Application of EN 1994-2 to a steel-concrete composite twin girder bridge French Practice

Laurence DAVAINE
Stockholm, 17 March 2011
French Railways Structural Division of the Bridge Engineering Department (Paris)
6, avenue Franois Mitterrand F - 93 574 La Plaine Saint Denis Cedex

Contents Using a worked numerical example of a twin-girder composite bridge : 1. Global analysis 2. ULS verifications 3. Connection at the steelconcrete interface 4. Fatigue 5. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in compression

References

More information about the numerical design example by downloading the PDF guidance book : Eurocodes 3 and 4 Application to steel-concrete composite road bridges on the Stra website :
http://www.setra.equipement.gouv.fr/In-English.html

NOTA: See also the reports from RFCS project (ComBri, COMpetitive BRIdge )
3

Composite twin-girder road bridge

C0 60 m P1 80 m P2 60 m C3

2.5 m

7m

2.5 m 34 cm

b fs = 1000mm
IPE 600 2.8 m

Note:

b fi = 1200mm

IPE600 every 7.5m in side spans and every 8.0m in central span 4

Structural steel distribution

Note : Bridge dimensions verified according to Eurocodes (crosssection resistance at ULS, SLS stresses and fatigue)
bfs = 1000 mm

h = 2800 mm

bfi = 1200 mm
Longitudinal structural steel distribution of each main girder

18

26

18

26

18

40 mm 35 m

55 5

80 10

120 18

80 8

55 10

40 28

55 10

80 8

120 18

80 10

55 5

40 35

C0

60 m

P1

80 m

P2

60 m

C3
5

Used materials
Structural steel (EN1993 + EN10025) : S355 N for t 80 mm (or S355 K2 for t 30 mm) S355 NL for 80 < t 150 mm
Yield strength fy (MPa) S 355 N S 355 NL thickness t (mm) t 16 355 16 < t 40 345 40 < t 63 335 63 < t 80 325 315 295 80 < t 100 100 < t 150

Note : the requirements of EN 1993-1-10 (brittle fracture and through-thickness properties) should also be fulfilled.

Cross bracing and stiffeners : S355 Shear connectors : headed studs with fu = 450 MPa Reinforcement : high bond bars with fsk = 500 Mpa Concrete C35/45 defined in EN1992 : fck,cyl (at 28 days) = 35 MPa fck,cube (at 28 days) = 45 MPa fctm = -3.2 MPa
6

Creep - Modular ratios for bridges n L = n 0 . (1 + L t )

n0 = Ea E cm
for short term loading (L = 0) creep function defined in EN1992-1-1 with :

t = ( t t 0 )

t = concrete age at the considered instant t0 = mean value of the concrete age when a long-term loading is applied (for instance, permanent loads) t0 = 1 day for shrinkage action

correction factor for taking account of the type of loading

Permanent loads Shrinkage Pre-stress by imposed deformations (for instance, jacking on supports)

1.1 0.55 1.5

Construction phasing
1. Concreting order of the 12.5-m-long slab segments
3 x 12.5 m
A

4 x 12.5 m
B

16

15

14
D

13

12

11

10
C

3 x 12.5 m

6 x 12.5 m

2.

Construction timing
End of slab concreting Non-structural equipments (pavement, safety barriers,) put in place Time (in days) t = 110

Steel structure put in place

1st

...

...

...

16th

Pre-stressing t = 80

t=0

16 concreting phases in a selected order assuming : 3 working days per segment only 1 mobile formwork (2 kN/m)

t = 66

assembling bridge equipments

Note : 14 days are required in EN1994-2 before introducing pre-stressing by imposed deformations.

Age of concrete
1st 16th

...
t=0
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 16 3 8 66 5 63

...
t = 66 t = 80 t = 110

Time (in days)

Mean value of the ages of concrete segments :

t0 =

66 + 63 + ... + 3 = 35.25 days 16 phases

+ 14 days

+ 30 days

used for all concreting phases (simplification of EN1994-2).

t 0 = 49.25 days

t 0 = 79.25 days

1 = ( t = , t 0 ) nL ,1 = n0 (1 + 1.1.1 )

2 = ( , t 0 ) nL ,2 = n0 (1 + 1.5.2 )

3 = ( , t 0 ) nL ,3 = n0 (1 + 1.1.3 )

Note : t0 = 1 day when shrinkage is applied to a concrete segment.

