B3001/UNIT 10/1 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS

Unit 10
SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATION

Objectives

General Objective

To solve non linear equations.

Specific Objective

Upon completion of this module, you will be able to: 1. Solve non linear equationS using fixed point iteration. 2. solve non linear equationS using Newton-Raphson method

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B3001/UNIT 10/2 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS

INPUT

10.0

INTRODUCTION In this module we consider one of the most basic problems of numerical

approximation, the root finding problem, It involves finding the root x of an equation of the form f(x) = 0, for a given function f. We will solve non linear equations using the Fixed Point Iteration and Newton-Raphson method. Sometimes the equations given to us are in a form of polynomials.

10.1

FIXED POINT ITERATION A fixed point for a given function g is the number p for which g(p) = p. In thus

section we will consider the problem of finding solutions to fixed-point problems and the connection between these problems and the root-finding problems we wish to solve. Root finding problems and fixed-point problems are equivalent classes. Given a root finding problem f(p) = 0 we can define a function g with a fixed point at p in a number of ways. i.e.. g(x) = x - f(x) or as g(x) = x + 3 f(x). Our first task is to become comfortable with this new type of problem and to decide when a function has fixed points and how the fixed points can be determined.

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B3001/UNIT 10/3 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS

Let have a polynomial f(x). We rewrite in the form of x = p(x) to find approximate iteration that focus to a root (solution) Iteration steps: 1. Find an approximate root. Put this value to the right to find new root, x1 = p(xo). 2. This new approximation solution is substitute to the right to find another approximate root x2 = p(x1). 3. This process is repeatedly as to find the most appropriate root Xn+1 = p(xn)..( 10.1 ) (10.1) is a fixed-point iteration. If xn+1 xn diminished when n increases. The root will converge to = p (),

Example 10.1: Find the root for 5xex = 1 . Give the root to the nearest 0.0001, using fixed point iteration method. Solution: Write the equation in the form of

e x p( x) 5

Let xo = 1, fixed point iteration will list the results as; x1 = 0.07357 x2 = 0.18581 x3 = 0.16608 x4 = 0.16939 x5 = 0.16883 x6 = 0.16892 After the sixth iteration we found that xn 1 xn 0.0001. 0.16892 0.16883 = 0.00009 < 0.0001

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B3001/UNIT 10/4 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS

The first three iteration shows that the points are approximately nearing the real root

Fig 10.1

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B3001/UNIT 10/5 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS

ACTIVITY 10.1 Use fixed point iteration, solve for the equation to the nearest 10-3. a. b. x sin x = 0 x2 + 5x 3 = 0

10.1

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B3001/UNIT 10/6 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS

FEEDBACK 10.1

10.1

a. b.

0.0 0.541

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B3001/UNIT 10/7 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS

INPUT

10.2 NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD The Newton-Raphson or simply Newtons method is one of the most powerful and well known numerical methods for solving a root-finding problem f(x) = 0. There are many ways of introducing Newtons method, we are going to start with a fixed point nearest to the root, and we have to draw a tangent from that fixed point to the function. That tangent cuts the x-axis at a second fixed point called x. We have to repeat the process until it is nearest to the exact root. (Refer to fig 10.2),

Rajah 10.2

Let the first point (x0,y0) to the function y0 = f(x0). The tangent equation will be y - f(x0) = f(x0) (x x0 ). If tangent cuts the x-axis at x1, then 0 - f(x0) = f(x0) (x1 x0 ) Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy
Refer Fig. 10.2 : When x = x1 ; y = 0, then equations can be find as 0 - f(x0) = f(x0) (x x0 )

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B3001/UNIT 10/8 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS

f ( x0 ) x1 x0 f ' ( x0 )

Newton-Raphson Method

Then
x1 x0 f ( x0 ) f ' ( x0 )

.(10.2)

From fig.7.2, we find that is the real root, then x1 is between and x0. In this context x1 is approximately a better root than x0. This process repeats itself when x1 substitute x0 to give a root x2, this new root is between and x1. These processes will be repeated until too approximate roots having the same degree of wanted place value.

Example 10.2: Solve the following equation 3x3 + 2x 4 = 0 Correct to the third decimal place.. Solution: Rewrite the equation y = 3x3 = 4 - 2x Given the the functions of y = 3x3 and y = 4 2x (Fig. 9.3), we will have to draw two graphs. The point of intersection.is the root (solution).

