More advanced stuff

About the role of friction in rolling

Comparison of pure rolling and mixed rolling and gliding

Static and gliding friction

friction
limiting Static friction

gliding friction

pulling force static friction

Static friction has an upper bound: limiting static friction Fm = ms N , where ms = coefficient of static friction Gliding friction Fm = mg N , where mg = coefficient of gliding friction ms > mg

Rolling is caused by friction.

For pure rolling ms must exceed a certain minimum value
Example: A ball rolls from height of 2 m down on a surface inclined at 30o. a) Calculate the final velocity of the ball b) Calculate the minimum value of ms to make pure rolling possible. Method 1 : energy principle
Solution with Mathematica
In[7]:=

2 m r2 ; 5 1 1 v eq = m gh == m v2 + J 2 . 2 2 r h = 2.0; g = 9.81; J =
19.62 m 7 mv2 10

apply rolling condition

Out[8]=

In[9]:= Out[9]=

Solve@eq, vD
88v 5.2942<, 8v 5.2942<<

Answer: 5.3 m/s

b) Calculate the minimum value of coefficient of friction.

T he rotational energy is causedby static friction

In[13]:= v = 5.29; = 30 ; s = hSin@D; H length of the path L 1 v 2 eq2 = m gCos@D s JJ N 2 r O ut[14]= 33.9828 m

5.59682 m

In[15]:= Solve@eq2, D O ut[15]= 88 0.164695 <<

Answer: The coefficient of static friction must be at least 0.165

Method 2 another approach

Fm mg sina mg

Write Newton's laws for linear motion and rotation: use rolling condition w '(t) = a/r
In[29]:=

eq3 = F + m g Sin @ D 2 a eq4 = F r == m r2 5 r Solve @eq4, F D

99 F

m a

H Force equation L ; H Torque equation L ;

In[31]:= Out[31]=

2am == 5

In[27]:=

eq5 = eq3 . F 4.905 m 2am 5

2am 5

Out[27]=

am

In[28]:= Out[28]=

Solve @eq5, a D
88 a 3.50357 <<

In[33]:= Out[33]=

a = 3.5036; v = 5.29422

!!!!!!!!!!! ! 2as

Same result, but more complicated method

If ms is smaller than 0.16, the ball is gliding and rolling at the same time.
Assume the coefficient of gliding friction m = 0.1.
Write Newton's laws for linear motion and rotation:
In[55]:=

Linear acceleration = a Tangential acceleration = a2

= 0.1; Clear@aD;

9eq3 = m g Cos@D + m g Sin@D 2 a2 m r2 eq4 = m g Cos@ D r == 5 r

Out[56]=

ma

H Force equation L , H Torque equation L=

94.05543 m

a m, 0.849571 m r

2 a2 m r = 5

In[57]:=

8Solve@eq3, aD , Solve@eq4, a2D<

888a 4.05543 <<, 88a2 2.12393 <<<

Linear acceleration and the tangential acceleration of the wheel are different => no rolling Final velocity = 5.7 m/s

Out[57]=

In[50]:= Out[50]=

a = 4.055; v = 5.69561

!!!!!!!!!!!! 2as

Much easier method

Apply energy principle. Do not write rotational energy in the equations, just work against friction:
Clear@vD; SolveAm g h
Out[62]=

In[61]:=

1 m v2 + m g Cos@D s, vE 2

88v 5.69591 <, 8v 5.69591 <<

Final velocity = 5.7 m/s (as before)

Conclusions
The rotational energy Erot = I w2 is equal to the work done by friction. In case of pure rolling, Erot is useful concept to write into the equations In case of gliding and rolling, you should write only W =Fm*s

Problem
A bowler sends a ball with initial speed of 3.0 m/s. The bowl does not rotate in the beginning, but it starts to rotate quite soon because of the gliding friction. At what distance from the start the bowl starts to roll purely (without gliding)? The coefficient of gliding friction is 0.2

This problem is a challenge. Solving it shows excellent knowledge of mechanics. Test yourself !
Answer: Pure rolling starts after 0.29 sec time and 79 cm distance