Index

Index
Index
575
0.45% saline – alkalosis
Numbers acid maltase deficiency adrenal insufficiency. See also

respiratory acidosis 412 Addison's disease
0.45% saline 40 acid-base adrenal crisis 142
0.9% NaCl 39. See also isotonic disorder casue of hyponatremia 141
saline evaluation 272 cause of hyperkalemia 559
treatment of diabetic ketoacido- metabolic acidosis.See false positive sweat chloride test
sis 347 metabolic acidosis 187
0.9% saline metabolic alkalosis.See primary vs secondary 559
proper use 159 metabolic alkalosis primary vs. secondary vs.
11 ß-hydroxylase primary 263 tertiary 141
inhibition by ketoconazole 514 respiratory acidosis.See adrenalectomy
11ß- hydroxysteroid dehydroge- respiratory acidosis treatment of adenoma 508
nase 509 respiratory alkalosis.See adult respiratory distress syndrome
11ß-hydroxylase deficiency 517 respiratory alkalosis 58, 420
14 gauge needle two disorders 274 afterload 85
treatment of pneumothorax 413 regulation 250 AIDS. See also HIV
17a-hydroxylase deficiency 516 The Chapter 249 cause of lactic acidosis 332
21-hydroxylase deficiency 560 acidemia 250 cause of SIADH 139
25% saline 38 acidosis albumin
3% saline 41 definition 250 gradient 61
treatment of hyponatremia 169 effect on potassium 474 plasma expander 43
hyperkalemia 548 relationship to calcium 255
A metabolic. See metabolic relationship to net filtration
A-a gradient. See alveolar-arterial acidosis pressure 57
gradient respiratory. See respiratory albuterol 472
ABC’s of first-aid 123 acidosis hypokalemia 494
abdominal bruit 518 ACTH treatment of asthma 435
abdominal pain diagnosis of excess mineralocor- alcohol dehydrogenase 358
in Addison's disease 141 ticoid activity 391 role in ethylene glycol toxicity
ABG. See arterial blood gas in SIADH 141 361
accessory muscles of respiration plasma level 512, 513 role in methanol toxicity 360
411 acute demyelinating alcohol withdrawal
ACE. See angiotensin converting polyneuropathy . See Guillain causing hypokalemia 494
enzyme Barré syndrome alcoholic ketoacidosis 340
ACE inhibitor 73 acute tubular necrosis alcoholism
complication 518 urinary concentrating ability191 cause of hypokalemia 488
diabetes mellitus 73 acute-on-chronic respiratory aldosterone 77, 479
in CHF 85 acidosis 430 dependence on distal flow 500
in hyperkalemia 558 Addison's disease 559.See also low levels 556
myocardial infarction 73 adrenal insufficiency primary hyperaldosteronism 506
acetaminophen ADH. See antidiuretic hormone role in potassium regulation 479
molecular weight 18 adjusted weight 4 role in volume regulation 76
acetate adrenal crisis 142 stimulation by angiotensin II 75
cause of metabolic alkalosis adrenal gland stimuli for release 78
370 adenoma 506 aldosterone : renin ratio 507
acetazolamide 129 carcinoma 506 alkalemia 250
cause of proximal RTA 310 destruction inAddison's disease alkalosis
acetoacetate 335 141 causing hypokalemia 492
acetone 335 hyperplasia 184, 506 definition 250
acetylsalicylic acid 353 source of aldosterone 76 effect on potassium 474
target for angiotensin II 75
576
allopurinol – banana
effect on pulmonary blood flow 445 443, 448

459 Fanconi’s 309 apnea of prematurity 407
metabolic. See metabolic iron deficiency from clay 489 appropriateADH release 123
alkalosis megaloblastic 491 ARDS. See adult respiratory
respiratory. See respiratory sickle cell 238 distress syndrome
alkalosis anesthetic arginine vasopressin 102.See
allopurinol respiratory acidosis 407 also antidiuretic hormone
treatment of tumor lysis angiotensin converting enzyme 72 arrhythmias
syndrome 547 levels 73 hyperkalemia 563
alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency 420 angiotensin I 72 hypocalcemia 364,547
ALS. See amyotrophic lateral angiotensin II hypokalemia 528
sclerosis deficiency in hypoaldosteronism metabolic acidosis 362
alveolar minute ventilation 402 558 prevention with calcium 571
alveolar-arterial gradient role in volume regulation 75 respiratory alkalosis 457
calculation 418 angiotensin II antagonists arterial blood gas 272
in evaluation of respiratory in hyperkalemia 558 in A-a gradient 418
acidosis 434 anion 20 in diabetic ketoacidosis 344
use in respiratory alkalosis 460 anion gap in respiratory acidosis 434
alveoli definition 21 respiratory alkalosis 461
role in respiration 417 plasma 281 asbestos
amenorrhea, primary urine 302, 321 interstitial lung disease 420
congenital adrenal hyperplasia anion gap metabolic acidosis ascites 55
516 complications 362 definition 61
amiloride 129, 561. See also mechanism 326 evaluation by albumin gradient
potassium sparing diuretics plum seeds 327 61
cause of distal RTA 313 The Chapter 325 aspiration pneumonia 415
aminoglycoside treatment 363 aspirin 353
respiratory acidosis 412 ankylosing spondylitis cause of hyperventilation 443
amiodarone interstitial lung disease 420 free vs. bound 354
cause of hypothyroidism 140 anorexia nervosa molecular weight 359
interstitial lung disease 420 hypokalemia 488 treatment of overdose 356
amitriptyline ANP. See atrial natriuretic peptide assist control
cause of SIADH 139 anticholinergic drugs181 ventilator setting 450
ammonia 301 antidiuretic hormone 99,226 asthma 415, 472
amphotericin B arginine vasopressin 102 cause of SIADH 139
cause of distal RTA 315 coagulation factors 227 definition 416
hypokalemia 521 effect on collecting tubule 104 respiratory alkalosis vs. acidosis
ampule 37 in water restriction test 243 416
ampulla of Vater 289 production 102 treatment 435
amylase role in hyponatremia 121 atelectasis 420
in diabetic ketoacidosis 344 role in osmoregulation 94 cause of SIADH 139
amyloidosis role in volume regulation 80 ATP 329
cause ofAddison's disease 141 stimuli for release 103,226 atrial natriuretic peptide 81
cause of Fanconi's syndrome antifreeze 361. See also ethylene Avogadro’s number 10
309 glycol AZT 332
interstitial lung disease 420 antipsychotic medications
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cause of SIADH 139 B
respiratory acidosis 407 effect on thirst 222 B-12 475
anemia antithrombin III 131 banana
cause of lactic acidosis 331 anxiety potassium content 488
cause of respiratory alkalosis cause of respiratory alkalosis
577
baroreceptor – catecholamine
baroreceptor hypotension.See hypotension C