Construct a table, for a few values of f(x). For x = 1, f(x) = 3x3 + 2x 4 f(1) = 3(1) + 2(1) 4 =1

x f(x)

0 -4

1 1

The solution or the root is between x = 0 and x = 1.

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B3001/UNIT 10/9 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS

Rajah 10.3

We first choose initial approximations x0 through method of False Position as below:

1 0 4 x0 1 4 1 1

= 0.8

Using false position formulae : x1 y1 1 x0 y2 y1 x2 y2

This value xo is substituted using Newton-Raphson method (10.2) f(x0) = f(0.8) = 3(0.8)3 + 2(0.8) 4 = -0.864 f(x) = 9x2 + 2 f(x0) = f(0.8) = 9(0.8)2 + 2 = 7.76 Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy Page 9

B3001/UNIT 10/10 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS Using (10.1) , we will find
x1 0.8 0.864 7.76

= 0.91134 Successive of approximations are 3(0.91134)3 + 2(0.91134) 4 = 0.09339 9(0.91134)2 + 2 = 9.4748

x2 0.91134

0.09339 9.4748

= 0.90148 and

x3 0.90148
= 0.90139

0.000767 9.3140

When x2 and x3 are rounded to the third decimal place both x2 and x3 is the same number. When this is true thats mean the root of the equation is x = 0.901 (correct to third decimal place). In other words, the iteration stops when
x3 x2 0.0001.

Example 10.3: Calculate estimation of a positive root correct to the third decimal place for the following equation. Kos x x2 = 0 Solution : f(x) = kos x x2 x f(x) 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.6275 1.0 -0.4597

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B3001/UNIT 10/11 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS Using False Position method,.
x0 0.5 0.4597 1 0.627 0.4597 1.0 0.6275

0.7735 1.0872

= 0.7114 the root is in between 0.5 dan 1 Using Newton-Raphson iteration, f(0.7114) = kos (0.7114) 0.71142 = 0.2513 f(x) = -sin x 2x f(0.7114) = -sin (0.7114) 2(0.7114) = -2.0757 The next approximation is
x1 0.7114 0.2513 2.0757

= 0.8325

f(0.5903) = -0.0200 f(0.5903) = -2.4046

x2 0.8325 0.0200 2.4046

= 0.8242

f(0.8242) = -0.00016 f(0.8242) = -2.3824

x3 0.8242

0.00016 2.3824

= 0.8241 Therefore, the real root correct to three decimal place is 0.824. Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy Page 11

B3001/UNIT 10/12 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS

ACTIVITY 10.2 10.1 Use Newton-Raphson method to find solutions accurate to within 10-3 for 3 kos x 5x + 4 = 0 x2 2x 3 + ex = 0 sin x x2 + 3 = 0

the following problems. a. b. c.

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B3001/UNIT 10/13 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS

FEEDBACK 10.2 1 a. b. c. 1.0818 1.3544 1.4183

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B3001/UNIT 10/14 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS

SELF ASSESSMENT
10.1 The equation x3 + 2x2 5x 1 = 0 has a approximation solution x = 1.4. Use Newton-Raphson method to find solution accurate to three decimal place. The equation 2x3 7x2 x + 12 = 0 has a approximation solution x = 1.5. Use Newton-Raphson method to find solution accurate to three decimal place Use Newton-Raphsons method to approximate, within 10-4, the value of x that produces the point on the graph of ex + x 2 = 0

10.2

10.3

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B3001/UNIT 10/15 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS

FEEDBACK 10.1 x xn f(xn) f(xn)

xn 1 f ( xn ) f ' ( xn )

1.4

-1.336

6.48

1.606

1.61

0.3075

9.2163

1.5766

1.577

0.01075

8.7688

1.5758

1.5758

0.00023

8.7526

1.57577

The solution correct to 10-3 is x = 1.576.

10.2 x xn 1.5 f(xn) 1.5 f(xn) -8.5

xn 1 f ( xn ) f ' ( xn )

1.676

1.676

0.0769

-7.610

1.6861

1.6861

0.000307

-7.5478

1.68614

The solution correct to 10-4 is x = 1.686.

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B3001/UNIT 10/16 SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS 10.3

xn

f(xn)

f(xn)

xn 1

f ( xn ) f ' ( xn )

0.4

-0.108

2.49

0.4434

0.443

0.000372

2.557

0.44286

0.4429

0.000117

2.5572

0.44285

The solution correct to 10-4 is x = 0.4429.

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