Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation

Review Problems
10-72 Steam at a saturation temperature of Tsat = 40C condenses on the outside of a thin horizontal tube.
Heat is transferred to the cooling water that enters the tube at 25C and exits at 5C. !he rate of
condensation of steam" the a#erage o#erall heat transfer coefficient" and the tube length are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Stead$ operating conditions exist. 2 !he tube can be ta%en to be isothermal at the bul%
mean fluid temperature in the e#aluation of the condensation heat transfer coefficient. 3 &i'uid flow
through the tube is full$ de#eloped. 4 !he thic%ness and the thermal resistance of the tube is negligible.
Properties !he properties of water at the saturation
temperature of 40C are hfg = 240()0

*+%g and # =
0.05 %g+m

. !he properties of li'uid water at the film

temperature of
T T T
f s
+ , - +
sat
2
,50 . 20-+2 =
5C and at the bul% fluid temperature of
T T T
b
+ , - +
in out
2 ,25 . 5-+2 = 0C are ,!able
/01-"

At 35 C:

l
l
pl
l
k
114 0
0(20 )0
4)(2
032

.
.
.
%g + m
%g + m s
C * + %g C
4+ m C

At 30 C:

l
l l l
pl
l
k
113 0
020) )0
4)(2
03)5

3
.
+ .
.
%g + m
m + s
C * + %g C
4+ m C
5r = 5.42
2

Analysis !he mass flow rate of water and the rate of heat transfer to the water are

, , . + 6 .

, - , .
m A
Q mC T T
c
p out in
water
2
%g + m -,2 m+ s-7 m- %g + s
%g + s-,4)(2 * + %g C-,5 25- C =


V 113 0 0 4 )402
)402 58,820 W
!he modified latent heat of #aporization is
h h C T T
fg fg pl s
8
. , - +

0 32
240( )0 0- )0

sat
* + %g .0.32 4)(2 * + %g C,40 C = 245 * + %g
!he heat transfer coefficient for condensation on a single horizontal tube is
C 4+m 1212
m- C,0.0 - 0 40 , s- %g+m )0 (20 . 0 ,
- C 4+m 32 . 0 -, *+%g )0 245 -, %g+m 05 . 0 114 -, %g+m 114 -, m+s 2 . 1 ,
(21 . 0
- ,
- ,
(21 . 0
2
4 + )

2
4 + )
sat
8
horizontal

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

D T T
k h g
h h
s l
l fg v l l
o

!he a#erage heat transfer coefficient for flow inside the tube is determined as follows9
:e
,
"
. :e 5r . , " - , . -
, .
. . . .

V D
h
k
D
m
i

2
(4 103
0 02 0 02 (4 103 542 51
03)5
(5(
0 2 0 4 0 2 0 4
m+ s-,0.0 m-
0.20) )0
;u
;u 4+ m C- 51
0.0 m
4+ m C
03
2
;oting that the thermal resistance of the tube is negligible" the o#erall heat transfer coefficient becomes
U
h h
i o

+

+

)
) )
)
) (5( ) 1212 + + + +
4106 W/ m . C
2
!he logarithmic mean temperature difference is9



T
T T
T T
i e
i o
ln
ln, + - ln, + -
.

)5 5
)5 5
1)0 C
!he tube length is determined from
)0030
Steam
40C
Condensate
25C
Cooling
water
5C
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
m 16.7

C- )0 . 1 -, m 0 . 0 , - C 4+m 4)03 ,
4 220 " 52
- ,

2
ln
ln
T D h
Q
L T hA Q
s

;ote that the flow is turbulent" and thus the entr$ length in this case is 10D = 0. m is much shorter than
the total tube length. !his #erifies our assumption of full$ de#eloped flow.
)003)
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-73 Saturated ammonia at a saturation temperature of Tsat = 25C condenses on the outer surface of
#ertical tube which is maintained at )5C b$ circulating cooling water. !he rate of heat transfer to the
coolant and the rate of condensation of ammonia are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Stead$ operating conditions exist. 2 !he tube is isothermal. 3 !he tube can be treated as a
#ertical plate. 4 !he condensate flow is turbulentr o#er the entire tube ,this assumption will be #erified-. 5
!he densit$ of #apor is much smaller than the densit$ of li'uid"
v l
<< .
Properties !he properties of ammonia at the saturation temperature of 25C are hfg = ))33)0

