SCU ELEN286/MECH286 Fall 2013 Homework 2

True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. For any object rotating around a shaft, the (linear) speed of points at different distances from the shaft is always the same.

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2. For a wind turbine to always harness the maximum possible power from wind, it must operate at an angular speed that is adjustable based on the wind speed. 3. A gearbox in machinery serves to match the speeds of the driving member and the driven member. 4. For two gears to work together, the size of the teeth must be the same. 5. In mounting a gearbox, alignment with the rotating shaft , in both the input side and the output side, is not absolutely necessary. 6. The terms pressure and stress can be used in place of each other. 7. One function that should be expected from a wind turbine is that it adjusts itself to the wind. 8. Control of wind turbines covers monitoring and executing the required action for all the components in the turbine as a whole system. 9. Future wind turbines can be equipped with measuring devices that can predict changes in the wind speed before it reaches a wind turbine.

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____ 10. The recommended mode to work on a turbine is when it is not braked. ____ 11. The power capacity of a turbine has a direct relationship with its size. ____ 12. Some rotors are designed such that the cone angle is not initially zero and leans toward the front of the turbine; thus, when aerodynamic forces bend the blade back, this angle becomes larger. ____ 13. No matter whether or not the turbine is working, it is subject to various loads. ____ 14. For any mechanical component, a constant (or nearly constant) force is worse than a force whose magnitude, direction, or both vary.

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Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 15. A wind turbine consists of the rotor, which catches the energy from wind and concentrates it on the shaft , and the ____, which receives the mechanical energy from the shaft and converts it to electrical energy. a. controller c. generator b. transformer d. commutator ____ 16. ___ power is power defined in terms of mechanical terms, such as force, speed, torque, and the like. a. Mechanical c. Dynamic b. Turbine d. Physical ____ 17. When the characteristic curve for a specific device is a straight line, we may say that the relationship between the two variables is ____. a. equal c. fluctuating b. constant d. linear ____ 18. A turbine rotor can harness power between 0% and a maximum value, which cannot exceed ____. a. 25% c. 59% b. 33% d. 76% ____ 19. The ratio of the output energy to the input energy is called ____. a. the Betz limit c. b. power d. current efficiency

____ 20. In order to grasp the highest power from wind, a turbine must operate with a rotational speed such that the ____ is maximum (or near maximum). a. blade angle c. generator output b. power coefficient d. angular speed ____ 21. When the wind speed increases and power in the wind goes beyond the limit for a turbine , we need to reduce the amount of ____. This is done by adjusting the pitch angles of the blades. a. power capture c. blade speed b. the tip speed ratio d. generator activity ____ 22. Wind speed and turbine angular speed determine the tip speed ratio, since the ____ is fixed. a. rotor size c. average wind speed b. power coefficient d. characteristic curve ____ 23. A gear in the form of a ring with its teeth on the inside rather than outside is called a(n) ____ gear. a. driven c. internal b. driving d. pinion ____ 24. A(n) ____ gear is a gear standing between two main gears whose role is to change direction of rotation as well as filling the gap. a. internal c. driven b. driving d. idler

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____ 25. A type of gear in which the teeth are angled with respect to the shaft axis in order to reduce the backlash is called a ____ gear. a. worm c. spur b. bevel d. helical ____ 26. The innermost gear in a planetary gear around which the planet gears rotate is called the ____ gear. a. sun c. inner b. central d. core ____ 27. The free motion between two meshing gears due to noncontact free space between their teeth is called ____. a. chatter c. backlash b. spurring d. clanking ____ 28. When a gear is undergoing repeated alternative tension and compression stress, the result is ____. a. erosion c. poor torque b. exhaustion d. fatigue ____ 29. ____ is the transfer of metal particles by tearing from a tooth and adhering to another tooth by welding (due to heat and pressure). a. Abrasion c. Thermal welding b. Scuffing d. Grinding ____ 30. In todays large turbine, it is the ____ system that actively turns a turbine in the wind. a. yaw c. directional b. rotor d. orientation ____ 31. A correct measurement of the wind speed can be performed by a(n) ____ installed on a met tower far enough from and in front of the turbine. a. aerodynamic tunnel c. anemometer b. wind sock d. thermometer ____ 32. The ____ in a wind turbine must work based on continuous measurement of wind speed, voltage, current, frequency, and power factor. a. computer c. gearbox b. generator d. controller ____ 33. The capability of turning a turbine blade about its axis with respect to the hub, thus changing the blade pitch angle, is called ____ control. a. angularity c. axial rotation b. blade pitch d. hub adjustment ____ 34. The effect of a decrease in the lift force with an increase in the angle of attack in airplane wings and wind turbine blades is known as ____. a. stall c. pitch b. drag d. harmonics

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____ 35. The wind turbine ____ is a curve specific to a wind turbine that determines the output power versus the wind speed. This curve is used by the wind turbine controller during operation to adjust the blade pitch. a. output speed curve c. power curve b. controller curve d. angle of attack curve ____ 36. An example of an important mechanical fault would be excessive ____ in various parts of the turbine; this can be in any of the main bearings, in the nacelle, in the tower, and in the gearbox. a. stall c. curvature b. vibration d. fluid ____ 37. One of the major faults that can happen in a wind turbine and can lead to disastrous results is when a turbine speed increases beyond the allowed limit. This is called ____. a. steep angularity c. excessive spin b. racing d. overspeed ____ 38. A ____ is a set of electrical resistors that come into operation only when a generator is disconnected from a grid and its load has vanished. a. resistor bank c. generator battery b. crowbar d. standby load ____ 39. ____ can happen if the electric load is suddenly taken off the turbine. a. Pitch angle alteration c. b. Formation of ice d. Shutdown maneuvers Rotor overspeed

____ 40. The various loads on a blade are mainly the aerodynamic force, the weight, and the ____ forces when a turbine is running at a constant speed. a. internal c. centrifugal b. accelerating d. inertial ____ 41. The frequency (or frequencies in a more complex system) inherent to any flexible object, part of a machine, or structure that can vibrate in any way is called its ____ frequency. a. inherent c. native b. natural d. vibrational ____ 42. ____ is a term used for the stress effect of cyclic loads on a mechanical component. a. Fatigue c. Failure b. Flutter d. Vibration ____ 43. A bedplate is a main structure in a ____ where all the components are mounted or attached. a. gearbox c. flywheel b. rotor d. nacelle

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Additional Problems: 1. A local generator supplies electricity to four consumers. These ac loads have the following characteristics: Load 1: 20 A with a +25o phase angle Load 2: 28 A with a 0o phase angle Load 3: 31 A with a -35o phase angle Load 4: 40 A with a -52o phase angle a. Determine the active, reactive, and apparent power assuming a 240V system.

b. What is the total current and phase angle?

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2. You are making a $5M investment in a project. It takes one year to complete and then does not generate revenue for another two years. For the next 12 years it generates $1M per year in revenue. The interest rate is 7.5% and is compounded annually. Is this a profitable investment.

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