dyspnea 447 in evaluation of excess mineralo-
relationship to osmoreceptor 69 corticoid activity 390 C3PO 431
Bartter’s syndrome 501 relationship to plasma volume cadmium
causing metabolic alkalosis 381 70 cause of Fanconi's syndrome
Bayer aspirin 353 blood transfusion 309
Becker’s muscular dystrophy 412 cause of metabolic alkalosis caffeine 407
bed-wetters 244 370 cagey clinician
benzodiazepines plasma expander 43 early signs of sepsis 443
respiratory acidosis 407 potassium content 544 calcitriol 307
beta-2 receptors body surface area 45 calcium
effect on Na-K-ATPase activity body water compartments absorption 307
494 intracellular vs. extracellular 5 content in lactated Ringer's 42
beta-agonists.See also albuterol relative sizes 6 evaluation of polydipsia 239
potassium regulation 472 body weight free vs. ionized 255
treatment of hyperkalemia 568 adjusted weight 4 generation of metabolic alkalosis
beta-blocker 472 hypothalamic regulation 91 381
hyperkalemia 550 ideal weight 4 hypercalcemia. See hypercalce-
in CHF 85 to calculate IVF 44 mia
ß-hydroxybutyrate 335 bone hypocalcemia.See also
hypokalemia 519 buffer 256 hypocalcemia
bicarbonate destruction in chronic renal treatment of aminoglycoside
buffer 256, 259 failure 351 toxicity 412
from lactate 42 destruction with distalTAR 316 treatment of hyperkalemia 571
handling in distal nephron 299 BOOP. See bronchiolitis obliterans calcium channel
handling in proximal tubule 298 organizing pneumonia role in periodic paralysis 495
in lactated Ringer's 42 botulinus toxin 412 caloric expenditure method
in renal failure 351 breast cancer IVF calculation 44
measurement on chem-7 272 cause of tumor lysis syndrome captopril 73
potassium content of oral 547 carbamazepine
solutions 543 breath holding 448 cause of SIADH 139
bicarbonate therapy brine, salty 105 carbenicillin
cause of intracellular acidosis bronchiolitis obliterans organizing causing metabolic alkalosis 381
364 pneumonia 420 carbon dioxide 259
cause of metabolic alkalosis bronchoconstriction 416,472 daily production 400
371 brown paper bag narcosis 431
cause of respiratory alkalosis treatment of hyperventilation regulation of respiration 406
453 462 relationship to minute volume
in aspirin toxicity 356 buffalo hump 511 402
in distal RTA 316 buffering 256 role in respiratory acidosis 400
in hyperkalemia 568 by bone in chronic renal failure role in respiratory alkalosis 440
in metabolic acidosis 363 351 total on the chem-7 272
in proximal RTA 311 in respiratory acidosis 424 carbon monoxide poisoning 331
bile in respiratory alkalosis 452 carbonic anhydrase 259
electrolyte composition 289 bulbar palsy 155 action in proximal tubule 298
biochemistry bumetanide 129 role in proximal R
TA 310
waste of time 328 BUN. See urea cardiac output 67
blood pressure 67.See also Burkitt’s lymphoma carotid bodies 405
hypotension cause of tumor lysis syndrome catecholamine
as part of effective circulating 547 cause of hypokalemia 494
volume 64
578
cation – cortisol
decreased response with intake and metabolic alkalosis combined acid-base

acidosis 362 381 disorders. See mixed acid-
cation 20 molecular weight 38 base disorders
cation exchange resin.See also urine concentration 388 compensation 264
Kayexalate® chloride exchange resin metabolic acidosis 284
treatment of hyperkalemia 569 cause of non-anion gap metabolic alkalosis 392
cell destruction metabolic acidosis 293 renal 268
effect on potassium 475 cholestyramine 293 respiratory 266
cell membrane 5 chlorpropamide respiratory acidosis
permeability 29 cause of SIADH 139 acute 425
central diabetes insipidus 231 cholera 190 chronic 428
diagnosis 240 hypokalemia 497 respiratory alkalosis
treatment 244 cholestyramine acute 453
central hypoventilation 443 cause of non-anion gap chronic 455
central lines metabolic acidosis 293 compulsive water drinking.See
potassium repletion 534 chronic bronchitis 415,422 psychogenic polydipsia
central pontine myelinolysis 154 chronic obstructive pulmonary concentration of urine 228
central sleep apnea 409 disease 415, 422 mechanism 101
cerebral adaptation effect on steps of respiration conducting airways 403
in hypernatremia 207 421 confusion. See third-year medical
in hyponatremia 152 signs and symptoms 432 student
cerebral blood flow chronic respiratory acidosis 426 congenital adrenal hyperplasia
regulation 458 compensation 426 515
cerebral dehydration hypoxia 408 11ß-hydroxylase 517
in hypernatremia 206 cimetidine 17α-hydroxylase deficiency 516
in nonketotic hyperosmolar interaction with metformin 333 21-hydroxylase deficiency 560
syndrome 348 cirrhosis.See also liver disease cause of hyperkalemia 560
cerebral edema cause of increased hydrostatic cause of hypokalemia 515
from hyponatremia 151 pressure 55 diagnosis 391
from treatment of diabetic causing hyponatremia 130 congenital hypothyroidism 140
ketoacidosis 346 cisplatin congenital nephrogenic diabetes
from treatment of hypernatremia cause of Fanconi's syndrome insipidus 235
208 309 congestive heart failure 55,56
treatment with mannitol 196 citrate cause of hyponatremia 130
CF. See cystic fibrosis cause of metabolic alkalosis cause of respiratory alkalosis
chem-7 272 370 445
in acid-base evaluation 272 role in stone formation formation of edema 84
in diabetic ketoacidosis 344 307, 316 from DDAVP 227
in respiratory acidosis 434 classic distal R
TA 314 treatment 73, 85
in respiratory alkalosis 461 Clostridium botulinum 412 conscious hyperventilation 448
chemotherapy collecting tubule contraction alkalosis 373
cause of proximal TRA 308 effect of mineralocorticoids 503 COPD. See chronic obstructive
hyperkalemia 475, 546 effect of potassium sparing pulmonary disease
CHF. See congestive heart failure diuretics 129 cor pulmonale 432
child abuse response toADH corrected bicarbonate 285
salt ingestion 182 101, 104, 228 corticotropin-releasing hormone
chloride role in potassium regulation 476 141
deficiency and metabolic role in volume regulation 65 cortisol 337, 509
alkalosis 385 colligative properties 15 adrenal insufficiency 141
in respiratory acidosis 427 colon cancer 291 counter-regulatory hormone 337
in respiratory alkalosis 461 colonic villous adenoma 374 Cushing's syndrome 510
579
cortisone – Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
in dexamethasone suppression dead space 402 definition 290