*+%g and
# = (.201 %g+m

. !he properties of li'uid ammonia at the film temperature of

T T T
f s
+ , - +
sat
2
,25 .
)5-+2 = 20C are ,!able /0))-"
43 . ) 5r
C 4+m 412( . 0
C *+%g 4(45 C
+s m )0 2421 . 0 +
s %g+m )0 5)1 . )
%g+m 2 . 3)0
2 3
4 0

l
l
pl
l l l
l
l
k

Analysis ,a- !he modified latent heat of #aporization is

*+%g )0 ))12 = C - )5 C,25 *+%g 4(45 0.32 . *+%g )0 ))33
- , 32 . 0

sat
8

+
s pl fg fg
T T C h h
/ssuming turbulent flow" the :e$nolds number is determined from
2)40
- s + m )0 2421 . 0 ,
m+s 2) . 1
*+%g- )0 )12 %g+m.s-,) )0 5)1 . ) -, 25 2)41 , 43 . ) 52 2(50
C- 4+m 422( . 0 , 2)41
- 25 ,:e 5r 52 2(50
:e
:e :e
+ )
2 2 3
2
4 (5 . 0 5 . 0
+ )
2 8 (5 . 0 5 . 0
turb #ertical"

,
_

,
_

l fg l
l
g
h
k

which is greater than )200" and thus our assumption of turbulent flow is #erified. !hen the condensation
heat transfer coefficient is determined from

C 4+m 42()
- +s m )0 2421 . 0 ,
m+s 2) . 1
- 25 2)41 , 43 . ) 52 2(50
C- 4+m 422( . 0 , 2)41
- 25 ,:e 5r 52 2(50
:e
2
+ )
2 2 3
2
(5 . 0 5 . 0
+ )
2 (5 . 0 5 . 0
turbulent #ertical"

,
_

,
_

l
l
g k
h h

!he heat transfer surface area of the tube is

2
m 20)) . 0 m- m-,2 02 . 0 , DL A
s
. !hen
the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
W 9794 C - )5 25 -, m 20)) . 0 -, C 4+m 42() , - ,
2 2
sat s s
T T hA Q

,b- !he rate of condensation of ammonia is determined from

kg/s 10 8.175
3 -

*+%g )0 ))12
*+s 1(14
8
on condensati
fg
h
Q
m

)0032
/mmonia
25C
Condensate
L
tube
= 2 m
D=3.2 cm
)5C
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-74 !here is film condensation on the outer surfaces of 2 horizontal tubes arranged in a horizontal or
#ertical tier. !he ratio of the condensation rate for the cases of the tubes being arranged in a horizontal
tier #ersus in a #ertical tier is to be determined.
Assumptions Stead$ operating conditions exist.
Analysis !he heat transfer coefficients for the two cases are related to the heat transfer coefficient on a
single horizontal tube b$
Horizontal tier9
h h
horizontal tier of ; tubes horizontal" ) tube

<ertical tier9 h
h
N
#ertical tier of ; tubes
horizontal" ) tube

) 4 +
!herefore"
1.68 = 2 =
+
:atio
)+4
4 + )
4 + )
tube ) " horizontal
tube ) " horizontal
tubes ; of tier #ertical
tubes ; of tier horizontal
tubes ; of tier #ertical
tubes ; of tier horizontal
N
N h
h
h
h
m
m

)003
Horizontal tier
<ertical tier
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-75 Saturated steam at a saturation pressure of 0.15 psia and thus at a saturation temperature of Tsat =
)00= ,!able /01>- condenses on the outer surfaces of )44 horizontal tubes which are maintained at 20=
b$ circulating cooling water and arranged in a )2 )2 s'uare arra$. !he rate of heat transfer to the
cooling water and the rate of condensation of steam are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Stead$ operating conditions exist.
2 !he tubes are isothermal.
Properties !he properties of water at the
saturation temperature of )00= are hfg = )0(
?tu+lbm and # = 0.00223 lbm+ft

. !he properties
of li'uid water at the film temperature of
T T T
f s
+ , - +
sat
2
,)00 . 20-+2 = 10= are
,!able /01>-"

l
l
l l l
pl
l
k

32)2
)242
002135
0111
052

.
.
+ .
.
.
lbm+ ft
lbm+ ft h
ft + h
C ?tu + lbm =
?tu + h ft =
2
Analysis ,a- !he modified latent heat of #aporization is
?tu+lbm )05) =
= - 20 =-,)00 ?tu+lbm 111 . 0 , 0.32 . ?tu+lbm )0(
- , 32 . 0
sat
8

