CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.

1 Introduction
Water is a basic component of all known life on earth. Water can both sustain life in correct quantities and threaten life when it is not available. Water as a result is a very precious natural resource that must not be wasted. For crop irrigation, optimal water efficiency means minimizing losses due to evaporation, runoff or subsurface drainage while maximizing

production. An evaporation pan in combination with specific crop correction factors can be used to determine how much water is needed to satisfy plant requirements. This project is proposed to save the water and energy. In this project we are trying to optimize the use of water for irrigation using microcontroller and various sensors. For measuring physical parameters values such as temperature and soil moisture contents, various sensors are used and the outputs of these sensors are converted to control the parameters. The control circuit is designed using micro-controller. The outputs of these sensors are fed to micro-controller. The micro-controller outputs are also used to driver a relay independently. This relay energizes and de-energizes automatically according to the real time value of the moisture contents in soil and temperature.

1.2

Need of Investigation
Conservation of water in the agricultural sector is essential since water

is necessary for the growth of plants and crops. . If too much water is applied the problems arise consisting of runoff, erosion, waste of water and deceased plant life. If too little water is applied different problems arise such as turf burnout. The key in irrigation is striking to correct balance for optimal plant

life with optimal use of water. A depleting water table and a rise in salinity due to overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has made matters serious. Flood irrigation, the oldest and most common type, is often very uneven in distribution, as parts of a field may receive excess water in order to deliver sufficient quantities to other parts. Overhead irrigation, using centerpivot or lateral-moving sprinklers, has the potential for a much more equal and controlled distribution pattern. Drip irrigation is the most expensive and leastused type, but offers the ability to deliver water to plant roots with minimal losses. However, drip irrigation is increasingly affordable, especially for the home gardener and in light of rising water rates. There are also cheap effective methods similar to drip irrigation such as the use of soaking hoses that can even be submerged in the growing medium to eliminate evaporation. As changing irrigation systems can be a costly undertaking, conservation efforts often concentrate on maximizing the efficiency of the existing system. This may include chiseling compacted soils, creating furrow dikes to prevent runoff, and using soil moisture and temperature sensors to optimize irrigation schedules. Usually large gains in efficiency are possible through measurement and more effective management of the existing irrigation system.

1.3

Theme
An irrigation controller is a device to operate automatic irrigation

systems such as lawn sprinklers and drip irrigation systems. Most controllers have a means of setting the frequency of irrigation, the start time, and the duration of watering. Some controllers have additional features such as multiple programs to allow different watering frequencies for different types of plants, rain delay settings, input terminals for sensors such as rain and freeze sensors, soil moisture sensors, remote operation, etc. Soil moisture sensor is a sensor connected to an irrigation system controller that measure soil moisture content in the active root zone. When connected to conventional system irrigation time clocks, soil moisture sensors can override scheduled watering events by interrupting the irrigation controller circuit when adequate moisture is detected in the soil. The sensors have user-adjustable moisture

content set-points that allow unique watering regimes based on plant species, soil type, and/or seasonal rainfall. From the sensors output voltage, the console calculates and displays solar irradiance. The sensors integrate sensor elements plus signal processing on a tiny foot print and provide a fully calibrated digital output. A unique capacitive sensor element is used for measuring relative humidity while temperature is measured by a temperature sensing device.
1.4

Objective
The main objective of our work is to design an automated agricultural

system which is purely sensor based and economical as well as durable and with the best success rate which can manage everything without the human interference. In this project our aim is to explain how to overcome the effect caused by the disadvantages in the normal irrigation schemes without any human observation. It also explains the effective working of sensors which help the project to become automated to yield more useful results in agricultural irrigation.

1.5

Organization of the project

Here we present project report for building up a Microcontroller Based

Automatic Sensing And Controlling of agricultural irrigation. The report starts off with introduction in first chapter with the Basic Block Diagram of the system and its description. The blocks shown are much generalized, and can represent a general microcontroller application block. Chapter is discussed as an introduction of the project. Chapter two gives the history behind the evolution of this intelligent technique used ON/OFF of a water pump motor. So a detailed literature survey is given which describes the various conditions and how water the electricity can be saved with the help of this circuit.

Then the details of every block and complete working of project is discussed and explained in the chapter three of working and hardware description. In this chapter we have included the circuit diagrams and features of the different component like soil moisture sensor, LM-35, microcontroller ATmega-16, etc which we are using. For more details, the datasheets are attached in the appendix. The next part of same chapter three explains the software part of the project. This mainly deals with the calculations and interfacing of different chips with the controller. Their description and the flowcharts are drawn in here. The embedded C language code for the same is included in this chapter. Chapter four gives the testing and experimental results of the system. Also the experimental results of various already tested and implemented systems are discussed so that it gives the perfect direction to develop an intelligent water saving system. And the last chapter of conclusion shows what we are looking in future regarding the topic and thus gives an idea how the application of Intelligent Energy Saving circuit can change a number of things and how it brings saving of electricity which is the need of time in the whole world. So lets see what is inside the project.

CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

In this chapter we will discuss the design of control circuit. Our aim is to make system circuit reliable and efficient. As the system is based on the automatic ON/OFF a motor within the specified limits of the temperature and soil moisture contents, this can be achieved by connecting all the hardware in correct manner so that the desired output will obtain. 3.1 Block Diagram The simplified block diagram of control circuit is shown below. The block diagram shows the various blocks of the control circuit. Microcontroller ATmega 16 is the main component which controls the overall functioning of this circuit.

Fig. Simplified block diagram of automatic ON/OFF of water pump motor

As shown in the above block diagram, the circuit contain the power supply section, microcontroller, sensors, relay, dot matrix LCD module,etc. 3.2 Hardware Description

The various components used for building the circuit model are as follows: 3.2.1 The Microcontroller ATmega16 Microcontrollers these days are silent workers in many apparatus, ranging from the washing machine to the video recorder. Nearly all of these controllers are mask programmed and therefore are of very little use for applications that require the programs to be changed during the course of execution. Even if the programs could be altered, the information necessary to do so an instruction set, an assembler language and description for the basic hardware is either very difficult to obtain or are in adequate when it came to the issue of accessibility. Features of Microcontroller ATmega16 High-performance, Low-power Atmel AVR 8-bit Microcontroller Advanced RISC Architecture 131 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clock Cycle Execution 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers Fully Static Operation Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments 16 Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory 512 Bytes EEPROM

1 Kbyte Internal SRAM Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM Data retention: 20 years at 85C/100 years at 25C(1) Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation

Programming Lock for Software Security

JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard Extensive On-chip Debug Support Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface Peripheral Features Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Modes Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator Four PWM Channels 8-channel, 10-bit ADC 8 Single-ended Channels 7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only 2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x

Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface Programmable Serial USART Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator On-chip Analog Comparator

Special Microcontroller Features

Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator

External and Internal Interrupt Sources Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby and Extended Standby

I/O and Packages

32 Programmable I/O Lines 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF

Operating Voltages

2.7V - 5.5V for ATmega16L 4.5V - 5.5V for ATmega16

Speed Grades

0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L 0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16

Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25C for ATmega16L

Active: 1.1 mA Idle Mode: 0.35 mA Power-down Mode: < 1 A

3.1.6 Power Supply Power supply block consists of following units: a) Step down transformer. The step down transformer is used to step down the 230V AC to 12V AC voltage. b) Full wave rectifier circuit It converts 5V AC supply into DC voltage. In full wave rectifier, both half cycles of input AC voltage are utilized with the help of two diodes working alternately. c) Shunt capacitor filter The ripple components present in output of a rectifier circuit are filtered by putting a filter circuit between rectifier and load. Filtering is done by shunting the load with a capacitor.

d) Voltage Regulator IC 7805: The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications. One of these is local on card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. The voltages available allow these regulators to be used in logic systems. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. The LM78XX series is available in an aluminum TO-3 package which will allow over 1.0A load current if adequate heat sinking is provided. Current limiting is included to limit the peak output current to a safe value. Safe area protection for the output transistor is provided to limit internal power dissipation. If internal power dissipation becomes too high for the heat sinking provided, the thermal shutdown circuit takes over preventing the IC from overheating. Considerable effort was expanded to make the LM78XX series of regulators easy to use and minimizes the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the output, although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply. For output voltage other than 5V, 12V and 15V the LM117 series provides an output voltage range from 1.2V to 57V.

Fig no. 3.7 Power supply circuit

3.1.4 Thermostat (LM-35) The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, with an output voltage linearly proportional to the Centigrade temperature. Thus the LM35 has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of C at room temperature and C over a full 55C to +150C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration of the LM35 make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. The device is used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As the LM35 draws only 60 A from the supply, it has very low self-heating of less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a 55C to +150C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a 40C to +110C range (10 with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface-mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

Fig no. 3.6 Thermostat LM35

Soil Moisture Sensor

The Soil Moisture Sensor is used to measure the volumetric water content of soil. This makes it ideal for performing experiments in courses such as soil science, agricultural science, environmental science, horticulture, botany, and biology. For understanding the working of soil moisture sensor, let the plants in your garden or farm reach out for human help. Insert this module into the soil and then adjust the on-board potentiometer to adjust the sensitivity. The sensor would outputs logic HIGH/LOW when the moisture is higher/lower than the threshold set by the potentiometer. With help of this sensor, it will be realizable to make the plant remind you: Hey, I am thirsty now, please give me some water. The Soil Moisture Sensor can be used to:

 Measure the loss of moisture over time due to evaporation and plant uptake. Evaluate optimum soil moisture contents for various species of plants. Monitor soil moisture content to control irrigation in greenhouses. Enhance your Bottle Biology experiments.