test 512 anatomic vs alveolar 403 hypernatremia 188
cortisone 509 deicing solutions 358.See also hypokalemia 497
cosyntropin stimulation test 142 methanol infants 192
cough delirium tremens metabolic alkalosis 374
side effect ofACE inhibitor 73 causing hypokalemia 494 non-anion gap metabolic
counter-regulatory hormones 337 ∆F508 187 acidosis 290
CPM. See central pontine delta-delta 285 osmotic 188
myelinolysis demeclocycline 166 secretory 190
creatinine 100 nephrogenic diabetes insipidus stool osmolar gap 189
in renal artery stenosis 518 234 diffusion defect
renal function 100 deoxycorticosterone 516 respiratory acidosis 417
cretinism 140 depolarizing agent 412 digoxin
Crohn’s disease 291 dexamethasone 142 hyperkalemia 550
croup 415, 438 suppression test 512 dilution of urine 96
crush injuries dexamethasone suppression test minimum urinary concentration
hyperkalemia 546 high dose 513 116
Cushing’s disease low dose 512 distal flow 499
definition 510 dextrose potassium secretion 481
Cushing’s syndrome concentration in IVF 35 relationship with aldosterone
definition 510 relationship to glucose 34 500
diagnosis 391, 513 solutions 34 role in hyperkalemia 555
mechanism 509 use 37 distal nephron.See collecting
cyanide 332 diabetes insipidus tubule; distal convoluted
cyclophosphamide cause of hypokalemia 521 tubule
cause of SIADH 139 central 231 distal RTA 312
cyclosporine central and nephrogenic 230 complications 316
in hyperkalemia 558 definition 197, 225 diagnosis 319
cysteine due to hypokalemia 529 hyperkalemia 313
daily acid load 296 generation of hypernatremia hypokalemia 521
cystic fibrosis 187 193 voltage-dependent 313
cystinosis 308 nephrogenic 234 distal tubule
cause of Fanconi's syndrome diabetes mellitus effect of thiazide diuretics 128
309 cause of nephrotic syndrome role in diluting urine 96
131 role in formation of dilute urine
D definition 35 96
D-lactic acidosis 334 due to CF 187 diuretics 129
daily acid load 296 hyporeninemic hypoaldoster- cause of metabolic alkalosis
in renal failure 351 onism 557 379
in RTA 296 metformin 333 hyponatremia 126
daily solute load 100,116 role ofACE inhibitors 73 in CHF 85
and diabetes insipidus 225 diabetic ketoacidosis 342 in the treatment of NDI 245
treatment of SIADH 166 hyperkalemia 549 sudden cardiac death 494
DDAVP 241. See also antidiuretic hypokalemia 493, 519 divalent ions 19
hormone lab findings 344 DKA. See diabetic ketoacidosis
and coagulation factors 227 signs and symptoms 343 donuts 10
chronic bed-wetters 244 treatment 347 dopamine
side effects 227 diaphragm 411 use with acidemia 362
treatment of central diabetes paralysis 407 Dreser, Hermann 353
diarrhea Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
insipidus 244
congenital chloride 374 412
580
earthquakes – glycogen
E exudate 59 G
earthquakes 252 F galactosemia
edema, peripheral cause of Fanconi's syndrome
causes 55 factor VIII 227 309
edema, peripheral familial periodic paralysis 495 gallbladder 289
formation 83 Fanconi’s garbage mashers 431
effective circulating volume anemia vs. syndrome 309 gas exchange
definition 64 fasting state 337 step 4 in respiration 417
role in hyperkalemia 555 fat 4 gentamicin
role in hyponatremia 123 effect of insulin 336 respiratory acidosis 412
role in metabolic alkalosis 384 glucose uptake 333 geriatric population
effective plasma osmolality 120 role in ketoacidosis 366 hypokalemia 488
effusion, pleural 59 role in starvation 339 predisposition to hypernatremia
EKG changes fed state 336 200
with hyperkalemia 563 fetal breathing 407 total body water 3
with hypokalemia 528 fever 91 GI fluid loss.See also
elderly. See geriatric population cause of hyperventilation 443 diarrhea; vomitting
electrolyte 8 effect on insensible water loss contraction alkalosis 374
electrolyte panel 272.See also 44 hypernatremia 188
chem-7 filtration pressure, net 53 hypokalemia 497
electroneutrality 20,474 first order kinetics 354 hyponatremia 126
elliptocytosis fistula metabolic acidosis 289
cause of distal RTA 314 casue of non-anion gap metabolic alkalosis 374
emphysema 422 metabolic acidosis 291 Gitelman’s syndrome 501
cause of hypokalemia 497
respiratory acidosis 415,420 glaucoma
flail chest 412
enalapril 73 treatment with acetazolamide
fludrocortisone 560
encephalitis 310
fluid restriction
cause of SIADH 139 glucagon 336, 337
treatment of hyponatremia 164 gluconeogenesis 329
enterohepatic circulation 293
fluphenazine
enteropathies, protein losing starvation 339
cause of SIADH 139
cause of edema 57 glucose
folic acid 475
enuresis 244 cause of pseudohyponatremia
fontanels
epiglottitis 113
delayed closure 140
respiratory acidosis 415 concentration in IVF 35
formaldehyde 358
equivalent 19 in diabetic ketoacidosis 344
formic acid 358
ethanol in nonketotic hyperosmolar
fraction of oxygen
molecular weight 18 syndrome 348
ventilator setting 450
respiratory acidosis 407 molecular weight 11
fractional excretion of bicarbonate
treatment for methanol ingestion relationship to dextrose 34
322
360 use as primary fuel 336
free flow
ethylene glycol 361 glucosuria.See also hyperglyce-
step 3 in respiration 414
cause of lactic acidosis 332 mia
fresh frozen plasma 43
molecular weight 361 osmotic diuresis 195
front porch 433
eukalemia specific gravity 106
furosemide 129. See also loop
definition 468 glue sniffing. See also toluene
diuretic
excess mineralocorticoid complications 519
in the treatment of hyponatremia
activity. See mineralocorti- glycerol 339
169
coid activity glycogen
treatment of CHF 56
extracellular compartment 5 glycogenolysis 339
solutes 29 role in starvation 339
581
glycogen storage diseases – hypertension
glycogen storage diseases hemorrhagic cystitis 139 compensation vs correction 541