+
s pl fg fg
T T C h h
!he heat transfer coefficient for condensation on a single horizontal tube is
= ft ?tu+h )532
ft- =,).2+)2 - 20 )00 -, h lbm+ft 242 . ) 6, s- 300 h+ ) 7,
- = ft ?tu+h 52 . 0 -, ?tu+lbm )05) -, lbm+ft 00223 . 0 )2 . 32 -, lbm+ft )2 . 32 -, ft+s 2 . 2 ,
(21 . 0
- ,
- ,
(21 . 0
2
4 + )
2
2
4 + )
sat
8
horiz

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

D T T
k h g
h h
s l
l fg v l l

!hen the a#erage heat transfer coefficient for a 40tube high #ertical tier becomes
h
N
h
horiz" ; tubes horiz" ) tube
2 2
?tu + h ft =- ?tu + h ft =
) )
)2
)532 21
) 4 ) 4 + +
,
!he surface area for all )44 tubes is
2
total
ft 3(2.3 = ft- ft-,)5 )2 + 2 . ) , )44 DL N A
s
!hen the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
!t"/h 11,387,000 = - 20 )00 -, ft 3 . 3(2 -, = ?tu+h.ft 21 , - ,
2 2
sat s s
T T hA Q

,b- !he rate of condensation of steam is determined from

" "
8
m
Q
h
fg
condensation
?tu + h
)05) ?tu + lbm

))2( 000
10,830 #$m/ h
)0034
n = )44 tubes
20=
L = )5 ft
P = 0.15
psia
Cooling
water
Saturated
steam
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-76 Saturated steam at a saturation pressure of 0.15 psia and thus at a saturation temperature of Tsat =
)00= ,!able /01>- condenses on the outer surfaces of )44 horizontal tubes which are maintained at 20=
b$ circulating cooling water and arranged in a )2 )2 s'uare arra$. !he rate of heat transfer to the
cooling water and the rate of condensation of steam are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Stead$ operating conditions exist.
2 !he tubes are isothermal.
Properties !he properties of water at the
saturation temperature of )0= are hfg = )0(
?tu+lbm and # = 0.00223 lbm+ft

. !he properties
of li'uid water at the film temperature of
T T T
f s
+ , - +
sat
2
,)00 . 20-+2 = 10= are
,!able /01>-"

l
l
l l l
pl
l
k

32)2
)242
002135
0111
052

.
.
+ .
.
.
lbm+ ft
lbm+ ft h
ft + h
C ?tu + lbm =
?tu + h ft =
2
Analysis ,a- !he modified latent heat of #aporization is
?tu+lbm )05) =
= - 20 =-,)00 ?tu+lbm 111 . 0 , 0.32 . ?tu+lbm )0(
- , 32 . 0
sat
8

+
s pl fg fg
T T C h h
!he heat transfer coefficient for condensation on a single horizontal tube is
= ft ?tu+h )(4
ft- =,2.0+)2 - 20 )00 -, h lbm+ft 242 . ) 6, s- 300 h+ ) 7,
- = ft ?tu+h 52 . 0 -, ?tu+lbm )05) -, lbm+ft 00223 . 0 )2 . 32 -, lbm+ft )2 . 32 -, ft+s 2 . 2 ,
(21 . 0
- ,
- ,
(21 . 0
2
4 + )
2
2
4 + )
sat
8
horiz

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

D T T
k h g
h h
s l
l fg v l l

!hen the a#erage heat transfer coefficient for a 40tube high #ertical tier becomes
h
N
h
horiz" ; tubes horiz" ) tube
2 2
?tu + h ft =- ?tu + h ft =
) )
)2
)(4 (1
) 4 ) 4 + +
,
!he surface area for all )44 tubes is
2
total
ft ))) = ft- ft-,)5 )2 + 2 , )44 DL N A
s
!hen the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
!t"/h 16,716,000 = - 20 )00 -, ft ))) -, = ?tu+h.ft (1 , - ,
2 2
sat s s
T T hA Q

