5.

CHEMICAL BOND

5.1 Formation of Compounds Noble gases exist as monoatomic gases and chemically unreactive due to their stable octet or duplet electron arrangement. Atoms of other elements tend to achieve the stable electron arrangement through the formation of chemical bonds. two types of chemical bonds : (i) onic bond ! (ii) #ovalent bond ! 5.$ Ionic Bonds %o achieve the stable electron arrangement A metal atom donates electrons ! forms a positive ion (cation) formed when atoms "oin together by transferring of electrons atoms of metal transfer the electrons to atoms of non!metal formed when atoms are "oined together by sharing electrons. sharing of electrons between non!metal atoms.

A non!metal atom accepts electrons ! forms a negative ion (anion)

Exampl ! " Formation of ionic compound# sodium c$lorid % NaCl &. &lectron arrangement of sodium atom is $.'.1 A sodium atom donates one electron to achieve the stable octet electron arrangement ($.') (odium ion) Na + ) is formed %his electron is transferred to a chlorine atom with an electron arrangement of $.'.* A chlorine atom accepts electron from sodium atom to achieve the stable octet electron arrangement ($.'.') #hloride ion) Cl ) is formed %he sodium ion) Na + and chloride ion) Cl formed are attracted to one another to form a solid sodium chloride) NaCl . %he strong electrostatic force between the ions is called ionic bond (electrovalent bond)

5.+ Co'al nt Bonds formed when non!metal atoms share electrons to achieve stable electron arrangements (full outer shell) three types of covalent bonds : (a). (ingle bond. formed when a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms. Exampl " formation of $(dro) n mol cul # H 2 A hydrogen atom has one valence electron , electron arrangement 1 t needs one more electron to achieve the duplet arrangement $ hydrogen atoms contribute one electron each for sharing (hared!paired electrons forms single bond in the hydrogen molecule

%he -ewis structure shows only the valence electrons of the atoms involved in bonding.

(b) .ouble bonds. / formed when two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms. (c) %riple bonds. / formed when three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms. 5.* +rop rti s of ionic and co'al nt ,ondin)

-or.s$ t !" A. /r( t$is " Formation of ionic compound ma)n sium fluorid % MgF2 &

0efer to page '1 2 #hemistry textboo3
Draw the electron arrangement of MgF2

B. Dra0 t$ l ctron arran) m nt of t$ formation for t$ follo0in) ionic compounds" 45roton number : -i) + 6 Na) 11 6 7) 18 6 #a) $9 6 :g) 1$ 6 ;) ' 6 #l) 1* 6 () 11< (a) -ithium oxide) Li 2 O (b) :agnesium oxide) MgO

(c) 5otassium chloride) KCl

(d) #alcium chloride) CaCl 2

-or.s$ t 1" A. /r( t$is " Formation of ionic compound of ox() n mol cul s# O2 0efer to page '' !'8 (textboo3)

B. /r( t$is " Formation of ionic compound of nitro) n mol cul s# N 2

0efer to page '' !'8 (textboo3)

C. .raw the electron arrangements of the formation for the following covalent compounds 45roton number : =) 1 6 #) 1 6 #l) 1*) : N) *< (a). =ydrogen chloride) HCl (b) nitrogen molecule) N 2

D. &xplain why ionic compounds are able to conduct electricity compared covalent compounds. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> E. &xplain why ionic compounds have higher melting points than covalent compounds. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 40efer to page 89 2 81 #hemistry text boo3< -or.s$ t 2"

Atom A
a)

Atom B

?rite the electron arrangement for atom A Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom A >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 41 mark<

b)

A and @ can form a compound Atom A dan B boleh membentuk satu sebatian i) ?hat type of bond holds atom A and @ togetherA Apakah jenis ikatan yang terbentuk antara atom A dan B >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 41 mark< ii) ?hat will happen to atom A during the formation of the compound with atom @A Apakah yang akan berlaku ke atas atom A semasa pembentukan sebatian dengan atom B ? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 4$ marks<

iii) .raw the electron arrangement of the compound formed in (b)(ii) Lukiskan gambar rajah susunan electron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk di(b)(ii)

4$ marks<

iv) (tate one physical property of the compound formed Nyatakan satu sifat fizik bagi sebatian yang terbentuk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 41 mark< c) #arbon atom) #) with electron arrangement $.B can combine with atom @ to form a compound. Atom karbon ! dengan susunan elektron "#$ boleh berpadu dengan atom B untuk membentuk satu sebatian# i) ?hat is the molecular formula of the compound formedA Apakah formula molekul sebatian yang terbentuk? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 41 mar3< ii) f the relative atomic mass of carbon is 1$ and @ is +$) what is the relative molecular mass of the compound in c(i). %ika jisim atom relati&e karbon ialah '" dan B ialah (" apakah jisim molekul relatif )ebatian yang terbentuk di (c )(i)

4 $ mar3s<

-or.s$ 3

t *"

.iagram ' shows the proton number and the nucleon number for three elements) & ) C and ?. %he letters used do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.

!1

12

25

E
1
(a)

4
!!
.iagram '

!5

#onstruct a table to show the informations of the three elements in terms of the number of protons the number of neutrons the electron arrangement the number of valence electrons. 4$ marks< %he reaction between atoms of element C and ? forms an ionic compound whereas the reaction between atoms of element & and ? forms a covalent compound. &xplain how these ionic and covalent compounds are formed. 4* marks<

(b)

(c)

%he ionic compound formed from the reaction between atoms of element C and ? does not conduct electricity when it is in solid state but can conduct electricity when dissolved in water. .escribe an experiment to investigate this property. 4* marks<