cause of Fanconi's syndrome Henderson-Hasselbalch equation decreased renal excretion 552
309 261 definition 468, 540
respiratory acidosis 412 heparin diagnosis 564
glycolic acid 361 cause of hyperkalemia 561 in diabetic ketoacidosis 344
glycolysis 329 herniation, cerebral mechanism 542
glycyrrhetinic acid 196, 458. See also cerebral oral intake 543
cause of edema renal tubular acidosis 317
pseudohyperaldosteronism hetastarch signs and symptoms 562
509 plasma expander 43 The Chapter 539
Goodpasture’s syndrome high altitude residence 445 treatment 567
cause of nephrotic syndrome hippurate 349, 519 voltage-dependent distal TA
R
131 HIV. See also AIDS 313
gram negative sepsis cause ofAddison's disease 141 hyperlipidemia
cause of respiratory alkalosis cause of SIADH 139 cause of pseudohyponatremia
443 Hoffman, Felix 353 112
grams percent 13 Holiday-Segar method 44 hypermagnesemia
green top tube 551 hydrochlorothiazide 129.See also respiratory acidosis 412
grey clay 489 thiazide hypernatremia
growth hormone 337 hydrocortisone 142 definition 178
Guillain-Barré syndrome hydrogen ion diagnosis of generation 203
cause of SIADH 139 concentration compatible with diagnosis of maintenance 205
respiratory acidosis 407 life 251 excess mineralocorticoid activity
effect on free calcium 255 183
H free vs. bound 254 generation 181
normal concentration 253 generation vs. maintenance 180
Haemophillus influenza
sponges 256 in infants 192
in epiglottitis 415
hydrostatic pressure 50 maintenance 198
haloperidol
definition 26 rate of correction 213
cause of SIADH 139
net 51 relationship to hyperosmolality
Hashimoto thyroiditis 140
– hyperaldosteronism 178
HCO3 . See bicarbonate
hypernatremia 183 signs and symptoms 206
heart rate
hypokalemia 506 The Chapter 177
component of cardiac output 67
primary 506 treatment 209
hematocrit 7
pseudohyperaldosteronism 509 hyperosmolality
in chronic bronchitis 422
renovascular hypertension 518 causing polydipsia 220
in evaluation of respiratory
hypercalcemia. See also calcium consequences 89
alkalosis 460
causing metabolic alkalosis 381 in diabetic ketoacidosis 346
hemodialysis
causing polyuria 237 relationship with hypernatremia
as cause of hypernatremia 182
hypercarbia 400 179
aspirin toxicity 357
hypercholesterolemia hyperphosphatemia
ethylene glycol toxicity 361
nephrotic syndrome 131 from tumor lysis syndrome 547
hyperkalemia 570
hypergammaglobulinemia hyperproteinemia
methanol toxicity 360
cause of distal RTA 314 cause of pseudohyponatremia
tumor lysis syndrome 547
hyperglycemia.See also glucose 112
hemoglobin
cause of osmotic diuresis 195 hyperreninism 518
intracellular buf
fer 256, 452
cause of pseudohyponatremia diagnosis 391
sickle cell 238
113 hypertension
hemolysis
in sick infants 192 due to sleep apnea 409
pseudohyperkalemia 551
with diabetic ketoacidosis 342 in congenital adrenal hyperpla-
hemophilia 227
hyperkalemia sia 516
582
hypertonic saline – hypoxia
in Cushing's syndrome 51 1 symptoms 337 412

in primary hyperaldosteronism treatment 37 in diabetic ketoacidosis 344
506 hypokalemia in respiratory alkalosis 461
in renal artery stenosis 518 ammoniagenesis 525 hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism
not a cause of edema 55 cause of metabolic alkalosis 557
portal 61 374 hypotension
pseudohyperaldosteronism 509 cause of polyuria 237,529 cause of respiratory alkalosis
pulmonary 432 caused by medications 523 445
in newborn 459 definition 468,486 in adrenal crisis 142
role in diagnosis of metabolic diagnosis by flow chart 524 in diabetic ketoacidosis 343
alkalosis 390 effect on urinary ammonia 320 in severe acidosis 362
side effect ofADH 227 in diabetic ketoacidosis 344 hypothalamic
treatment withACE inhibitor 73 in distal RTA 314 adipsia 201
treatment with beta-blockers in proximal RTA 306 dysfunction in hypernatremia
472 maintenance of metabolic 201
treatment with thiazides 129 alkalosis 385 hypothalamus 91
hypertonic saline 41 respiratory acidosis 412 production ofADH 102
cause of hypernatremia 182 signs and symptoms 525 role inAddison's disease 141
treatment of hyponatremia 169 The Chapter 485 role in osmoregulation 90
hyperuricemia treatment 530 hypothermia
from tumor lysis syndrome 547 causing hyperkalemia 544 hyperkalemia 546
hyperventilation 441 rate 535 hypothyroidism
conscious control 448 total body deficit 531 hyponatremia 140
effect on caloric consumption hypomagnesemia 308 respiratory acidosis 407
44 cause of metabolic alkalosis hypotonic saline 40
in metabolic acidosis 284 381 hypoventilation.See also
mechanical, in metabolic in Gitelman's syndrome 501 respiratory acidosis
acidosis 363 in hypokalemia 530 definition 401
treatment 462 hyponatremia metabolic alkalosis 392
hypervolemia 82 acute vs. chronic 153 hypovolemia
signs and symptoms 147 cerebral compensation 152 effect on urine pH 320
hypoalbuminemia 57 definition 10 in hyperkalemia 555
nephrotic syndrome 131 from nephrotic syndrome 131 in hyponatremia 126
hypoaldosteronism 556 hypovolemic 126 in hyponatremia vs. hypernatre-
adrenal insufficiency 559 in diabetic ketoacidosis 344 mia 127
hyperkalemia 556 in renal failure 19 in metabolic alkalosis 373
hyporeninemic 557 relationship with hypoosmolality maintenance of metabolic
renal tubular acidosis 317 110 alkalosis 384
hypocalcemia signs and symptoms 151 signs and symptoms 147
cause of proximal TRA 308 The Diagnosis andTreatment treatment 159
complication of proximalTA R Chapter 145 use of the term in this book 64
307 The Pathophysiology Chapter hypoxia
from tumor lysis syndrome 547 109 cause of lactic acidosis 331
in the presence of acidemia 255 treatment 156 cause of respiratory alkalosis
relationship to pH 255 hypoosmolality 445
hypocapnia 440 consequences 89 control of respiration 406
hypoglycemia relationship with hyponatremia in chronic respiratory acidosis
alcoholic ketosis 340 110 408
role in starvation 339 hypoparathyroidism 308 in metabolic alkalosis 392
symptom of adrenal insufficiency hypophosphatemia 412
142 cause of respiratory acidosis
583
I:E ratio – lithium
I compartment 5 kidney stones 316