4 = ( , t 0 )

nL ,4 = n0 (1 + 0.55.4 )

Creep function and modular ratio values

EN1992-1-1, Annex B :
t t0 ( t, t 0 ) = 0 .c ( t t 0 ) = 0 . + t t 0 H
0.3

0 t +

RH 1 16.8 1 100 0 = RH . ( fcm ) . ( t 0 ) = 1 + .1 . 2 . . 0.2 3 h 0. 1 t + 0.10. f 0 0 cm

RH = 80 % (relative humidity) h0 = notional size of the concrete slab = 2Ac/u where u is the part of the slab perimeter which is directly in contact with the atmosphere. C35/45 : as fcm = 35+8 > 35 MPa, 1 = (35/fcm)0.7, 2 = (35/fcm)0.2 Short term loading
Ea = 6.16 E cm

Long term loading Concrete self-weight nL,1 = 15.49 Shrinkage Pre-stressing Bridge equipments nL,4 = 15.23 nL,2 = 18.09 nL,3 = 14.15
10

n0 =

Shear lag in the concrete slab

Equivalent spans Le :

C0 60 m

P1 80 m

P2 60 m

C3

in span on support

0.85x60 = 51m

0.7x80 = 56m

0.85x60 = 51m

0.25 x (60+80) = 35m

0.25 x (60+80) = 35m

beff = b0 + 1 .be1 + 2 .be2 where: bei = min e ;bi 8

i = 1.0 except at both end supports where:
i = 0.55 + 0.025 Le 1.0 bei
11

Shear lag in the concrete slab

beff be1 b0=0.6 m be2

b2
Le (m) Spans 1 and 3 Span 2 Internal supports P1 and P2 End supports C0 and C4 51 56 35 51

b1
be1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2

b1=3.5 m
be2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 1 / / / 0.948

b2=2.5 m
2 / / / 1.129 < 1.0 beff (m) 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.83 < 6.0

=> No reduction for shear lag in the global analysis => Reduction for shear lag in the section analysis : beff linearly varies from 5.83m at end supports to 6.0 m at a distance L1/4.
12

Applied loads on the road bridge example

Permanent loads
Gmax , Gmin Self weight: structural steel concrete (by segments in a selected order) non structural equipments (safety barriers, pavement,) S Shrinkage (drying, autogenous and thermal shrinkage strains) Creep (taken into account through modular ratios) P Possibly, pre-stressing by imposed deformations (for instance, jacking on internal supports)
EN1991 part 1-1

EN1992 part 1-1 EN1994 part 2

Variable loads
Tk UDL, TS FLM3 Thermal gradient Road traffic (for instance, load model LM1 with uniform design loads UDL and tandem systems TS) Fatigue load model (for instance, the equivalent lorry FLM3)
EN1991 part 1-5 EN1991 part 2 EN1991 part 2

13

Combinations of actions
For every permanent design situation, two limit states of the bridge should be considered : Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
Quasi permanent SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.5 Tk

Frequent SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL + 0.5 Tk Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.6 Tk

Characteristic SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + (TS+UDL) + 0.6 Tk Gmax + Gmin + S + P + Qlk + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL + 0.6 Tk Gmax + Gmin + S + P + Tk + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL

Ultime Limite State (ULS) other than fatigue

1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.35 (TS + UDL) + 1.5 (0.6 Tk) 1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.35 Qlk + 1.35 (0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL) + 1.5 (0.6 Tk) 1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.5 Tk + 1.35 (0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL)
14

 (MPa) : Stresses in the extreme fibre of the concrete slab, under Characteristic SLS combination when considering concrete resistance in every cross-section
8 6 4 2 0 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Un-cracked global analysis

x (m)

2.f ctm = 6.4 MPa

x = 49.7 m x = 72.5 m x = 121.6 m Cracked zone on P2 x = 150.6 m

L1 = 60 m

Cracked zone on P1

L2 = 80 m

L3 = 60 m

17 %.L1 EI1 EI2

15.6 %.L2 EI1

23 %.L2 EI2

17.7 %.L3 EI1

Note : Dissymmetry in the cracked lengths due to sequence of slab concreting. 15

Cracked global analysis: bending moments

80 60 50.16 37.06 56.07 41.33 50.84 37.59

Bending moment (MN.m)

40 20 0 0 -20 -40 -60 -80

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

-80.69 ELS caractristique Characteristic SLS Fundamental ULS ELU fondamental

-77.66

-100 -107.25 -120

-103.54

x (m)