Fig. Soil Moisture Sensor

Working of Soil Moisture Sensor The Soil Moisture Sensor uses capacitance to measure dielectric permittivity of the surrounding medium. In soil, dielectric permittivity is a function of the water content. The sensor creates a voltage proportional to the dielectric permittivity, and therefore the water content of the soil. The sensor averages the water content over the entire length of the sensor. There is a 2 cm zone of influence with respect to the flat surface of the sensor, but it has little or no sensitivity at the extreme edges. The figure above shows the electromagnetic field lines along a cross-section of the sensor, illustrating the 2 cm zone of

influence.

Fig. Working of Soil Moisture Sensor

Soil Moisture Sensor Specifications Range 0 to 45% volumetric water content in soil (capable of 0 to 100% VWC with alternate calibration) Accuracy 13-bit resolution (using SensorDAQ) 12-bit resolution (using LabPro, LabQuest, LabQuest Mini, Go!Link, or EasyLink) 10-bit resolution (using CBL 2) Power Operating temperature Dimensions 4% typical 0.05% 0.1%

0.4% 3 mA @ 5VDC 400 C to +600 C 8.9 cm 1.8 cm 0.7 cm (active sensor length 5 cm)

Stored calibration:

Slope intercept

108%/volt 42%

It is not usually necessary to perform a new calibration when using the Soil Moisture Sensor. The Soil Moisture Sensor has a stored calibration that will give good results. If, however, very accurate readings are needed, a

calibration using the sample soil type to be measured is recommended. Here the calibration method discussed below. Steps for calibration method of sensor: 1. Dry the soil in a drying oven at 105oC for 24 hours. 2. Obtain a water-tight container that is large enough to fully insert the sensor with room for at least 2 cm on all sides. A plastic shoe box or similar works well. 3. When cool, break up any large clods until all soil fits through a 5 mm screen. 4. Connect the Soil Moisture Sensor to the interface and start the data collection program. 5. Pour the soil into the container and position the sensor as shown. The prongs should be oriented horizontally, but rotated onto their side like a knife poised to cut food so that water does not pool on the flat surface of the prongs. 6. Press down on the soil along either side of the sensor with your fingers. Continue 4 to compact the soil around the sensor by pressing down on the soil with your fingers until you have made five passes along the sensor. 7. Add more soil on top of the compacted soil so that the sensor is buried at least 3 cm below the soil surface. 8. Compact the soil again using a clenched fist. 9. Enter the calibration routine of your program. Keep this first calibration point and assign a value of 0. This represents 0% volumetric water content. 10. Remove the sensor from the soil. 11. Determine the approximate volume of soil used. This can be done by packing it into a large, graduated beaker. 12. Return the soil to the calibration container. 13. Obtain a volume of distilled water that equals 45% of the volume of the soil. If, for example, you used 3500 mL of soil, you would obtain 1575 mL of distilled water. 14. Add the distilled water to the soil and mix well.

15. Position the sensor in the wet soil, again making sure the sensor is completely covered and that there are no gaps between the soil and the sensor. 16. Keep this second calibration point, assigning it a value of 45. This represents 45% volumetric water content. 17. Your sensor is now calibrated for this soil type. If you are using Logger Pro 3, you can save the calibration directly on the sensor. If not, you may want to record the calibration values for future use.

Features 1 2 3 High reliability Easy to operate No need of extra components

Switching Circuit
Description The use of transistors, and transistor switches can be used for controlling high power devices such as motors. The circuit uses the bipolar transistor as a switch. The biasing of the transistor, NPN is arranged to operate the transistor at both sides of the V-I characteristics curves of transistor. The areas of operation for a transistor switch are the saturation region and the cut-off region. The transistor can be used as a switch by driving it backand-forth between its fully-OFF (cut-off) and fully-ON (saturation) regions. The transistor operates as a single-pole single-throw (SPST) solid state switch. With a zero signal applied to the Base of the transistor it turns OFF acting like an open switch and zero collector current flows. With a positive signal applied to the base of the transistor it turns ON acting like a closed switch and maximum circuit current flows through the device. Working The circuit of a NPN Transistor as a switch being used to operate a relay is given below. With inductive loads such as relays or solenoids a flywheel diode

is placed across the load to dissipate the back EMF generated by the inductive load when the transistor switches OFF and so protect the transistor from damage. Since the load is of a very high current or voltage nature, (here we used motor), the load current is controlled via a suitable relay as shown.