solutes 29 KingArthur 489
I:E ratio. See inspiratory:expiratory intracranial pressure 458 Krebs cycle 329
ratio intravenous fluids 32.See also Kussmaul respirations 343
iatrogenic 181 dextrose kyphoscoliosis 412
ideal TBW, calculation 212 solutions;maintenance
ideal weight 4 IV; saline solutions L
ifosfamide 308 intravenous potassium 534
IL-1 91 lactate
inverse ratio in IV fluids 42
immunoglobulin ventilator setting 450
cause of pseudohyponatremia ion trapping 356 relationship with bicarbonate 42
112 lactated Ringer’s 42
isoniazid 332 cause of metabolic alkalosis
ineffective osmole 120 isotonic saline 39
infection 58 370
proper use 159 lactic acidosis
botulism 412 treatment of diabetic ketoacido-
cause of fistulas 291 cause of metabolic acidosis 330
sis 347 cause of metabolic alkalosis
cause of hypernatremia 186
cause of pleural effusion 60 J 371
cause of SIADH 138 contraindication for lactated
CNS, cause of diabetes juxtaglomerular apparatus 72,518 Ringer 42
insipidus 231 dextro- 334
K due to aspirin 355
trigger for DKA 342
urinary tract 221,320 Ka 257 effect on potassium 474
inferior petrosal sinus sampling bicarbonate 260 mechanism 330
513 kaluresis type A 331
insensible fluid loss type B 332
definition 468
lactose intolerance 191
generation of hypernatremia Kayexalate®. See also cation
186 large intestine
exchange resin
inspiratory:expiratory ratio electrolyte composition of
treatment of hyperkalemia 569
secretions 289
ventilator setting 450 treatment of RTA 318
laryngomalacia 415,438
insulin ketoacidosis
laryngotracheobronchitis 415
effects 336, 337 alcoholic 340
laxative 191
hypokalemia 493 cause of metabolic acidosis 335
abuse 148
potassium regulation 473 cause of metabolic alkalosis
lead toxicity
treatment of DKA 347 371
cause of Fanconi's syndrome
treatment of hyperkalemia 568 diabetic 342
309
intercalated cell 504 due to aspirin 355
leukemia
aldosterone activity 77 effect on potassium 474
pseudohyperkalemia 551
role in hydrogen secretion 300 starvation 339
pseudohypokalemia 496
intern treatment with glucose 341
tumor lysis syndrome 547
overaggressive 154 treatment with insulin 347
licorice
overeager 208 ketoconazole
pseudohyperaldosteronism 509
interstitial compartment 5 treatment of Cushing's syn-
lipids
interstitial lung disease 420 drome 514
pseudohyponatremia 12 1
intestine ketones 335
lisinopril 73
electrolyte composition of kidney
lithium
secretions 289 role in acid-base compensation
cause of distal RTA 314
intracellular 265
cause of hypothyroidism 140
acidosis, complication of role in osmoregulation 96,101
cause of nephrogenic diabetes
bicarbonate therapy 364 role in potassium regulation 476
insipidus 234
buffers 452 role in volume regulation 65
584
liver – mixed acid-base disorders
liver malignant hypertension 518 treatment 363

electrolyte composition of malignant hyperthermia treatment causing respiratory
secretions 289 relationship with periodic alkalosis 444
liver disease.See cirrhosis paralysis 495 metabolic alkalosis
ascites 57 malnutrition definition 368
cause of hyperventilation 443alcoholic ketoacidosis 340 diagnosis 387
cause of hypoalbuminemia 57 cause of edema 57 generation 370
cause of hyponatremia 130 cause of thiamine deficiency maintenance 382
effective circulating volume 70 332 mixed acid-base disorders 394
nitroprusside toxicity 332 hypokalemia 488 The Chapter 367
logarithmic scale 252 in CF 187 metformin 333
loop diuretics 129 predisposition to CPM 155 methanol
cause of hyponatremia 128 mannitol ingestion 332, 358
cause of metabolic alkalosis as a diuretic 129 molecular weight 359
379 cause of osmotic diuresis 196 treatment 360
cause of polyuria 237 cause of pseudohyponatremia methionine
treatment of hyperkalemia 569 113 daily acid load 296
treatment of hypoaldosteronism
treatment of cerebral edema metolazone 129
RTA 318 196 Microbiology Companion 412
loop of Henle Mantra, The 262 milk-alkali syndrome 381
Bartter's syndrome 501 maximum daily urine volume161 milligrams per deciliter 12
function 101, 228, 237 mechanical ventilation 449 conversion to mmol/L 17
role in concentrating urine 105
cause of metabolic alkalosis millimole 10
role in dilute urine 96 380 millimoles per liter 12
Lou Gerig’s Disease 407 cause of respiratory alkalosis mineralocorticoid
Lp 52 449 mechanism of action 503
lung cancer in metabolic acidosis 363 mineralocorticoid activity
, excess
cause of SIADH 139 in respiratory acidosis 435 503
cause of tumor lysis syndrome
meconium ileus 187 cause of hypernatremia 183
547 medullary interstitium 105 cause of hypokalemia 502
lupus megaloblastic anemia 475 cause of metabolic alkalosis
cause of distal RTA 313, 314
membrane characteristics 50 377
lymphatic fluid 5 mental status changes diagnosis 391, 512, 524
lymphatic system 54 role in maintenance of hyper- maintaining metabolic alkalosis
obstruction leading to edema 83 natremia 200 383
mercury poisoning of cortisol 509
M cause of Fanconi's syndrome minimum daily urine volume
magnesium. See also hyperma- 309 in diabetes insipidus 229
gnesemia; hypomagnesemia mesenteric ischemia minimum urinary concentration
importance in treatment of cause of lactic acidosis 331 116, 163
hypokalemia 530 metabolic acidosis 263 treatment of SIADH 166
molecular weight 11 compensation 284 minute ventilation 402
maintenance IV 40 complications 362 mirthless laughter, spasmodic 155
calculating amount 44 definition 278 mitochondria 329
cause of hyperkalemia 544 due to renal failure vs. TRA 350 mitral valve disease
malignancy mechanism 279 cause of respiratory alkalosis
cause of membrane damage mixed acid-base disorders 285 447
and edema 58 The Anion Gap Chapter 325 mixed acid-base disorders
exudative pleural ef
fusion 60 The Introduction Chapter 277 with metabolic acidosis 285
predisposition to CPM 155 The Non-Anion Gap Chapter with metabolic alkalosis 395
287 with respiratory acidosis 429
585
mixed sleep apnea – panic attacks
with respiratory alkalosis 456 nephrotic syndrome 131 consequences of disregulation