,b- !he rate of condensation of steam is determined from

" "
8
m
Q
h
fg
condensation
?tu + h
)05) ?tu + lbm

)3 ()3 000
15,900 #$m/ h
)0035
n = )44 tubes
20=
L = )5 ft
P = 0.15
psia
Cooling
water
Saturated
steam
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-77 4ater is boiled at Tsat = )00C b$ a chemicall$ etched stainless steel electric heater whose surface
temperature is maintained at Ts = ))5C. !he rate of heat transfer to the water" the rate of e#aporation of
water" and the maximum rate of e#aporation are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Stead$ operating conditions exist. 2 Heat losses from the heater and the boiler are
negligible.
Properties !he properties of water at the saturation temperature of
)00C are ,!ables )00) and /01-

l
v
l

15( 1
030
00521
)(5
.
.
.
.
%g + m
%g + m
; + m
5r

h
fg
l
pl

225( )0
0222 )0
42)(

* + %g
%g m+ s
C * + %g C
.
/lso"
C
sf

0.0)0 and n = ).0 for the boiling of water on a chemicall$
etched stainless steel surface ,!able )00-. ;ote that we expressed the
properties in units specified under >'. )002 in connection with their
definitions in order to a#oid unit manipulations.
Analysis ,a- !he excess temperature in this case is T T T
s

sat
C ))5 )00 )5 which is relati#el$
low ,less than 0C-. !herefore" nucleate boiling will occur. !he heat flux in this case can be determined
from :ohsenow relation to be
2

)+2

sat "
2 + )
nucleate
4+m 100 " 4(4
(5 . ) - )0 225( , 0)0 . 0
- )00 ))5 , 42)(
0521 . 0
0.30- 1.2,15(.1
- )0 -,225( )0 222 . 0 ,
5r
- ,
- ,

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

n
l fg sf
s l p
v l
fg l
h C
T T C
g
h

!he surface area of the bottom of the heater is
2
m 00502( . 0 m- m-,0.2 002 . 0 , DL A
s
.
!hen the rate of heat transfer during nucleate boiling becomes
W 2387 - 4+m 100 " 4(4 -, m 00502( . 0 ,
2 2
nucleate boiling
A Q
s

!he rate of e#aporation of water is determined from

kg/h 3.81 = kg/s 10 1.058
3

*+%g )0 225(
*+s 22(

boiling
n e#aporatio
fg
h
Q
m

,b- =or a horizontal heating wire" the coefficient Ccr is determined from !able )004 to be
)5) . 0 - 11 . 0 , )2 . 0 8 )2 . 0
).2 @ 11 . 0
0521 . 0
30 . 0 1 . 15( , 2 . 1
- 00) . 0 ,
- ,
8
25 . 0 25 . 0
2 + ) 2 + )

,
_

,
_

L C
g
L L
c!
v l

!hen the maximum or critical heat flux is determined from
7 , -6 . , -7 . . , . - , . . -6
max
+ +
C h g
c! fg v l v

2 ) 4 2 ) 4
0)5) 225( )0 0 0521 1 2 0 3 15( 1 0 30
1,280,000 W/ m
2
)0033
4ater" )00C
))5C
Steam
)00C
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-78 Steam at a saturation temperature of Tsat = )00= condenses on a #ertical plate which is
maintained at 20C. !he rate of heat transfer to the plate and the rate of condensation of steam per ft
width of the plate are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Stead$ operating conditions exist. 2 !he plate is isothermal. 3 !he condensate flow is
wa#$0laminar o#er the entire plate ,this assumption will be #erified-. 4 !he densit$ of #apor is much
smaller than the densit$ of li'uid"
v l
<< .
Properties !he properties of water at the saturation temperature of )00= are hfg = )0( ?tu+lbm and #
= 0.00223 lbm+ft

. !he properties of li'uid water at the film temperature of

T T T
f s
+ , - +
sat
2
,)00 .
20-+2 = 10= are ,!able /01>-"

l
l
l l l
pl
l
k

32)2
)242
002135
0111
052

.
.
+ .
.
.
lbm+ ft
lbm+ ft h
ft + h
C ?tu + lbm =
?tu + h ft =
2
Analysis !he modified latent heat of #aporization is

?tu+lbm )05) =
= - 20 =-,)00 ?tu+lbm 111 . 0 , 0.32 . ?tu+lbm )0(
- , 32 . 0
sat
8

+
s pl fg fg
T T C h h
/ssuming wa#$0laminar flow" the :e$nolds number is determined from

