1- Introduction

A subfield of linguistics developed in the late 1970, pragmatics studies how people comprehend and produce a communicative act or speech act in a concrete speech situation which is usually a conversion. A speech act is an act that a speaker performs. We have been considering the ways in which we interpret the meaning of an utterance in terms of what the speaker indented to convey. peech act is used to describe actions such as !re"uesting# !commanding# !"uestioning# or !informing#. A speech act can be defined as the actions performed by a speaker with an utterance. We perform speech acts when we offer an apology, re"uest, complaint, irritation, compliment or refusal. A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication while e$pressing themselves people do not only produce utterance containing grammatical structure and words on the contrary, they perform actions via those utterance. %his study deals with speech acts as a basic concept of pragmatics speech acts can be distinguished on the basis of structure direct and indirect speech. %hen the three levels of speech acts& locutionary. 'llocutionary and perlocunationary and earle#s typology of speech acts& Assertive, directives, commissives, e$pressive and declarations.

2- Pragmatics
(ragmatics is the study of how utterances relate to the conte$t they are spoken in the rules or practices regarding how language is used in particular social situation to convey particular social information such as the relative status or power of the speakers. )(ragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of language ' social interrelation and the effects of our choice on others*. +,avid -rystal. )(ragmatics is all about the meaning between the lashes and the grammars and the phonology meaning are implied and the rules being followed are unspoken, unwritten ones*. +/eorge 0eith. (ragmatics is a systematic way of e$plaining language use in conte$t. 't seeks to e$plain aspects of meaning which cannot be found in the plain sense of words or structures as e$plained by semantics.

3- Speech acts as a basic concept of pragmatic

peech acts are a staple of everyday communication life. 'n very general terms, we can usually recogni1e the type of action performed by a speaker with the utterance. We use the term speech act to describe actions such as re"uesting, commanding, "uestioning or informing. peech acts can be distinguished on the basis of structures23 3.1. Direct and Indirect Speech Acts 'n the course of performing speech acts we ordinarily communicate with each other. %he content of communication may be identified with the content indented to be communicated as when a stranger asks, )What is your name4* 3.1.1 Direct Speech Acts %hree basic types of direct speech acts correspond to special synta$ which occurs in most of the world#s language like 5nglish and 6rench. ,irect speech acts are those which are e$pressed by the constructions specifically designed for them. 6or e$ample, an interrogative construction is meant to ask a "uestion similarly a declarative structure is designed to make a statement. 'n addition an imperative construction is reserved for giving orders.

Examples:1. You ate the apple. (Declarative/Statement). 2. Did ou ate the apple! ("nterro#ative/$uestion). %. Eat the apple (please)& ("mperative/'ommand). 3.1.2 Indirect Speech Acts

An 'ndirect speech act is an utterance in which one says something an means something else much depend upon the listener to derive the correct indirect or implied meaning of these sets. When we make use of somebody#s words or thoughts part of our own sentence using con7unctions +5./. that. and changing pronounce, tenses and other words where necessary.

Examples:1. 'an ou open (indo(! 2. )ould ou mind openin# the (indo(! %. " (ould pre*er the (indo( open. +. "t is hot in here.

3.2. The three levels of speech acts

%here are various types of speech acts given by the linguistic and philosophers like 8.9.Austin and 8.:. earle. %hree dimensions of the actions produced by an utterance23 locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary.

3.2.1. ocutionar! Act

%he locutionary act can be viewed as a mere uttering of some words in certain language. A locutionary act, the performance of an utterance the actual utterance and its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetics, plastic, rhetic acts corresponding to the verbal syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful utterance.

't is the act of uttering certain noises, sounds and words in a certain order with a certain sense and reference. 't is in the production of sounds in a coherent manner. 't can be called a particular way of saying something in words.

'n fact utterances have two kinds of meanings propositional and illocutionary meanings. %he first one i.e. the propositional meaning is called locutionary meaning. 't is the basic literal meaning of the utterance which is conveyed by particular words and structure. 'n short a locutionary act is the act of )(erforming an act of saying something*.

 Example:%he e$pression )"t is cold* is a locutionary act of the hearer understand the words )'t;, ;is; and cold*.