16

Cracked global analysis: shear forces

10 8 6 7.47 5.54 4.38 3.24 1.09 0 0 -2 -3.09 -4 -6 -8 -10 -5.54 -7.46 -5.49 -7.41 -2.92 -3.26 -4.40 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 ELS caractristique Characteristic SLS ELU fondamental Fundamental ULS 7.39 5.49 3.09

Shear force (MN)

4 2

x (m)

17

Contents

1. Global analysis 2. ULS verifications 3. Connection at the steelconcrete interface 4. Fatigue 5. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in compression

18

Analysis of 2 different cross-sections

60 m

80 m

60 m

Section
M<0

Section
M>0

Concrete in tension Class 3 (elastic section analysis) MULS = -107.25 MN.m VULS = 7.47 MN

Concrete in compression Class 1 (plastic section analysis) MULS = +56.07 MN.m VULS = 1.04 MN

19

Cross-section A under bending

Stress diagram under bending
2.5 m 3.5 m

-171.2 MPa -149.2 MPa -275.8 MPa

1000 x 120 mm 1200 x 120 mm

2560 x 26 mm

261.3 MPa

Elastic section analysis :

434.8 MPa =

fsk re inf . S

295 MPa =

fy M0

steel,sup steel,inf fy M0 = 295 MPa

20

Cross-section A under shear force

P1 a = 8000 mm VEd = 7.47 MN hw = 2560 mm VEd = 6.00 MN tw = 26 mm First cross-bracing in central span

h k = 5.34 + 4 w = 5.75 a
hw 31 k tw
Shear buckling to be considered:

VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd + Vbf ,Rd

Contribution of the flange Vbf,Rd
Vbf ,Rd = 0.245 MN
can be neglected.

fywhw t w M1 3

Contribution of the web Vbw,Rd

cr = k E = 19.58 MPa
w =
w =

fyw cr 3

= 1.33 1.08

1.37 = 0.675 0.7 + w f Vbw,Rd = w yw hw t w = 8.14 MN M1 3

21

Cross-section A under M+V interaction

VEd 0.5 VRd

so the M+V interaction should be checked, and as the section is in Class 3, the following criterion should be applied (EN1993-1-5) :

2 M 23 1 1.0 1 + 1 f ,Rd Mpl,Rd

at a distance hw/2 from internal support P1.

Mf ,Rd = 117.3 MN.m

: design plastic resistance to bending of the effective composite section excluding the steel web (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.5(2)).

Mpl,Rd = 135.6 MN.m : design plastic resistance to bending of the effective composite section.

3 =
1 =

VEd = 0.89 Vbw,Rd

M MEd = 0.73 f ,Rd = 0.86 Mpl,Rd Mpl,Rd
As MEd < Mf,Rd, the flanges alone can be used to resist M whereas the steel web resists V. => No interaction !
22

Cross-section B (Class 1)
2.5 m 3.5 m

9.2 MPa p.n.a. 202.0 MPa +

0.85

fck C

fyf fyw M0 M0
-

1000 x 40 mm 2720 x 18 mm

-305.2 MPa

1200 x 40 mm

Plastic section analysis under bending :

2

MEd = 56.07 Mpl,Rd = 79.59 MN.m

h 31 h k , so the shear buckling has to be considered: k = 5.34 + 4 w = 5.80 and w t a w

VEd = 2.21 MN VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd + Vbf ,Rd Vbw,Rd = 4.44 MN

VEd 0.5 VRd

fywhw t w M1 3

= 10.64 MN

=> No M+V interaction !

23

Class 4 composite section with construction phases

Use of the final ULS stress distribution to look for the effective cross-section If web and flange are Class 4 elements, the flange gross area is first reduced. The corresponding first effective cross-section is used to re-calculate the stress distribution which is then used for reducing the web gross area.

Ma,Ed

Mc,Ed

MEd = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed

Recalculation of the stress distribution respecting the sequence of construction 1- Flange 2- Web

A eff , Ieff , y G,eff

Justification of the recalculated stress distribution 24

Contents

1. Global analysis 2. ULS verifications 3. Connection at the steelconcrete interface 4. Fatigue 5. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in compression

25

Elastic design of the shear connection

SLS and ULS elastic design using the shear flow vL,Ed at the steel-concrete interface, which is calculated with an uncracked behaviour of the cross sections.
2.5 m 3.5 m

Shear force from cracked global analysis

Ac zc + As zs vL , Ed ( x ) = VEd ( x). n I
Uncracked mechanical properties

zc

zs
e.n.a.

