Abstract

Beams are the most common type of structural component, particularly in Civil and Mechanical Engineering. A beam is a bar-like structural member whose primary function is to support transverse loading and carry it to the supports. As application, beams are widely found in construction, notably in cantilever bridges and balconies. In cantilever bridges the cantilevers are usually built as pairs, with each cantilever used to support one end of a central section.If a beam is supported at two points, and a load is applied anywhere on the beam, the resulting deformation can be mathematically estimated. Due to improper experimental setup, the actual results experienced varied substantially when compared against the theoretical values. The following procedure explains how the theoretical and actual values were determined, as well as suggestions for improving upon the experiment. The percent error remained relatively small, around 10%, for locations close to supports. As much as 30% error was experienced when analyzing positions closer to the center of the beam.

Objective
1) Determine the elastic modulus (E) of the beam specimen by method of deflection of Mild Steel, Aluminum and Brass. 2) Validate the data between experimental and theorical values.

Table of Contents
No Content Page

1.

List of Figure

2.

List of Table

3.

Introduction & Background

4.

Theory

6-7

5.

Equipment and Procedure

8 - 10

6.

Result

11 - 13

6.

Individual

14

7.

Ahmad Azim B. Awiskarni

14 - 22

8.

Mohamad Azren B. Abu Hanifah

23 - 31

9.

Mohamad Azam Shah B. Aziz Shah

32 - 38

10.

Appendix and Raw Data

39

List of Figure
No of Figure Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Name of Figure The reading setting Graph W vs Y Mild Steel, Aluminum, Brass Beam Dial Gauge Varnier Caliper Load Steel Ruler Graph Load vs Deflection of Mild Steel Graph Load vs Deflection of Aluminum Graph Load vs Deflection of Brass Page 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 12 12 13

List of Table
No Table Name of Table Page

Table 1

Table of Result

11

Table 2

Specimen Dimension

11

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

General Background If a beam is supported at two points, and a load is applied anywhere on the beam, deformation will occur. When these loads are applied either longitudinally outside or inside of the supports, this elastic bending can be mathematically predicted based on material properties and geometry.

Determination of Curvature Curvature at any point on the beam is calculated from the moment of loading (M), the stiffness of the material (E), and the first moment of inertia (I.) The following expression defines the curvature in these parameters as 1/, where is the radius of curvature.

THEORY

Figure 1: the reading setting

In engineering mechanics, deflection is a term that is used to describe the degree to which a structural element is displaced under a load. The deflection of a member under a load is directly related to the slope of the deflected shape of the member under that load and can calculated by integrating the function that mathematically describes the slope of the member under that load. Deflection can be calculated by standard formula will only give the deflection of common beam configurations and load cases at discrete locations or by methods such as "virtual work", "direct integration", "Castigliano method", "Macaulays method" or the "matrix stiffness " amongst others. The radius of curvature for this arc is defined as the distance R, which is measured from the center of curvature, 0 to dx. The strain in arc ds, located at position y from the position neutral axis is = (ds ds)/ds. However, ds= dx= R d and = [ (p-y) d - R d]/ R d or 1/R = - /y

Based on Hookes Law: = /E and Flexture formula applied: = - My/I Thus,

E/R = M/I

Is known that, R2 = (R- y) 2 + (L/2)2 R2 = R2- 2Ry + y2 +L2/4 Therefore, 2Ry = L2/4 R = L2/8y

We know, M = W(x) I = bh3/12

Thus,

8Ey/L2 = W(x)/I

Figure 2 : Graph W vs. y

EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURE

APPARATUS:

1. Mild Steel Beam, Aluminum Beam, Brass Beam ( Figure 3 )

2. Dial Gauge ( Figure 4 )

3. Vernier caliper. ( Figure 5 )

4. Load ( Figure 6 )

5. Steel Ruler ( Figure 7 )

Experimental Procedures
1. The apparatus is set up as shown in Figure 3.1.1above. 2. All the dimension of the beam are measured and recorded. 3. The dial gauge is set to zero. 4. 2 N loads are applied to the beam by attaching it on the both load holder. 5. The reading of the dial gauge is recorded. 6. The load is increased by 2N and the reading on the dial gauges is recorded at every increment. 7. Step 6 is repeated to get at least four reading 8. Step 1 to 7 is repeated using aluminum beam and brass beam.

10

RESULT
Beam max, deflection (mm) Load (w), N Mild steel 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 0.025 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.27 1.52 1.79 2.05 Aluminum 0 0.024 0.22 0.38 0.54 0.70 0.86 1.03 1.20 Brass 0 0.24 0.50 0.72 0.97 1.21 1.45 1.70 1.94

Table 1

Mild Steel Height ( m ) Base ( m ) Lenght ( m ) X(m) 0.004 0.02 1 0.15

Aluminium 0.006 0.02 1 0.15

Brass 0.0060 0.02 1 0.15

Table 2

11

Graph Load beam vs Beam max deflection for Mild steel

20
Load,W (N) 15 10

5
0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Deflection,y (mm) Figure 8 1.6 1.8 2 2.2

Graph Load beam vs Beam max deflection for Aluminum

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Load,W (N)

0.2

0.4

0.6 0.8 1 Deflection,y (mm)

Figure 9

1.2

1.4

1.6

12

Graph Load beam vs Beam max deflection for Brass

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Deflection,y (mm) Figure 10 1.6 1.8 2 2.2

Load,W (N)

13