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(ACI 360R360R-06)
T. Bart Quimby, P.E., Ph.D. UAA Professor of Civil Engineering 22 July 2010
ACI 360R360R-06 1.1: A slab, supported by ground, whose main purpose is to support the applied loads by bearing on the ground. This does not include footings or mat foundations which should be designed using ACI 318.
Introduction
Slabs on grade are similar to PAVEMENTS and not generally structural elements
Pavements pass loads through compression to the supporting soil As long as the soils deformations are low, there is negligible bending in the slab
Slab Types
(ACI 360R360R-05 2) Unreinforced slabs
Also know as Plain Slabs
Slabs reinforced to prevent cracking due to shrinkage and temperature restraint and applied loads
Shrinkage compensating concrete PostPost -tensioning
Structural Slabs
Use ACI 318
Simplified Mechanics
Apply load to top of slab
Types of Cracks
Structural
Structural cracks are the result of subgrade settlement and/or stiffness discontinuity Often occur when a slab is over loaded
Shrinkage
Since the slab is stiffer than the soil the load is distributed over a larger area of soil A thicker slab is stiffer and distributes the load over a larger area of soil
The thicker the slab the lower the induced bending stresses and thus less structural cracking
Shrinkage cracks occur soon after a floor slab DRIES and will not increase in length, width or number after the drying process is completed.
Structural Cracks
It is necessary to determine the stiffness of the subgrade and the magnitude of the expected loads so that the proper slab thickness can be determined
Corp. of Engineers
(ACI 360R360R-06 6.2.3)
ACI 360R-06 6.2 also gives some equations for loads at corners and edges
PCI Method
(Concrete Floors on Ground, 2008)
Good for INTERIOR loadings only A series of charts for various loading conditions (wheels, racks, posts, etc) Example of slab thickness determination for a wheeled vehicle:
Data for lift truck
Axle load = 25 k Wheel spacing = 37 in Number of wheels = 2 Tire inflation pressure = 110 psi
Slab Stiffness
This is normally taken as function of the concrete tensile strength
Soil Stiffness
Use coarser ground cement Use the largest sized aggregate permitted by design Use shrinkage compensating concrete
Curling
Differential shrinkage due to drying can result in curling of the slab edges, resulting in an induced moment in the slab. When the moment equals the cracking moment a crack forms, redistributing the stress
Sources of Restraint
Friction between the slab and the ground
As the slab shrinks, the friction resists the motion, causing tension in the slab
Bearing on other features (walls, foundation, drain pipes, columns, etc) Attachment to other features
Friction Restraint
Tensile Capacity
Shrinkage Cracks
Tensile Capacity
Restraint by Features
Cracks from Structural Restraint
Locating Cracks
Control and construction joints are places of intentional weakness. They are placed close enough together to keep tensile stresses in the slab below the tensile rupture strength of the concrete
Control Joints
The purpose of these joints is to predetermine the location of cracks for esthetic and performance purposes. ACI 302.1R, pg 6 Unless the design provides for the specific supplemental reinforcing across the joint, the resulting induced crack may offer no structural advantage over a randomly occuring shrinkage crack. ACI 302.1R, pg 6
Construction Joints
These joints are placed in a slab where the concreting operations are concluded for the day, generally in conformity with a predetermined joint layout. If at any time concreting is interrupted long enough for the placed concrete to harden, a construction joint should be used. ACI
302.1R pg 6
Construction Joints
Particular Example
Joint Spacing
Unreinforced Slabs
30 times each inch of slab thickness (ACI 360R360R -06 4.8). Smaller aggregate size, higher water contents, and local experience may dictate use of closer joints
Drag Equation
Friction = W L = As f s = Strengthallowable 2 2A f L= s s W
Reinforced Slabs
Use a subgrade drag equation to compute joint spacing
Where:
L = distance between joints, ft As = Area of steel per foot width of slab, in2/ftw fs = Allowable steel stress (20,000 psi or 24,000 psi) W = Dead weight of slab, psf = Friction factor (1 to 2.5)
Reinforcing Steel
Smaller bar sizes are better choices than large diameters This steel should be positioned oneone-fourth the slab thickness below the top surface up to 2.0 in maximum. ACI 302.1R, pg 5 Minimum cover of the steel is controlled by ACI 318 7.7.
Top cover inch clear cover for slabs protected from the weather, 1.1/2 for #5 or smaller bars and 2 for larger bars exposed to weather 3 clear between bars and the ground.
Is Reinforcement Needed?
Calculation Continued
From drag equation:
Reqd As = 0.0781 in2/ftw
Cracking Examples
Decision: Use #3 bars 15 O.C. each way. Place with a clear cover of 1 below top of slab.