SLS
For a given length li of the girder (to be chosen by the designer), the Ni shear connectors are uniformly distributed and satisfy :

ULS
For a given length li of the girder (to be chosen by the designer), the Ni* shear connectors are uniformly distributed and satisfy :

vL , Ed SLS ( x )

Ni .{k s PRd } li

vL , Ed

ULS

N i* ( x ) 1.1 .PRd li

( 0 x li )

v
0

li

ULS L , Ed

( x ) dx Ni* .PRd
26

SLS elastic design of connectors

L1 = 29 m

L2 = 41 m

L3 = 41 m

L4 = 29 m

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Shear flow at SLS (MPa/m) Shear resistance of the studs (MPa/m)

v L ,Ed SLS
in MPa/m

Studs with : d = 22 mm h = 150 mm in S235

27

ULS elastic design of connectors

Using the same segment lengths li as in SLS calculation and the same connector type
1.6 1.4 1.2

v L ,Ed ULS
in MPa/m

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 Shear flow at ULS (MPa/m) 0.2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Shear resistance of the studs (MPa/m)

28

Bending moment in section B

Concreting phases 1 2 3 4

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

50 40 30 20

M_Ed+

Section B (Class 1)

M_EdM_pl,Rd+ M_pl,Rd -

M (MN.m)

10 0 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

x (m)

Ma,Ed(B) = 2.7 MN.m -----> MEd(B) = 22.3 MN.m < Mpl,Rd (B) = 25.7 MN.m
29

Normal stresses in section B

fy = -345 MPa

88.2 MPa

c as(2)

11.9 MPa 151.7 MPa

-63.0 MPa Ma,Ed(B) = 2.7 MN.m

ai(2)
Mc,Ed(B)

-360.3 MPa MEd(B) = 22.3 MN.m

Mc,Ed(B) = 22.3 2.7 = 19.6 MN.m ai(2) = (-360.3) (-63.0) = -297.3 Mpa

k is defined by k =

fy ( 63.0 ) ai
(2)

= 0.95 1.0

Mel,Rd is then defined by Mel,Rd = Ma,Ed + k. Mc,Ed = 21.3 MN.m

30

Interaction diagram in section B

beff = 5.6 m 26.9 cm 3.6 cm 0.65 m

k * ULS stresses
0.95*11.9 MPa 0.95*3.0 MPa

0.85

fck = 19.8 MPa C fck .A c,eff = 30.3 MPa C

Nel = 11.4 MN

Npl = 0.85

MB (MN.m)
Mpl,Rd = 25.7 MEd = 22.3 Mel,Rd = 21.3

MaEd = 2.7 0 Nel = 11.4 NB* = 15.7 NB = 25.8

NB (MN)

Npl = 30.3 31

Limits of the elasto-plastic zone

ULS Stresses (MPa) in the bottom steel flange
400 300 200 100 0 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Section B (max = -360.3 Mpa)

fy = -345 MPa

3.3 m Section A

2.8 m Section C

fy

beff = 5.6 m 26.9 cm 3.6 cm 0.65 m

Section A 11.8 MPa 3.1 MPa Nel(A) = 12.1 MN

Section C 11.3 MPa 2.9 MPa Nel(C) = 11.5 MN 32

Adding shear connectors by elastoplastic design

9 rows with 4 studs and a longitudinal spacing equal to 678 mm (designed at ULS)
e = 678 mm

3300 mm

2800 mm

Section A

Section B

Section C

Simplified interaction diagram

(25.8-12.1)/(4x0.1095) = 28 rows spacing = 3300/28 = 118 mm

(25.8-11.5)/(4x0.1095) = 33 rows spacing = 2800/33 = 84 mm

(which is even lower than 5d=110 mm !)

More precise (15.7-12.1)/(4x0.1095) = 9 rows interaction spacing = 3300/9 = 367 mm diagram

(15.7-11.5)/(4x0.1095) = 10 rows spacing = 2800/10 = 280 mm

33

Contents

1. Global analysis 2. ULS verifications 3. Connection at the steelconcrete interface 4. Fatigue 5. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in compression

34

Fatigue ULS in a composite bridge

In a composite bridge, fatigue verifications shall be performed for : the structural steel details of the main girder (see EN1993-2 and EN1993-1-9) the slab concrete (see EN1992-2) the slab reinforcement (see EN1994-2) the shear connection (see EN1994-2) Two assessment methods in the Eurocodes which differ in the partial factor Mf for fatigue strength in the structural steel : Assessment method (National Choice) Damage tolerant
Required regular inspections and maintenance for detecting and repairing fatigue damage during the bridge life