3.2.2. Illocutionar! Act

An illocutionary act communicates the speaker intentions behind the location. 't conveys a re"uest from the part. 'llusionary acts are considered the core of the theory of speech acts, an illocutionary act is the actions performed by the speaker in producing a given utterance. %he illocutionary is closely connected with speaker#s intentions e.g stating, "uestioning, promising, re"uesting, giving commands. %hreatening and many others. As claims the illocutionary act is thus performed via the

communicative force of an utterance which is also generally known as illocutionary force of the utterance. <asically the illocutionary act indicated how the whole utterance is to be taken in the conversion. 't is the act performed in saying something i.e. the force of an utterance. 'n other words it is an act which is performed as a result of the speaker making an utterance. 6or e$ample, the same e$ample of locutionary )'t is cold*, but here the sentence means something else, itcan be taken as a re"uest to close the door.

3.2.3. Perlocutionar! Act

(erlocutionary act is performing an act by saying something. 'n this act we look at the particular effect that the speaker#s utterance has on the listener, who may feel amused, persuaded, warned, frightened etc as a conse"uence. 't is important to note that the elocutionary force of an utterance and its perlocutionary effect may not coincide. 'f warn you against a particular course of action, you may or may not need to my warning. A perlocutionary act means the results or effects which are produced by means of saying something. 6or e$ample the same sentence of the previous types or levels of acts which is )'t is cold* the reaction would be* closing the door* %he locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts are in facts three basic components with the help of which a speech act is formed. peech briefly defined them like this23 ,ocutionar act: - -er*ormin# an act o* sa in# somethin#. "llocutionar act: - -er*ormin# an act in sa in# somethin#. -erlocutionar act: - -er*ormin# an act . sa in# somethin#.

3.3. Searle"s Topolog! of Speech Acts

Apart from the three levels of speech acts2 9ocutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary 8.:. earle classified speech acts into five types23 assertive, directive, commissives, 5$pressive and ,eclarative.

3.3.1. Assertive
=ere the speaker asserts a proposition to be true using such verbs as 2 affirm, believe, conclude, deny and report. %he speaker conveys his belief about the truth of a proposition. %hese speech acts commit the speaker to the truth of the e$pressed proposition e$ample stating, suggesting, complaining, reporting, claiming and boasting.

#$amples% 1. )ater .oils at 1//0. 2. "t is a nice da toda . %. 1(o persons have .een 2illed in the accident.

3.3.2. Directives
=ere the speaker tries to make the hearer do something with such words2 ask, beg, challenge, command, dare, invite, insist and re"uest. 'n this type of speech acts as the name suggest these speech acts embody an effort of the speaker to get the hearer to do something or direct him towards the foal. %he speech acts comprise the category of the illocution in which negative politeness is important.

Examples:1- Don3t tal2 loudl . 2- )ould ou mind pass me the salt! %- 4ive me a cup o* tea.

3.3.3. &ommissives
=ere the speaker commits himself or herself to a future course of actions with verbs such as2 guarantee, pledge, and promise, swear, wow, understand and warrant.

Examples: 1. " shall .e there at six o5cloc2. 2. )e shall not pla a#ain. %. " am #oin# to #et *ull mar2s next exam.

3.3.'. #$pressive
%he speaker e$presses an attitude to or about a state of affairs using such verbs as2 apologi1e, appreciate, congratulate, deplore, detects, regret, thanks and welcome the speaker e$press his feeling and emotions.

Example: 1. " am so sorr . 2. 6er *ood m son. %. 1han2 ou ver much m .rother.

3.3.(. Declaration
%he speaker alters the e$ternal status or condition of an ob7ect ot situation solely by making the utterance. %hese are the speech acts which effects immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs.

Examples: 1. " no( pronounce ou man and (i*e. 2. " sentence ou to .e dead. %. " name this ship 7happ ship8.

'. &onclusion
We perform speech acts when we offer an apology, greeting, re"uesting, complaint, invitation, complaint or refusal. A speech acts is an utterance that serves a function in communication. (ragmatic is a systematic way of e$plaining language use in conte$t. 't seeks to e$plain aspects of meaning which cannot be found in the plain sense of words or structures. peech act broadly e$plains these utterances as having three parts or aspects locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary. %hus we can say that speech acts as a basic concept of pragmatic is a vary important aspect in language as it helps to understand the intention of the speaker.

)I) I*+,AP-.

1. -utting, 8oan. >00?, -ra#matics and discourse, %aylor and 6rancis e3 9ibrary. >. wan, @ichael. >00?, -ractical En#lish 9sa#e, A$ford university (ress.

B. Cule, /eorge. >00D, 1he Stud o* ,an#ua#e, -ambridge Eniversity (ress, Few ,elhi, 'ndia.
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http//www.Amazon.com http//www.gxnu.edu http//www.teatit.co.uk

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