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Surface Tension
Liquid is held together by van der Vaals force
gas surface liquid
distorted surface
Surface Tension
! Definition
! force F per unit length, exerted parallel to the liquid surface
! Where is the pressure higher: inside a liquid drop, or inside a soap bubble (or are they equal)?
Surface Tension
! Pressure inside a liquid drop
Surface Tension
Surface Tension
! Characteristic numbers
! Weber number
! Ohnesorge number
! external force
! spring
! breakup criterion
with
Solution
! large We ! stripping mode: ! low We ! bag mode: ! replace parent drop by drops with radius randomly sampled from "2-PDF with R32
Mayer 93
Mayer 93
1: liquid, 2: gas
with
! breakup when
! Rayleigh-Taylor breakup model (Bellman & Pennington 54) ! high relative velocity: catastrophic breakup regime
Particle/Wall Interaction
! Assumptions (hard sphere model)
! particles are spheres ! particle deformation is neglected ! walls are smooth ! Coulombs friction law ! once particle stops sliding, no further sliding
Particle/Wall Interaction
! Solution
! use impulse equations (3 translational velocities + 3 angular velocities) ! use boundary conditions + friction law (coefficient f) ! introduce coefficient of restitution e
recovery phase impulse
Particle/Wall Interaction
! Two cases:
Particle/Wall Interaction
! Problem
! large particles will not stay in suspension (e < 1)
! Solution
! consider non-spherical particles ! consider roughness of the wall
Particle/Wall Interaction
! Non-spherical particles
! r x % introduces wall normal velocity ! particles characterized by r(&)
sphere
non-sphere
Particle/Wall Interaction
! Rough wall
! model rough wall as series of inclined planes
Particle/Wall Interaction
! Example
! near spherical particle in horizontal channel (Shen et al. 89) ! D = 1.1mm, e = 0.93, f = 0.28
Drop/Wall Interaction
elastic rebound
spreading, splashing
Drop/Wall Interaction
! Watkins & Wang model (90)
&
Drop/Wall Interaction
! Park model (94)
! use fitted data from Wachters & Westerling for We
We
We(0)
Drop/Wall Interaction
! Park model (94)
! use fitted data from Wachters & Westerling for We
exp.:
exp.:
Drop/Wall Interaction
! Park model (94)
! mass spreading tangentially & rebounding from wall ! aims to mimic splash
Drop/Wall Interaction
! Numerous other models
! Grover et al. 2001 ! ORourke & Amsden 2000 ! Naber & Reitz 1988 ! etc.
! Mostly using
! energy conservation, distribution arguments ! correlations from experiments or DNS like numerical simulations
Drop/Wall Interaction
Drop/Drop Interaction
! Can often be neglected in engine sprays ! Dominant for rain formation
! terminal velocity is function of D ! drops collide & merge
! For coalescence drops must be closer than 100A ! Statistically hard to model, since joined PDFs of two drops must be known
Drop/Drop Interaction
! Regime diagram
U/2 U/2
"
hydrocarbon droplets
Drop/Drop Interaction
coalescence
bouncing
Drop/Drop Interaction
coalescence
coalescence
Drop/Drop Interaction
Drop/Drop Interaction
Drop/Drop Interaction
coalescence
off-center separation
Drop/Drop Interaction
off-center separation
off-center separation
Drop/Drop Interaction
! Modeling
! approximate regime diagram ! on collision detection, determine B and We ! collision result from approximated regime diagram
! Statistical modeling is very challenging since joined PDFs of two drops are needed ! Phase interface tracked DNS is challenging, since van der Waals forces must be considered for correct time of coalescence
Drop/Pool Interaction
! Dancing drops