Consequence of detail failure for the bridge Low consequence High consequence

Mf = 1.0

Mf = 1.15

Safe life
No requirement for regular in-service inspection for fatigue damage

Mf = 1.15

Mf = 1.35

35

Fatigue Load Model 3 equivalent lorry (FLM3)

axle = 120 kN

2.106 FLM3 lorries are assumed to cross the bridge per year and per slow lane defined in the project every crossing induces a stress range p = |max,f - min,f | in a given structural detail the equivalent stress range E,2 in this detail is obtained as follows :

E,2 = .p

where : is the damage equivalence factor is the damage equivalent impact factor (= 1.0 as the dynamic effect is already included in the characteristic value of the axle load)
36

Damage equivalence factor

In a structural steel detail (in EN 1993-2):

=1 2 3 4 < max
which represents the following parameters :
1 : influence of the loaded lengths, defined in function of the bridges spans (< 80 m) and the shape of the influence line for the internal forces and moments 2 : influence of the traffic volume 3 : life time of the bridge ( 3=1 for 100 years) 4 : influence of the number of loaded lanes max : influence of the constant amplitude fatigue limit D at 5.106 cycles

For shear connection (in EN1994-2): For reinforcement (in EN1992-2):

v = v ,1 . v ,2 . v ,3 . v ,4 s = fat . s,1 . s,2 . s,3 . s,4 c = c,0 . c,1 . c,2,3 . c,4

37

For concrete in compression (in EN1992-2 and only defined for railway bridges):

Damage equivalence factor v

for road bridges (with L< 100 m) :

v ,1 = 1.55

hypothesis for the traffic volume in the example (based for instance on the existing traffic description in EN 1991 part 2):
Nobs = 0.5.106 lorries per slow lane and per year with the following distribution

Q1 = 200 kN

Q2 = 310 kN

Q3 = 490 kN

Q 4 = 390 kN

Q5 = 450 kN

40%

10%

30%

15%

5%

Mean value of lorries weight :

Qml

niQi5 = n i

15

= 407 kN
(1 8)

v ,2
bridge life time = 100 years, so only 1 slow lane on the bridge, so

Q Nobs = ml 480 0.5.106

407 = 0.848 480

v ,3 = 1.0 v ,4 = 1.0
v = 1.314
38

Stress range p = | max,f min,f | in the structural steel

Basic combination of non-cyclic actions Fatigue loads

Gmax (or Gmin ) + 1.0 (or 0.0)S + 0.6Tk +

In every section :

FLM3
MFLM3,max and MFLM3,min

Mmax (or Mmin ) = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed

Bending moment in the section where the structural steel detail is located :

MEd,max,f = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max

MEd,min,f = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min

Corresponding stresses in the concrete slab (participating concrete) : v v v v c,Ed,min,f = Mc,Ed 1 + MFLM3,min 1 c,Ed,max,f = Mc,Ed 1 + MFLM3,max 1 I1 nL I1 n0 I1 nL I1 n0
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 c,Ed,max,f > 0 va va v1 v1 v1 v1 v1 = M + M + M M + M + M = M a,Ed c,Ed FLM3,max a,Ed c,Ed FLM3,min p FLM3 c,Ed,min,f > 0 I I I I I I I

c,Ed,max,f < 0 c,Ed,min,f < 0 c,Ed,max,f > 0 c,Ed,min,f < 0

p = MFLM3

v2 I2

v v v v p = Mc,Ed 1 2 + MFLM3,max 1 + MFLM3,min 2 I1 I2 I1 I2

39

Stress range p for the upper face of the upper steel flange
Sequence of concreting

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

30

25

Stress range (MPa)

20

15

10

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 x (m) 120 140 160 180 200

Stress range from M_min always without concrete participation

Stress range from M_max always with concrete participation

40

Stress range s,p = | s,max,f s,min,f | in the reinforcement

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 c,Ed,max,f > 0 c,Ed,min,f > 0 c,Ed,max,f < 0 c,Ed,min,f < 0 c,Ed,max,f > 0 c,Ed,min,f < 0

s,p = MFLM3

v1 I1

M + MFLM3,max v s,p = Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min 2 + s,f 1 c,Ed I2 Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min s,p = (Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max )

v1 v Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min 2 + s,f I1 I2

influence of the tension stiffening effect

s,f = 0.2

fctm st s

!
s = A s,eff A c,eff

Fatigue : 0.2 SLS verifications : 0.4

st =

AI A aIa

.100

in case 3, Mc,Ed is a sum of elementary bending moments corresponding to different load cases with different values of v1/I1 (following nL).
41

