DaNang university of technology ***************

EE 417 LAB 2 DIVERSITY SDMA TRANSMISSION

Group 8

Member Pham Thi Trang Ong Thi Hoang Anh Duong Viet Le Ngoc Tan

*************DaNang 2013************

Contents I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................... 2 II. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 3 III. MEMBERS TASKS ASSIGNMENTS ............................................................... 4 IV. THE RECEIVED SIGNAL MODELS OF ALAMOUTI .................................... 5 V. THE NUMERIACAL RESULTS OF BER PERFORMANCE ............................ 6

VI. WITH A SPECIFIC TECHNIQUE, PROVIDE BER PERFORMANCE TO SHOW THE BENEFITS OF USING THE TECHNIQUE .............................................. 9 VII. BER PERFORMANCE VERVUS MQAM LEVEL ........................................ 12 VIII. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 13 IX. REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 13

09ECE Group8- PhamThiTrang- OngThiHoangAnh-DuongVietLeNgocTan

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I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project would have been difficult without the direction explained by our professor, Nguyen Le HungThe University of Danang, University of Science and Technology. With his effort and enthusiasm, Mr.Hung had given many informative, motivating discussions in all aspect of our performance. In fact, we are dealing with the most stressful time of capstone project. Therefore, we had made a great effort to apply the learned knowledge and searched information to complete this project despite limited time. Danang, March 28rd, 2013 Pham Thi Trang Ong Thi Hoang Anh Duong Viet Le Ngoc Tan

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II. INTRODUCTION
In the previous lab, we had understood Matlab code for the modulations and demodulations over wireline/wireless by MQAM method and BER performance under different system settings. For this lab, we had chance to deal with diversity techniques where the transmitter and receiver can be equipped with multiple antennas for possible transmit and receive. In lecture note, we had learned some kinds of the transmit/receive diversity such as MRC, EGC, SC, TC and Alamouti and ZF precoding. However, when considering the function as well as benefit, we decided to choose Alamouti to represent in our project. In this report, we will show the received signal models and advantage of Alamouti. Moreover, we also discuss and compare the numerical results of BER performance under different transmission system settings to highlight Alamouti technique.

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III. MEMBERS TASKS ASSIGNMENTS

With the purpose of dividing the work appropriately and helping every member of the group understand all the aspects of this lab, we created a chance for every member to participate in almost all parts of the project. The specific contributions of the members are listed as below: Trang: Find information about Alamouti and playing the main role in writing Matlab codes. Write coding part of report. Ngoc Tan: Find information that related to the BER performance of all diversity technique that we had learned and make the comparison. Hoang Anh: Collect and select useful information from lecture note, Internet to answer theory part. Write report.

09ECE Group8- PhamThiTrang- OngThiHoangAnh-DuongVietLeNgocTan

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IV. THE RECEIVED SIGNAL MODELS OF ALAMOUTI

Assume complex channel gain * antenna.

between the ith transmit antenna and the receive

The received symbol over the first symbol period is

and the received symbol over the second symbol period is where * + is the AWGN noise sample at the receiver associated with the ith symbol transmission. , - given by

We assume the noise sample has zero-mean and power of N0. The receiver uses these sequentially received symbols to form the vector [ ] where [ ], , [ - and , ][ ] [ ]

Let us define the new vector

. The structure of HA implies that

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(| | is diagonal and thus , where (| | |

| )

| )

is a complex Gaussian noise vector with mean zero and covariance matrix E( )= (| | | ) N0

V. THE NUMERIACAL RESULTS OF BER PERFORMANCE

Our setting for simulation: N_rx = 2 N_tx = 2 M_QAM = 2,4,16,64 N_trial = 5000 (MQAM = 16,64), 10000 (MQAM = 2,4) N_data_sym = 20 N_fft = 128 L=5 BER = 0:5:30 (AC) and 0:2.5:20 (SC, MRC) The BER performance: Average combining

The

Alamouti scheme

reaches the BER of 1e-3 at SNR of 10dB (very good result). As the

MQAM level increase, we see that the performance is better. Although still some point MQAM 64 is
09ECE Group8- PhamThiTrang- OngThiHoangAnh-DuongVietLeNgocTan Page 6

higher than other MQAM levels, the highest level of MQAM (64) has the best BER performance. It reaches the lowest value of 6.25e-7 dB at SNR of 30dB. Selection combining

We can realize that at SNR of 20dB, it can reach the BER of 1e-7dB, that means this technique give us a better performance than average combining.