mixed sleep apnea 409 cause of edema 57 89
mode cause of Fanconi's syndrome methods of control 92
ventilator setting 450 309 normal for plasma 88
mole 10 net filtration pressure 53 of dextrose solutions 34
molecular weight 11 nitroprusside 332 of saline solutions 38
moon facies 511 non-anion gap metabolic acidosis urine 106
morphine diagnosis 285, 319 osmolar gap 18
treatment of CHF 56 diagnostic algorithm 320 methanol toxicity 359
MRI mechanism 288 stool 189
in diagnosis of CPM 155 The Chapter 287 osmolytes 152
multiple myeloma nonelectrolytes 8 osmoreceptor 90
cause of distal RTA 314 nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome osmoregulation 123
cause of proximal R TA 308 348 definition 88
cause of pseudohyponatremia nonosmotic release of ADH The Chapter 87
112 103, 123 osmotic cerebral demyelinating
multiple sclerosis nonresorbable anions syndrome. See central
cause of SIADH 139 effect on potassium secretion pontine myelinolysis
muscles and motion 482 osmotic diarrhea 188,191
step 2 in respiration 410 hypokalemia 519 osmotic diuresis 194,224
myasthenia gravis nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory generation of hypernatremia
respiratory acidosis 412 drugs 193
myoglobinuria 527 in hyperkalemia 558 in diabetic ketoacidosis 345
norepinephrine 337 osmotic pressure 28,50
N use with acidemia 362 colligative property 15
normal saline.See isotonic saline net 51
Na-K-2Cl ATPase pump 237, 529
NSAID. See nonsteroidal anti- ovarian cancer
Na-K-ATPase pump 29
inflammatory drugs cause of tumor lysis syndrome
role in potassium regulation 471
547
NAD 329 O oxalic acid 361
nanomole 251
oxidative phosphorylation
narcotics oat cell carcinoma
definition 329
respiratory acidosis 407 cause of SIADH 139
oxygen 405. See also hypoxia
nasogastric suction obesity hypoventilation syndrome
causing respiratory arrest 408
cause of hypokalemia 520 407
cause of metabolic alkalosis obstructive sleep apnea 409
oxytocin
375 obstructive uropathy
cause of SIADH 139
nausea cause of distal RTA 313
cause of SIADH 139 odor P
negative log 252 fruity 343
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus offensive 352 packed red blood cells.See blood
234 Ondine’s curse 407 transfusion
congenital 235 oral hypoglycemic medications pain
diagnosis 240 cause of SIADH 139 cause of hyperventilation 443
from psychogenic polydipsia orange juice cause of SIADH 139
222 cause of acute hyperkalemia pancreas
prefered diet 246 543 electrolyte composition of
sickle cell disease 238 potassium content 488,540 secretions 289
treatment 245 osmolality 14 panic attacks
nephrolithiasis calculated vs measured 18 cause of respiratory alkalosis
in distal RTA 316 calculation 16 448
586
paper bag – primary adrenal insufficiency
paper bag effect on potassium 474 complication of CF 187

treatment of hyperventilation pheochromocytoma 514 PO2. See oxygen
462 phosphate. See hyperphosphate- polio
paraldehyde 352 mia; hypophosphatemia post-polio syndrome 407
paralysis acute renal failure 547 polydipsia 221
ALS 407 buffer 256 definition 220
depolarizing agents 412 in diabetic ketoacidosis 344 relationship with polyuria 221
diaphragmatic 438 intracellular buffers 452 The Chapter 219
familial periodic 495 tumor lysis syndrome 547 polygelatins
from cerebellar pontine phrenic nerve 407 plasma expander 43
myelinolysis 155 Pickwickian syndrome polyuria
Guillain-Barré syndrome 407 respiratory acidosis 407 cause of hypokalemia 521
hypokalemia 526 pilocarpine diagnosis 239
in treatment of respiratory in sweat chloride test 187 from hypokalemia 529
alkalosis 462 piperacillin relationship with polydipsia 221
paraventricular nuclei 226 hypokalemia 521 The Chapter 219
parietal cells 375 Pitocin® post-obstructive diuresis 196
parietal pleura 60 cause of SIADH 139 potassium
partial pressure 272 pituitary compared to sodium 468
PCO2 265. See carbon dioxide posterior lobe 226 hyperkalemia. See hyperkale-
PEEP secondary adrenal insuf ficiency mia
ventilator setting 450 559 hypokalemia. See hypokalemia
penicillin storage ofADH 102 in diabetic ketoacidosis 344
causing metabolic alkalosis 381 pKa 258 in lactic acidosis 331
hypokalemia 519 bicarbonate 261 in respiratory alkalosis 461
potassium content 544 plasma 7 IV supplementation 534
pentamidine compartment 5 oral supplementation 533
cause of hyperkalemia 561 expander 43 regulation 470
perfusion defect osmolality, normal 88 renal secretion 477
respiratory acidosis 417 volume role in diagnosis of TRA 319
periodic paralysis as part of effective circulating The Chapter 467
hypokalemic 495 volume 64 total body distribution 469
respiratory acidosis 412 relationship to blood pressure treatment of diabetic ketoacido-
peripheral edema 55 70 sis 347
formation 83 plasma cell tumor 308 potassium-sparing diuretics
nephrotic syndrome 131 plasmapheresis cause of hyperkalemia 561
peripheral vascular resistance 67 treatment of myesthenia crisis PRBC. See also blood transfusion
in CHF 85 412 plasma expander 43
in liver disease 82 pleural effusion potassium content 544
peritoneal dialysis exudate vs. transudate 60 pre-capillary sphincters 55
treatment of hyperkalemia 570 plum seeds 327 precocious puberty 560
persistent fetal circulation 459 Pneumocystis carinii prednisone
persistent pulmonary hypertension treatment 561 mineralocorticoid activity 151
of the newborn 459 pneumonia pregnancy induced diabetes
petrosal sinus sampling 513 cause of respiratory acidosis insipidus 232
pH 252. See also Henderson- 420 pressure natriuresis 183,505
Hasselbalch cause of respiratory alkalosis primary adrenal insufficiency. See
calculation with Henderson- 447 also Addison's disease
Hasselbalch equation 261 cause of SIADH 139 hyperkalemia 559
compatible with life 253 pneumothorax 413 hyponatremia 141
determination withABG 272 cause of SIADH 139
587
primary alveolar hypoventilation – RTA
primary alveolar hypoventilation cause of respiratory alkalosis plasma levels 507