Tension stiffening effect

Tension stiffening effect

s,f

s,p,2

Slope v2/I2 (fully cracked behaviour)

s,p,3
Bending moment in the composite section

M
case 2
case 3
case 1

s,p,1
Slope v1/I1

Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max

Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
Stresses in the reinforcement (>0 in compression) 42

Fatigue verifications
In a structural steel detail :

Ff E,2

c Mf
3

Ff E,2
5

c Mf

Ff E,2 Ff E,2 + 1.0 C Mf C Mf

In the reinforcement :

F,fat E,2
log Rsk fsk

Rsk S,fat

S,fat = 1.15

k1 = 5
k1

k2 = 9

1
k2
1

Rsk = 162.5 MPa

N* = 1.106

logN
43

Classification of typical structural details

44

Fatigue verifications for shear connectors

R (log)
c= 90 MPa

R (log) c= 80 MPa
m=3 m=5
Nc = 2.106 cycles

m=8

E,2
NR (log)
Nc = 2.106 cycles

E,2

NR (log)

( R )
1.

NR = ( C ) NC
m

For a steel flange always in compression at fatigue ULS ( in the shank) :

Ff E,2
2.

c Mf ,s

with the recommended values :

Ff = 1.0

Mf ,s = 1.0

When the maximum stress in the steel flange at fatigue ULS is in tension ( in the flange) :

Ff E,2

c Mf

Ff E,2

c Mf ,s

Ff E,2 C Mf

Ff E,2 C Mf ,s

1.3
45

Contents

1. Global analysis of the composite bridge 2. ULS verifications 3. Connection at the steelconcrete interface 4. Fatigue 5. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in compression

46

LTB around internal supports of a composite girder

To verify the LTB in the lower bottom flange (which is in compression around internal supports), two approaches are available :
1. Bridge with uniform cross-sections in Class 1,2 or 3 and an un-stiffened web (except on supports) : U-frame model

2.

Bridge with non-uniform cross-sections : general method from EN1993-2, 6.3.4 6.3.4.1 : General method 6.3.4.2 : Simplified method (Engessers formula for cr)

LT =

ult cr

with

ult =

fy a

and

cr =

cr a

LT = f LT

( )

LT ult 1.0 ? M1
47

Lateral restraints
Lateral restraints are provided on each vertical support (piles) and in crosssections where cross bracing frames are provided: Transverse bracing frames every 7.5 m in end spans and every 8.0 m in central span

2800

IPE 600 7000

Cross section with transverse bracing frame in span

A frame rigidity evaluated to Cd = 20.3 MN/m (spring rate)

1100

600

1100

48

Maximum bending at support P1 under traffic

Traffic loads (with unfavourable transverse distribution for the girder n1)

TS = 409.3 kN/axle udl = 26.7 kN/m

+
Dead loads (construction phases, cracked elastic analysis, shrinkage)

MEd = -102 MN.m NEd = MEd / h = 38 MN

49

Elastic critical load for lateral flange buckling

EN 1993-2, 6.3.4.2 : ENGESSER
NEd = constant = Nmax I = constant = Imax

t f bf 3 120.12003 = I= 12 12

c = Cd/a L = 80 m

Ncr = 2 EIc = 192 MN

cr = Ncr NEd = 5.1 < 10

EN 1993-2, 6.3.4.1: General method

I and NEd are variable discrete elastic lateral support, with rigidity Cd
uy

a = 7,5 m

a=8m

a = 7,5 m

(I)
x

cr = Ncr NEd = 8.9 (Mode I at P1)

= 10.3 (Mode II at P2) = 17.5 (Mode III at P1)

(II)

(III)

Lcr = 20 m

50

EN1993-2, 6.3.4.1 (general method)

First order stresses in the mid plane of the lower flange (compression at support P1)
400

Stresses in the mid-plane of the lower flange[MPa]

300

200

ult,k = min
op =
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

fyf 295 = 1.18 = 249 f

100

ult,k 1.18 = 8.9 cr,op

-100

= 0.37 0.2

-200

-300

-400

Using buckling curve d:

op = 0.875 1.0
op ult,k 1.036 = = 0.94 > 1.0 M1 1.1

NO !
51

Thank you for your attention

52