Fig. Switching Circuit

The circuit resembles the common emitter circuit. To operate the transistor as a switch the transistor needs to be turned either fully OFF (cutoff) or fully ON (saturated). An ideal transistor switch would have infinite circuit resistance between the collector and emitter when turned fully-OFF resulting in zero current flowing through it and zero resistance between the Collector and Emitter when turned fully-ON, resulting in maximum current flow. In practice when the transistor is turned OFF, small leakage currents flow through the transistor and when fully ON the device has a low resistance value causing a small saturation voltage (VCE) across it. Even though the transistor is not a perfect switch, in both the cut-off and saturation regions the power dissipated by the transistor is at its minimum.

Description

It is 162 LCD interfacing example with microcontroller in 4 bit mode. In this project we can display results or outcomes of our system for users. LCD

In embedded systems it is difficult to find status and errors generated by system software running inside of microcontroller. It is also necessary in so many other applications where we have to show results to users so that they can use system effectively. So there is a need of a display unit. There are more than one ways of displaying status or results of the system and LCD is one of these ways. In this project we have used 162 means 16 columns and 2 rows LCD. This is based on HD44780 LCD controller. HD44780 is a generic dot matrix LCD controller made by Hitachi. This controller is installed on other sizes of LCDs like 161, 164, 202, 204 etc.

Pin

Symbol

Function

Vss

ground (0 V) power (4.5 5.5 V)

Vdd

3 4

Vo RS

contrast adjustment H/L register select signal

5 6

R/W E DB0 DB7 A (LED+)

H/L read/write signal H/L enable signal

7-14 15

H/L data bus for 4- or 8- bit mode backlight anode

16

K (LED-)

backlight cathode

Pin-Out Symbol 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-14 15 16 Vss Vdd Vo RS R/W E Function ground (0 V) power (4.5 5.5 V) contrast adjustment H/L register select signal H/L read/write signal H/L enable signal H/L data bus for 4- or 8-bit mode backlight anode backlight cathode

DB0 DB7 A (LED+) K (LED-)

This LCD can be operated in 4 or 8 bit data mode. In 4 bit mode 4 most significant data bits are used while in 8 bit mode all 8 data pins are connected to microcontroller. In this project we have used 4 bit mode of operation. In 4 bit mode each data or command byte is loaded in 2 iterations of 4 bit each. We can read & write data to LCD but to keep things simple we have hardwired R/W line to ground for only writing. It means we can only print on LCD but cannot read back content written in LCD RAM. LCD commands used in this project are

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These LCDs

are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD. GENERAL SPECIFICATION Interface with 4-bit or 8-bit MPU(directly connected M6800 serial MPU) Display Character: 16 characterX2line Character Font:5X7dots+cursor Display color-Display background color: STN: Black-Yellow Green, Blue-Gray Black-White Polarizer mode: Positive,Negative;Reflective ,Transflective, Transmissive Viewing angle: 6:00 OR 12:00 Display duty: 1/16 Driving bias: 1/5 Character Generator RAM (CGRAM): 64 X 8 bits (8 charactersX5X8 dots) Display Data RAM (DDRAM): 80X8 bits ( 80 characters max) Mechanical characteristics (Unit:mm) Supply: +5V

3.2

Circuit Diagram

The circuit diagram of automatic control and ON/OFF of motor unit is shown below.

LITERATURE SURVEY Indian irrigation is like a palimpsest with old scripts making room for new ones: individual Farmer is displacing the State and the community as architect, Builder and manager of irrigation. Despite massive investments, public & community irrigation commands are Shrinking because of widening rift between surface irrigation technology and Indias changing socio-technical fundamentals. It will not help if irrigation institutions reform. Public irrigation systems need to morph to make water-scavenging irrigation sustainable. They can do this by turning demand-driven. Ostrich-like, Indian irrigation policy keeps building more canal Irrigation and promote fairy-tale institutional reforms. But it has little to do with Indias real irrigation economy. An irrigation policy that can shape Indias real irrigation economy will need to understand its underbelly and pursue an IWRM but of a Uniquely Indian variety.

Various methods of water harvesting and recharging have been and are being applied all over the world to tackle the problem. In areas where rainfall is low and water is scarce, the local people have used simple techniques that are suited to their region and reduce the demand for water.

In India's arid and semi-arid areas, the 'tank' system is traditionally the backbone of agricultural production. Tanks are constructed either by bunding or by excavating the ground and collecting rainwater..

Rajasthan, located in the Great Indian Desert, receives hardly any rainfall, but people have adapted to the harsh conditions by collecting whatever rain falls. Large bunds to create reservoirs known as khadin, dams called johads, tanks, and other methods were applied to check water flow and accumulate run-off. At the end of the monsoon season, water from these structures was used to cultivate crops. Similar systems were developed in other parts of the country. These are known by various local names jal talais in Uttar Pradesh, the haveli system in Madhya Pradesh, ahar in Bihar, and so on.