407 447 renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone
primary amenorrhea 516 pulse. See heart rate system
primary hyperaldosteronism 506 Purkinje system 528 role in volume regulation 72
diagnosis 391 pyelonephritis renovascular hypertension.See
metabolic alkalosis 377 cause of distal RTA 314 renal artery stenosis
principle cell 503 pyridostigmine respiration
aldosterone activity 77 treatment of myasthenia crisis 4 step process 401
role in hydrogen secretion 300 412 respiratory acidosis 263
progesterone acute 425
cause of hyperventilation 443 R acute-on-chronic 430
prostaglandin E2 and metabolic alkalosis 380
racemic epinephrine 415
temperature regulation 91 chloride 427
radiation therapy 420
proteinuria chronic 428
interstitial lung disease 420
nephrotic syndrome 131 hypoxia 408
radiocontrast dye.See x-ray dye
proximal RTA 303 compensation 423
rate
hypokalemia 521 definition 400
treatment 311 diagnosis 433
red clay 489
proximal tubule mixed acid-base disorders 429
redistribution hypokalemia 491
effect of acetazolamide 129 relationship with respiratory
renal artery stenosis 518
effect of angiotensin II 75 alkalosis 446
diagnosis 391
role in bicarbonate resorption symptoms and signs 431
renal compensation 268
297 The Chapter 399
respiratory acidosis 426
role in glucose resorption 195 treatment 435
respiratory alkalosis 451
pseudobulbar palsy 155 respiratory alkalosis 263
renal failure
pseudohermaphroditism 516 acute 453
anion gap metabolic acidosis
pseudohyperaldosteronism 509 chronic 455
349
pseudohyperkalemia 551 compensation 451
cause of hyponatremia 19 1
pseudohypokalemia 496 definition 440
definition 100
pseudohyponatremia 11 1 from tumor lysis syndrome 547 diagnosis 460
in DKA 344 hyperkalemia 554 due to aspirin 355
psychogenic polydipsia 220 hyponatremia with increased lab values 461
cause of hyponatremia 18 1 osmolality 120 mixed acid-base disorders 456
hypokalemia 521 maintenance fluids in 44 relationship with respiratory
pulmonary disease renal tubular acidosis 294 acidosis 446
cause of respiratory alkalosis difference from renal failure 350 signs and symptoms 457
445 distal. See distal RTA The Chapter 439
cause of SIADH 139 hypoaldosteronism.See treatment 462
pulmonary edema hypoaldosteronism TRA respiratory compensation 267
respiratory acidosis 420 hypokalemia 519, 521 metabolic acidosis 284
pulmonary embolism proximal. See proximal RTA metabolic alkalosis 392
respiratory acidosis 420 type 1 RTA. See distal RTA respiratory control center 405
pulmonary fibrosis 420 type 2 RTA. See proximal RTA respiratory insuf
ficiency 400. See
interstitial lung disease 420 type 4 RTA. See hypoaldoster- also respiratory acidosis
pulmonary function test onism RTA cause of lactic acidosis 331
in COPD 422 renin response to aldosterone 76
pulmonary hypertension levels in Cushing's syndrome rheumatoid arthritis
cause of respiratory alkalosis 511 interstitial lung disease 420
447 levels in hyporeninemic rickets 307
in the newborn 459 hypoaldosteronism 557 right to left shunt 459
pulmonary stenosis RTA. See renal tubular acidosis
588
S – tetracycline
S Sjögren’s syndrome in proximal RTA 304

