
2
.
Thus, we get the particular solution: y =
3
2
e
x

1
2
e
x
.

ii. Find an explicit solution of the separable DEQ 4xydx +( x
2
+1)dy = 0 .


4xydx +( x
2
+1)dy = 0
4xydx = (x
2
+1)dy

1
4 y }
dy =
x
x
2
+1

}
dx
We do a variable substitution, with u = x
2
+1, on the right hand side integral:

1
4 y }
dy =
1
2
1
u

}
du
1
4
ln y =
1
2
ln u + C
1
ln y = 2 ln u 4C
1
e
ln y
= e
4 C
1
e
ln u
2
y = C
2
u
2
y = C
2
(x
2
+1)
2
.




4. (a) Suppose the DEQ
dy
dx
= f (x, y) is homogeneous, give the variable substitution for y and
dy
dx
that will transform it [12 pts]
into a separable DEQ.
y = vx,
dy
dx
= v + x
dv
dx
.

(b) Show that the function g(x, y) = x
2
+ y
4
is homogeneous.

g(x, y) = x
2
+ y
4
= x
2
(1 +
y
2
x
2
).


(c) What is the degree of the homogeneous function in (b)?

The homogeneous function is 2
nd
degree.



5. i. Find an explicit solution of the linear DEQ x
2 dy
dx
+ xy = x
3
. Hint: Don't forget to put DEQ in STD form before [14 pts]
solving it.

We write the given equation in STD form:
dy
dx
+(
1
x
)y = x
The integrating factor isH(x) = e
1
x
dx
}
= x.
Multiplying the given equation in STD form by x,we get: x
dy
dx
+ y = x
2
Writting the left hand side in differential form, we have: d(xy) = x
2
We now integrate both sides, and find the explicit solution:
d(xy)
}
= x
2
}
dx xy =
x
3
3
+C y =
x
2
3
+
C
x
.


ii. (a) Show that DEQ cos x cos y dx (sin x siny + 2y) dy = 0 is exact.


Let M(x, y) = cos x cos y dx, N(x, y) = sin x sin y 2y) dy.
The necessary condition for exactness is: M
y
( x, y) = N
x
(x, y).
We can see that:
M
y
( x, y) = cos x sin y, N
x
(x, y) = cos x siny
Therefore, the given DEQ is exact.

















(b) Find an implicit solution of the DEQ in (a).


The given equation iscos x cos y dx (sin x sin y + 2y) dy = 0.
Since this equation is exact,then there exists a function f (x, y) such that:
f
x
(x, y) = cos x cos y, f
y
(x, y) = sinx sin y 2y.
We first integrate f
x
(x, y) = cos x cos y with respect to x and get:
f (x, y) = (cos x cos y) dx
}
= sin x cos y + h(y).
Then,we differentiate with respect to y and get f
y
(x, y) = sinx sin y + h
'
( y).
Comparing this result to f
y
( x, y) = sin x siny 2y,we can see that h
'
(y) = 2y.
Finally, we find h(y) = (2y)
}
dy = y
2
+ C
1
.
Replacing this into f (x, y) = sin x cos y + h(y), we have that f (x, y) = sin x cos y + y
2
+ C
1
.
Therefore, the implicit solution is sin x cos y + y
2
= C.




6. Classify each first-order DEQ as one of the following types: exact, separable, homogeneous, linear, or neither. [15 pts]
Justify your answer.

(a)
dy
dx
= 4xy
2
3y . This equation is neither of the given types.
It is not linear because it contains y
2
.

It is not exact because when written in differential form we have (4xy
2
3y)dx dy = 0 , and M
y
( x, y) = N
x
(x, y).

It is not separable because the two variables x and y cannot be separated to each side of the equal sign.

It is not homogeneous because both M(x, y), N(x, y) of (4xy
2
3y) dx dy = 0 cannot be written as functions of
y
x
.


(b) (x y)dx + (x + y)dy = 0.
We can rewrite this equation as x(1
y
x
)dx + x(1+
y
x
)dy = 0. Therefore it is homogeneous.


(c)
dy
dx
=
x(1+y
2
)
y(1+x )

We can rewrite this equation as ydy =
x
1+x
dx . Therefore, it is separable.

7. The rate at which radioactive nuclei decay is proportional to the number of such nuclei that are present in a given [10 pts]
sample. If the half-life of a certain type of nuclei is 100 years, show (by setting a DEQ and solving it) that the percent
of nuclei present after 200 years is 25% of the original amount.

Let x(t ) represent the amount of radioactive material present at time t .
We know that the rate of decay is proportional to the amount of radioactive material present.
This is expressed as follows:

d x( t)
dt
= kx(t ), where k is a proportionality constant..

We now separate variables and integrate to find k :


d x
x
100
50
}
= k dt
0
100
}
ln
1
2
= k100 k =
ln2
100


Now that we know k , we can use it to find the amount of material present after 200 years.


d x
x
100
x
}
=
ln2
100
dt
0
200
}
x = 25.
Since the original amount was 100%, then this answer represents that 25% of the original amount
of material remains after 200 years.

8. A large tank initially contains 50 gal of brine in which there is dissolved 10 lb of salt. Brine containing 2 lb of [15 pts]
dissolved salt per gallon flows into the tank at the rate of 5 gal/min. The mixture is kept uniform by stirring, and
the stirred mixture simultaneously flows out at the slower rate of 3 gal/min.
(a) Find a function that will allow you to find the amount of salt at any time t > 0 . Hint: The DEQ that you obtain
is not separable but it is linear.

Let x(t ) represent the amount of salt present at time t .
We know that:

Net Rate = Rate of salt going in Rate of salt going out (in lbs/ min)

This is expressed as follows:

d x( t)
dt
= (2)(5)
3x
50+( 53)t
d x( t)
dt
=10
3x
50+2t
d x( t)
dt
+
3x
50+2t
= 10 (STD form)

This is a linear equation, then the integrating factor is H(t ) = e
3
50+ 2t
dt
}
= 50+2t ( )
3 2
.


Multiplying
d x( t)
dt
+
3x
50+2t
=10 by H(t ) = 50+2t ( )
3 2
,
and writting the left hand side in differential form we get:
d 50+2t ( )
3 2
x
( )
=10 50+2t ( )
3 2
.
Integrating both sides, we find the explicit family of solutions:
x(t ) = 2 50 + 2t ( ) +
C
50+2t ( )
3 2
.
Using the given initial conditions of 10 lbs at t = 0, we find that C = 90(50
3 2
).
Then: x(t ) = 2 50 + 2t ( )
90(50
3 2
)
50+2t
( )
3 2
.

(b) Check your answer by showing that the function yields 10 lbs when t = 0 min.
At t = 0 min, we have:
x(0) = 2 50 + 2(0) ( )
90( 50
3 2
)
50+2(0) ( )
3 2
= 100 90 =10lbs .