20)
h- ) ,
s- 300 ,
- h + ft 02135 . 0 ,
ft+s 2 . 2
- ?tu+lbm )05) -, h lbm+ft 242 . ) ,
= - 20 )00 , =- ft ?tu+h 52 . 0 , ft- 3 , (0 .
2) . 4
- , (0 .
2) . 4 :e :e
22 . 0
+ )
2
2
2 2
2
220 . 0
+ )
2 8
sat
wa#$ #ertical"

1
1
]
1

,
_

+
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
l fg l
s l
g
h
T T Lk

which is between 0 and )200" and thus our assumption of wa#$ laminar flow is #erified. !hen the
condensation heat transfer coefficient is determined from

= ft ?tu+h 2)
h- ) ,
s- 300 ,
- h + ft 02135 . 0 ,
ft+s 2 . 2
2 . 5 - 20) , 02 . )
=- ft ?tu+h 52 . 0 , 20)
2 . 5 :e 02 . )
:e
2
+ )
2
2
2 2
2
22 . )
+ )
2 22 . )
wa#$ #ertical"

,
_

,
_

l
l
g k
h h

!he heat transfer surface area of the plate is

2
ft 3 ft- ft-,) 3 , L " A
s
!hen the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
!t"/h 97,530 = - 20 )00 -, ft 3 -, = ft ?tu+h 2) , - ,
2 2
sat s s
T T hA Q

!he rate of condensation of steam is determined from

"
8
m
Q
h
fg
condensation
?tu + h
)05) ?tu + lbm

1( 50
92.8 #$m/ h
)003(
3 ft
20=
Condensate
Steam
)00=
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-79 Saturated refrigerant0)4a #apor condenses on the outside of a horizontal tube maintained at a
specified temperature. !he rate of condensation of the refrigerant is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Stead$ operating conditions exist. 2 !he tube is isothermal.
Properties !he properties of refrigerant0)4a at the saturation temperature of 5C are hfg = )32.2)0

*+%g and # = 4.4) %g+m

. !he properties of li'uid :0)4a at the film temperature of

T T T
f s
+ , - +
sat
2
,5 . 25-+2 = 0C are ,!able /0)0-"
C 4+m. 0202 . 0
C *+%g. )442 C
+s m )0 )510 . 0 +
%g+m.s )0 222 . )
%g+m ))22
2 3
4

l
pl
l l l
l
l
k

Analysis !he modified latent heat of #aporization is

*+%g )0 )(2.0 = C - 25 C,5 *+%g )442 0.32 . *+%g )0 2 . )32
- , 32 . 0

sat
8

+
s pl fg fg
T T C h h
!he heat transfer coefficient for condensation on a single horizontal tube is

C 4+m )220
m- C,0.0)5 - 25 5 , s- %g+m )0 222 . ) ,
- C 4+m 0202 . 0 -, *+%g )0 0 . )(2 -, %g+m 4) . 4 -,))22 %g+m ))22 -, m+s 2) . 1 ,
(21 . 0
- ,
- ,
(21 . 0
2
4 + )
4
2
4 + )
sat
8
horizontal

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

D T T
k h g
h h
s l
l fg v l l

!he heat transfer surface area of the pipe is
2
m 211 . 0 m- m-,( 0)5 . 0 , DL A
s
!hen the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
4 3200 C - 25 5 -, m 211 . 0 -, C 4+m )220 , - ,
2 2
sat

s s
T T hA Q

!he rate of condensation of steam is determined from

kg/m%& 2.09

%g+s 0.042
*+%g )0 )(2.0
*+s 3200
8
on condensati
fg
h
Q
m

)0032
:0)4a
5C
Condensate
25C
D
t"$e
= 1.5 cm
L
t"$e
= 7 m
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-80 Saturated refrigerant0)4a #apor condenses on the outside of a horizontal tube maintained at a
specified temperature. !he rate of condensation of the refrigerant is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Stead$ operating conditions exist. 2 !he tube is isothermal.
Properties !he properties of refrigerant0)4a at the saturation temperature of 5C are hfg = )32.2)0