cause of distal RTA 314 sterno 358. See also methanol
S 52 cause of Fanconi's syndrome stool osmolar gap 189
s 52 309 stress
salicylic acid 353 sleep 91 cause of SIADH 139
molecular weight 355 sleep apnea 409 potassium regulation 472
saline small cell cancer stroke
solutions 38 cause of SIADH 139 cause of SIADH 139
saline responsive metabolic small intestine stroke volume
alkalosis 387 electrolyte composition of component of cardiac output 67
salt substitute secretions 289 subacute thyroiditis 140
source of potassium 533 smoke inhalation 415 subarachnoid hemorrhage
sarcoidosis smoking cause of SIADH 139
ACE levels 73 COPD 422 subdural hemorrhage
cause ofAddison's disease 141 sodium cause of SIADH 139
interstitial lung disease 420 compared to potassium 468 succinyl choline 412
sarcomas content of sweat 186 sudden cardiac death
cause of tumor lysis syndrome handling by proximal tubule 75 diuretics 494
547 handling by the principle cells sulfonylureas 333
schizophrenia 77 surface area, body 45
psychogenic polydipsia hypernatremia.See hypernatre- surgery
118, 222 mia cause of DKA 342
sclerotherapy 38 hyponatremia.See hyponatre- surgical drains
secretory diarrhea 190 mia cause of non-anion gap
semi-permeable membrane 25 in diabetic ketoacidosis 344 metabolic acidosis 291
sensible fluid loss molecular weight 11 hypokalemia 497
generation of hypernatremia pressure natriuresis 183 sweat 186
186 relationship to plasma volume sweat chloride test 187
sensing and signaling 65 sweet sixteen 13
in respiratory alkalosis 441 urine 76. See also urine sympathetic activity
step 1 in respiration 405 sodium in volume regulation 79
sepsis sodium bicarbonate.See bicar- synchronized intermittent manda-
cause of lactic acidosis 331 bonate tory ventilation 450
cause of respiratory alkalosis solute drag 549 syndrome of apparent mineralocor-
443 specific gravity 106 ticoid excess 509
causing membrane damage and spinal cord injury syndrome of inappropriate
edema 58 respiratory acidosis 407 ADH. See SIADH
sexual infantilism 516 spironolactone 129,561. See systemic lupus
Sheehan’s syndrome 231 also potassium-sparing erythematosus.See lupus
shellac 358. See also methanol diuretics
shock in CHF 85 T
cause of lactic acidosis 331 treatment of adrenal adenoma T waves
SIADH 132 508 peaked 563
etiologies 138 sponges, hydrogen ion 256 tachyphylaxis 227
four characteristics 133 Starling’s law TCA cycle 329
iatrogenic 244 equation 53 temperature, body 91
treatment 166 in peripheral edema 83 tension pneumothorax 413
sickle cell anemia membrane characteristics 52 tetracycline
cause of distal RTA 313, 314 The Chapter 49 cause of Fanconi's syndrome
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus starvation 339
309
238 steady state
589
thiamine – volume regulation
thiamine total carbon dioxide 272 urinary frequency

alcoholism 341 total parenteral nutrition as opposed to polyuria 221
deficiency 332 cause of hypernatremia 182 urinary tract infections
thiazide diuretic 129 cause of metabolic alkalosis association with hypernatremia
cause of hyponatremia 128 370 200
cause of metabolic alkalosis tracheomalacia 415 cause of urinary frequency 221
379 transsphenoidal microsurgery 514 effect on pH 320
similarity to Gitelman's syn- transudate 59 urinary tract obstruction
drome 501 trauma cause of distal RTA 313
treatment of NDI 245 causing membrane damage and urine
thioridazine edema 58 analysis 106
cause of SIADH 139 hyperkalemia 475, 546 anion gap 302, 321
third-year medical student.See triamterene 129, 561. See also chloride 388
confusion potassium-sparing diuretics cortisol 512
thirst cause of distal RTA 313 dilution 96
defense against hyperosmolality tricarboxylic acid cycle 329 maximum concentration 105
98 tricyclic antidepressants pH in proximal RTA 305
role in osmoregulation 94 effect on thirst 222 potassium 522
thoracic duct 54 trimethoprim sodium 148, 149, 150
threshold of maximum tubular cause of hyperkalemia 561 in hypernatremia 204
resorption. See Tm trypsin 420 in metabolic alkalosis 388
thrombocytosis tuberculosis
cause of pseudohyperkalemia cause ofAddison's disease 141 V
551 tumor lysis syndrome 547 vaporization method 15
thymic cancer type 1 RTA. See distal RTA varicose veins 38
cause of SIADH 139 type 2 RTA. See proximal RTA varnish 358. See also methanol
thymic carcinoid type 4 RTA. See hypoaldoster- vasopressin.See antidiuretic
cause of Cushing's syndrome onism RTA hormone
514 tyrosinosis vasopressinase 232
ticarcillin cause of Fanconi's syndrome vecuronium 412
causing metabolic alkalosis 381 309 ventilation 265
hypokalemia 521
U defect, respiratory acidosis 417
tidal volume 402 definition 401
ventilator setting 450 ulcerative colitis 291 ventilator. See mechanical
titratable acid 301 univalent ions 19 ventilation
Tm 195 urate 349 villous adenoma
bicarbonate 303 nephropathy,from tumor lysis hypokalemia 497
glucose 195 syndrome 547 metabolic alkalosis 374
mannitol 196 urea 100 vincristine
tobramycin 412 cause of osmotic diuresis 196 SIADH 139
respiratory acidosis 412 ineffective osmole 120 vipomas
tolbutamide molecular weight 11 hypokalemia 497
cause of SIADH 139 tablets 166 visceral pleura 60
toluene uremia vitamin B-12 475
cause of distal RTA 314 platelet dysfunction 227 vitamin D 307, 308
hypokalemia 519 ureteroileostomy 292 voltage-dependent distal TAR 313
total body potassium deficit 531 ureterosigmoidostomy 292 volume regulation
total body water 2 uric acid determination of volume status
distribution 5 in lactic acidosis 331 147
effect of body fat 4 in tumor lysis syndrome 547 The Chapter 63
with dehydration 21 1
590
volume rules – Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
three steps 68
activity at target organs 74
monitoring 69
signals 71
volume rules 123,384
vomiting
cause of metabolic alkalosis
375, 386
hypokalemia 519, 520
von Willebrand disease 227
W
water
ingestion and hyponatremia151
role in osmoregulation 199
water deficit calculation 210
water excess calculation 161
water resorption
relationship to plasma volume
65
role in osmoregulation 97
role ofADH 104
water restriction test 241
Wegener’s granulomatosis
interstitial lung disease 420
weight
adjusted 4
ideal 4
in the treatment of CHF 84
Wernicke-Korsakof f syndrome 332
Wernicke’s encephalopathy 341
Wilson’s disease
cause of distal RTA 314
cause of Fanconi's syndrome
309
X
x-ray dye
specific gravity 106
xanthine
in tumor lysis syndrome 547
Z
zero order kinetics 354
zidovudine 332
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 190
591

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Numbers acid maltase deficiency adrenal insufficiency. See also

effect on pulmonary blood flow 445 443, 448

baroreceptor hypotension.See hypotension C

decreased response with intake and metabolic alkalosis combined acid-base

in dexamethasone suppression dead space 402 definition 290

glycogen storage diseases hemorrhagic cystitis 139 compensation vs correction 541

in Cushing's syndrome 51 1 symptoms 337 412

I compartment 5 kidney stones 316

liver malignant hypertension 518 treatment 363

with respiratory alkalosis 456 nephrotic syndrome 131 consequences of disregulation

paper bag effect on potassium 474 complication of CF 187

primary alveolar hypoventilation cause of respiratory alkalosis plasma levels 507

S Sjögren’s syndrome in proximal RTA 304

thiamine total carbon dioxide 272 urinary frequency

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