Maximal ratio combining:

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In the Figure 3 we can realize that the MQAM 64 of MRC can nearly reaches the value of 1e-8dB (very low BER value). So this technique is useful than the others. Compare of the three demodulation methods:

By compare 3 techniques in that figure, we easily get the conclusions that the really bad is average combining. The lowest BER value of AC is 6.25e-7 at SNR 30dB, when SC is 9.11e-8dB and MRC is 1.30e-8dB. Because the number of bit errors decrease, the BER values at high SNR seem to vary a lot The table below will show some numerical results of the simulation: MQAM 2 MQAM 4 Average Combining Selection Combining Maximal Combining Table 1. 10dB SNR Ratio 1.21e-3 4.85e-4 1.12e-4 1.16e-3 4.85e-4 1.12e-4 8.93e-4 3.58e-4 9.17e-5 6.98e-4 2.86e-4 6.83e-5 MQAM 16 MQAM 64

MQAM 2

MQAM 4

MQAM 16

MQAM 64

Average Combining

1.73e-5

2.05e-5

1.72e-5

1.14e-5
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09ECE Group8- PhamThiTrang- OngThiHoangAnh-DuongVietLeNgocTan

Selection Combining Maximal Combining Ratio

3.91e-8 1.17e-7

1.36e-7 1.76e-7

1.17e-7 1.76e-7

9.11e-8 1.30e-8

Table 2. 20dB SNR

Comment: _ MQAM 2 and 4 have similar value of BER _MQAM 16 has lower value _MQAM 64 has lowest BER value (1.03e-8dB).

VI. WITH A SPECIFIC TECHNIQUE, PROVIDE BER PERFORMANCE TO SHOW THE BENEFITS OF USING THE TECHNIQUE
Build up received signal formula In our project, we treat with 2 receiver antennas. Two receive antennas the system can be modeled as shown in the figure below.

The received signal in the first time slot is:

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Assuming that the channel remains constant for the second time slot, the received signal is in the second time slot is:

Where

are the received information at time slot 1 on receive antenna 1, 2 respectively

are the received information at time slot 2 on receive antenna 1, 2 respectively hij is the channel from ith receive antenna to jth transmit antenna are the transmitted symbols,

are the noise at time slot 1 on receive antenna 1, 2 respectively

are the noise at time slot 2 on receive antenna 1, 2 respectively Combining the equations at time slot 1 and 2, we obtain:

Let us define

To solve for ,

- , we know that we need to find the inverse of H

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09ECE Group8- PhamThiTrang- OngThiHoangAnh-DuongVietLeNgocTan

We know, for a general m x n matrix, the pseudo inverse is defined as

The term,

Since this is a diagonal matrix, the inverse is just the inverse of the diagonal elements

The estimate of the transmitted symbol is:

BER performance of Alamouti with 2 transmit and 2 received antennas

From above BER performance, we will conclude that: The BER performance is much better than 1 transmits 2 receive MRC case. This is because the

effective channel concatenating the information from 2 receive antennas over two symbols results in a diversity order of 4 In general, with m receive antennas, the diversity order for 2 transmit antenna Alamouti is 2m
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09ECE Group8- PhamThiTrang- OngThiHoangAnh-DuongVietLeNgocTan

- As with the case of 2 transmit, 1 receive Alamouti, the fact that ensured that there is no cross talk between white. Advantage of Alamouti: ,

is a diagonal matrix

after the equalizer and the noise term is still

+ When compare to the previous projects and other methods, Alamouti has very low BER values. +Alamouti derives a very efficient way to send and receive data. +Alamouti is easy to implement and give us a very good performance in wireless transmission.

VII. BER PERFORMANCE VERVUS MQAM LEVEL

As we clearly see in these figures above, MQAM 64 gives the best performance, not BPSK like previous simulations. It can be explained by the MQAM mapping.

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In the MQAM mapping, the similar bit set will be put nearby, so when we demodulate and the recovered symbol is not corrected, we still can have some correct bits. For BPSK, if the recovered symbol is not corrected, 100% of recovered bit is wrong, however, in MQAM 64, we will only lose 1 or 2 bit (about 17-33%).

VIII. CONCLUSION
This report has outlined fundamental knowledge, BER performance of Alamouti and compares it to another diversity technique. Moreover, the benefit of Alamouti is also shown clearly in our paper to give reason why we chose it to research. During doing this paper, our team gained a lot of experience in synthesis knowledge from many sources, distributing workload and teamwork skill. However, some parts of this report are based on the lecture note too much to because of the limited time. Hence, if having any feedback or unclear, please do not hesitate to contact us.

IX. REFERENCES
http://www.dsplog.com/2009/03/15/alamouti-stbc-2-receive-antenna/

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