*+%g and # = 4.4) %g+m

. !he properties of li'uid :0)4a at the film temperature of

T T T
f s
+ , - +
sat
2
,5 . 25-+2 = 0C are ,!able /0)0-"
C 4+m. 0202 . 0
C *+%g. )442 C
+s m )0 )510 . 0 +
%g+m.s )0 222 . )
%g+m ))22
2 3
4

l
pl
l l l
l
l
k

Analysis !he modified latent heat of #aporization is

*+%g )0 )(2.0 = C - 25 C,5 *+%g )442 0.32 . *+%g )0 2 . )32
- , 32 . 0

sat
8

+
s pl fg fg
T T C h h
!he heat transfer coefficient for condensation on a single horizontal tube is

C 4+m )52)
m- C,0.0 - 25 5 , s- %g+m )0 222 . ) ,
- C 4+m 0202 . 0 -, *+%g )0 0 . )(2 -, %g+m 4) . 4 -,))22 %g+m ))22 -, m+s 2) . 1 ,
(21 . 0
- ,
- ,
(21 . 0
2
4 + )
4
2
4 + )
sat
8
horizontal

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

D T T
k h g
h h
s l
l fg v l l

!he heat transfer surface area of the pipe is
2
m 351( . 0 m- m-,( 0 . 0 , DL A
s
!hen the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
4 422 " )0 C - 25 5 -, m 351( . 0 -, C 4+m )52) , - ,
2 2
sat

s s
T T hA Q

!he rate of condensation of steam is determined from

kg/m%& 3.52

%g+s 0.05252
*+%g )0 )(2.0
*+s 422 " )0
8
on condensati
fg
h
Q
m

)0031
:0)4a
5C
Condensate
25C
D
t"$e
= 3 cm
L
t"$e
= 7 m
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-81 Saturated steam at 2(0 %5a pressure and thus at a saturation temperature of Tsat = )0C ,!able /0
1- condenses inside a horizontal tube which is maintained at ))0C. !he a#erage heat transfer coefficient
and the rate of condensation of steam are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Stead$ operating conditions exist. 2 !he tube is isothermal. 3 !he #apor #elocit$ is low so
that :e#apor @ 5"000.
Properties !he properties of water at the saturation temperature of )0C are hfg = 2)(4)0

*+%g and #
= ).50 %g+m

. !he properties of li'uid water at the film temperature of

T T T
f s
+ , - +
sat
2
,)0 . ))0-+2
= )20C are ,!able /01-"

l
l
l l l
pl
l
k

144
022 )0
0 243 )0
4244
032

3
.
.
+ .
.
%g + m
%g + m.s
m + s
C * + %g. C
4+ m. C
2
Analysis !he condensation heat transfer coefficient is
determined from

C W/m 3345
2

1
]
1

,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_

4 + )

2
4 + )
sat
sat

internal
C ))0- C-,)0 %*+%g 4244 ,
2

. *+%g )0 2)(4
C ))0- s-,)0 %g+m )0 22 . 0 ,
C- 4+m 32 . 0 -, %g+m - 50 . ) 4 . 14 -, %g+m 4 . 14 -, m+s 2 . 1 ,
555 . 0
- ,
2

- ,
- ,
555 . 0
s pl fg
s l
l v l l
T T C h
T T
k g
h h

!he heat transfer surface area of the pipe is
2
m 5355 . 0 m- m-,3 0 . 0 , DL A
s
!hen the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
4 2) " ( C - ))0 )0 -, m 5355 . 0 -, C 4+m 45 , - ,
2 2
sat

s s
T T hA Q

!he rate of condensation of steam is determined from

kg/s 0.0174

*+%g )0 2)(4
*+s 2) " (

on condensati
fg
h
Q
m

)00(0
Steam
2(0.) %5a
Condensate
))0C
D
t"$e
= 3 cm
L
t"$e
= 6 m
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-82 Saturated steam condenses on a suspended sil#er sphere which is initiall$ at 0C. !he time needed
for the temperature of the sphere to rise to 50C and the amount of steam condenses are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 !he temperature of the sphere changes uniforml$ and thus the lumped s$stem anal$sis is
applicable. 2 !he a#erage condensation heat transfer coefficient e#aluated for the a#erage temperature can
be used for the entire process. 3 Constant properties at room temperature can be used for the sil#er ball.
Properties !he properties of water at the saturation temperature of )00C are hfg = 225()0

*+%g and #
= 0.30 %g+m

. !he properties of the sil#er ball at room temperature and the properties of li'uid water at
the a#erage film temperature of
T T T
f s ave
+ , - +
" sat
2
,)00 . 40-+2 = (0C are ,!ables /0 and /01-"
'%#(er !a##:

)0 500
)(4 )0
25
421

3
" %g + m
m + s
C * + %g C
4+ m C
2
p
l
k

)%*"%+ Water:

l
l
pl
l
k

1(( 5
0404 )0
4)10
033

.
.
.
%g + m
%g + m s
C * + %g C
4+ m C

Analysis !he modified latent heat of #aporization is
h h C T T
fg fg pl s
8
. , - +

0 32
225( )0 40 )0

sat
* + %g .0.32 4)10 * + %g C,)00 - C = 2422 * + %g
;oting that the tube is horizontal" the condensation heat transfer coefficient is determined from

C 4+m 1445
m- C,0.0)5 - 40 )00 , s- %g+m )0 404 . 0 ,
- C 4+m 33 . 0 -, *+%g )0 2422 -, %g+m 30 . 0 5 . 1(( -, %g+m 5 . 1(( -, m+s 2 . 1 ,
2) . 0
- ,
- ,
2) . 0
2
4 + )

2
4 + )
sat
8
sph

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

D T T
k h g
h h
s l
l fg v l l

!he characteristic length and the ?iot number for the lumped s$stem anal$sis is ,see Chap. 4-
L
V
A
D
D
D
#i
hL
k
c
c

<

2
3
3
00)5
0 0025
1445 0 0025
421
0055 0)
+ .
.
, -, . -
, -
. .
m
3
m
4+ m C m
4+ m C

2
!he lumped s$stem anal$sis is applicable since ?i @ 0.). !hen the time needed for the temperature of the
sphere to rise from 0 to 50C is determined to be

s 0.22

t e e
T T
T t T
L C
h
V C
hA
b
t bt
i
c p p
s

)00 0
)00 50 - ,
s 5) . )
m- C-,0.0025 *+%g 25 -, %g+m ,)0"500
C 4+m 1445
5) . )
) 0

2

!he total heat transfer to the ball and the amount of steam that condenses become

m V
D
Q mC T t T
m
Q
h
p i
fg
sphere

sphere
condensation

%g + m
m-
3
%g
6 %g * + %g C C *
* + s
2422 )0 * + %g

3
)0 500
0 0)5
0 0)23
00)23 25 50 0 2( 2
2( 2
, " -
, .
.
7 , - , . -, -, - .

.
8
0.0359 10 kg / s
-3
)00()
Sil#er
sphere
Steam
)00C
T
i
= 30C
1.5 cm
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-83 Steam at a saturation temperature of Tsat = )00C condenses on a suspended sil#er sphere which is
initiall$ at 0C. !he time needed for the temperature of the sphere to rise to 50C and the amount of
steam condenses during this process are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 !he temperature of the sphere changes uniforml$ and thus the lumped s$stem anal$sis is
applicable. 2 !he a#erage condensation heat transfer coefficient e#aluated for the a#erage temperature can
be used for the entire process. 3 Constant properties at room temperature can be used for the sil#er ball.
Properties !he properties of water at the saturation temperature of )00C are hfg = 225()0

*+%g and #
= 0.30 %g+m

. !he properties of the sil#er ball at room temperature and the properties of li'uid water at
the a#erage film temperature of
T T T
f s ave
+ , - +
" sat
2
,)00 . 40-+2 = (0C are ,!ables /0 and /01-"
'%#(er !a##:

)0 500
)(4 )0
25
421

3
" %g + m
m + s
C * + %g C
4+ m C
2
p
l
k

)%*"%+ Water:

l
l
pl
l
k

1(( 5
0404 )0
4)10
033

.
.
.
%g + m
%g + m s
C * + %g C
4+ m C

Analysis !he modified latent heat of #aporization is
h h C T T
fg fg pl s
8
. , - +

0 32
225( )0 40 )0

sat
* + %g .0.32 4)10 * + %g C,)00 - C = 2422 * + %g
;oting that the tube is horizontal" the condensation heat transfer coefficient is determined from

C 4+m (142
m- C,0.0 - 40 )00 , s- %g+m )0 404 . 0 ,
- C 4+m 33 . 0 -, *+%g )0 2422 -, %g+m 30 . 0 5 . 1(( -, %g+m 5 . 1(( -, m+s 2 . 1 ,
2) . 0
- ,
- ,
2) . 0
2
4 + )

2
4 + )
sat
8
sph

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

D T T
k h g
h h
s l
l fg v l l

!he characteristic length and the ?iot number for the lumped s$stem anal$sis is ,see Chap. 4-
) . 0 01 . 0
- C 4+m 421 ,
- m 005 . 0 -, C 4+m (142 ,
m 005 . 0
3
m 0 . 0
3
3 +
2
2

<




k
hL
#i
D
D
D
A
V
L
c
s
c

!he lumped s$stem anal$sis is applicable since ?i @ 0.). !hen the time needed for the temperature of the
sphere to rise from 0 to 50C is determined to be

s 0.52

t e e
T T
T t T
L C
h
V C
hA
b
t bt
i
c p p
s

)00 0
)00 50 - ,
s 344 . 0
m- C-,0.005 *+%g 25 -, %g+m ,)0"500
C 4+m (142
344 . 0
) 0

2

!he total heat transfer to the ball and the amount of steam that condenses become

m V
D
Q mC T t T
m
Q
h
p i
fg
sphere

sphere
condensation

%g + m
m-
3
%g
6 %g * + %g C C *
* + s
2422 )0 * + %g

3
)0 500
0 0
0)42
0)42 25 50 0 312
312
, " -
, .
.
7 , - , . -, -, -

8
0.287 10 kg / s
-3
)00(2
Sil#er
sphere
Steam
)00C
T
i
= 30C
3 cm
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-84 Saturated steam at a saturation temperature of Tsat = 15C ,!able /01-
condenses on a canned drin% at 5C in a dropwise manner. !he heat transfer
coefficient for this dropwise condensation is to be determined.
Assumptions !he heat transfer coefficient relation for dropwise condensation
that was de#eloped for copper surfaces is also applicable for aluminum surfaces.
Analysis ;oting that the saturation temperature is less than )00C" the heat
transfer coefficient for dropwise condensation can be determined from AriffithBs
relation to be
h h T + +
dropwise sat
5))04 2044 5))04 2044 15 " " 245,284 W/ m C
2
10-85 4ater is boiled at ) atm pressure and thus at a saturation temperature of Tsat = )00C b$ a nic%el
electric heater whose diameter is 2 mm. !he highest temperature at which this heater can operate without
burnout is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Stead$ operating conditions exist. 2 Heat losses from the water are negligible.
Properties !he properties of water at the saturation temperature of )00C are ,!ables )00) and /01-

l
v
l

15( 1
030
00521
)(5
.
.
.
.
%g + m
%g + m
; + m
5r

h
fg
l
pl

225( )0
0222 )0
42)(

* + %g
%g m+ s
C * + %g C
.
/lso"
C
sf

0.0030 and n = ).0 for the boiling of water on a
nic%el surface ,!able )00-.
Analysis !he maximum rate of heat transfer without the burnout is simpl$ the critical heat flux. =or a
horizontal heating wire" the coefficient Ccr is determined from !able )004 to be
)5) . 0 - 11 . 0 , )2 . 0 8 )2 . 0
).2 @ 11 . 0
0521 . 0
30 . 0 1 . 15( , 2 . 1
- 00) . 0 ,
- ,
8
25 . 0 25 . 0
2 + ) 2 + )

,
_

,
_

L C
g
L L
c!
v l

!hen the maximum or critical heat flux is determined from
7 , -6 . , -7 . . , . - , . . -6
max
+ +
C h g
c! fg v l v

2 ) 4 2 ) 4
0)5) 225( )0 0 0521 1 2 0 3 15( 1 0 30
)"220"000 4+ m
2
:ohsenow relation which gi#es the nucleate boiling heat flux for a specified surface temperature can also
be used to determine the surface temperature when the heat flux is gi#en. Substituting the maximum heat
flux into :ohsenow relation together with other properties gi#es

sat "
2 + )
nucleate
5r
- ,
- ,

,
_

1
]
1

n
l fg sf
s l p
v l
fg l
h C
T T C
g
h

)+2

(5 . ) - )0 225( , 0030 . 0
- )00 , 42)(
0521 . 0
0.30- 0 1.2,15(.1
- )0 -,225( )0 222 . 0 , 000 " 220 " )

,
_

1
]
1

s
T
Ct gi#es the maximum temperature to be9 T
s
109.6 C
10-86 ... 10-93 Design and Essay Problems
)00(
Steam
15C
,r%&k
5C
T
s
= -
.eat%&g /%re
) atm
Water
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
)00(4