TYPES OF ADVERB

English Paper

Created by : Ade Mulia Pratama Panjaitan Zulkifli Jurusan Teknik Sipil 1S2 sore

POLITEKNIK NEGERI JAKARTA 2010

PREFACE

Praise we pray toward the presence of the only God, the Almighty God who has given his blessing and guidance so that the preparation of papers Types of Adverb be resolved.

Now we are in the 21st century, a century full of competition, local competition, national competition, and global competition. Competition in all cases can not be avoided. Therefore, we must equip ourselves to face the competition. Provision of science and technology alone is not enough if not balanced with good language skills

Papers Types of Adverb is designed to give an explanation about the form, type and function of the adverb with the aim of completing the task of making a paper for English subject.

Finally, our gratitude goes to all those who have helped resolve this paper. In addition, we also like to thank the authors whose articles we have quoted as reference material. We hope this paper can assist students in learning English.

Jakarta, September 2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

TEBLE OF CONTENT

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2

DISCUSSION

1 1 3 3 3 4,5

Adverb in English Adverb as a catch-all Azerbaijan linguistic school Adverb is Derived from other parts of Speech A. Types of Adverbs B. Types of Adverbs Pharases 5,6 C. Types of Adverbs Clause 7,8

CHAPTER 3

ENDING

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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TYPE OF ADVERB
created by Tama,Zulkifli

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
In this era of globalization, as now, language proficiency is one of ability to be controlled because it is a start-up capital to compete in the world of office. Moreover, as a student, we are required to be proficient in English for one day to compete in all areas because English is the language most widely used in the world. In English there is an adverb that has many forms and uses. In this paper we discuss about type of adverb. The Purpose of this paper is to assist in understanding the adverb used in the English language

CHAPTER 2 DISCUSSION
Adverb (adv) is the word used to qualify the adverbial. An adverb is a part of speech. It is any word that modifies any part of language other than a noun (modifiers of nouns are primarily adjectives and determiners). Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences and other adverbs. Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent?. This function is called the adverbial function, and is realized not just by single words (i.e., adverbs) but by adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses. Adverbs in English In English, adverbs of manner (answering the question how?) are often formed by adding -ly to adjectives. For example, great yields greatly, and beautiful yields beautifully. (Note that some words that end in -ly, such as friendly and lovely, are not adverbs, but adjectives, in which case the root word is usually a noun. There are also underived adjectives that end in -ly, such as holy and silly.)The suffix -ly is related to the Germanic word "lich" meaning corpse or body. (There is also an obsolete English word lych or lich with the same meaning.) Both words are also related to the word like. The connection between -ly and like is easy to understand. The connection to lich is probably that both are descended from an earlier word that meant something like "shape"or
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"form". In this way, -ly in English is cognate with the common German adjective ending -lich and the Dutch ending -lijk. This same process is followed in Romance languages with the ending mente, -ment, or -mense meaning "of/like the mind". In some cases, the suffix -wise may be used to derive adverbs from nouns. Historically, -wise competed with a related form -ways and won out against it. In a few words, like sideways, -ways survives; words like clockwise show the transition. Again, it is not a foolproof indicator of a word being an adverb. Some adverbs are formed from nouns or adjectives by appending the prefix a(such as abreast, astray). There are a number of other suffixes in English that derive adverbs from other word classes, and there are also many adverbs that are not morphologically indicated at all. Comparative adverbs include more, most, least, and less (in phrases such as more beautiful, most easily etc.). The usual form pertaining to adjectives or adverbs is called the positive. Formally, adverbs in English are inflected in terms of comparison, just like adjectives. The comparative and superlative forms of some (especially single-syllable) adverbs that do not end in -ly are generated by adding er and -est (She ran faster; He jumps highest). Others, especially those ending -ly, are periphrastically compared by the use of more or most (She ran more quickly) -- while some accept both forms, e.g. oftener and more often are both correct. Adverbs also take comparisons with as ... as, less, and least. Not all adverbs are comparable; for example in the sentence He wore red yesterday it does not make sense to speak of "more yesterday" or "most yesterday".

Adverbs as a "catch-all" category Adverbs are considered a part of speech in traditional English grammar and are still included as a part of speech in grammar taught in schools and used in dictionaries. However, modern grammarians recognize that words traditionally grouped together as adverbs serve a number of different functions. Some would go so far as to call adverbs a "catch-all" category that includes all words that do not belong to one of the other parts of speech. A more logical approach to dividing words into classes relies on recognizing which words can be used in a certain context. For example, a noun is a word that can be inserted in the following template to form a grammatical sentence:The _____ is red. (For example, "The hat is red".)When this approach is taken, it is seen that adverbs fall into a number of different categories. For example, some adverbs can be used to modify an entire sentence, whereas others cannot. Even when a sentential adverb has other functions, the meaning is often not the same. For example, in 2

the sentences She gave birth naturally and Naturally, she gave birth, the word naturally has different meanings. (Actually the first sentence could be interpreted in the same way as the second, but context makes it clear which is meant.) Naturally as a sentential adverb means something like "of course" and as a verb-modifying adverb means "in a natural manner". This "naturally" controversy demonstrates that the class of sentential adverbs is a closed class (there is resistance to adding new words to the class), whereas the class of adverbs that modify verbs isn't. Words like very and particularly afford another useful example. We can say Perry is very fast, but not Perry very won the race. These words can modify adjectives but not verbs. On the other hand, there are words like here and there that cannot modify adjectives. We can say The sock looks good there but not It is a there beautiful sock. The fact that many adverbs can be used in more than one of these functions can confuse this issue, and it may seem like splitting hairs to say that a single adverb is really two or more words that serve different functions. However, this distinction can be useful, especially considering adverbs like naturally that have different meanings in their different functions. Huddleston distinguishes between a word and a lexicogrammatical-word

Azerbaijan linguistic school does not consider an adverb to be an independent part of speech, as it is an adverbialized form of other parts of speech. I.e. recognition of its equity, alongside with other parts of speech, violates the second and fourth laws of logic division.

Adverb is derived from other parts of speech. Its functions are performed by other parts of speech when they play the role of "means of expression" for an adverbial. That is, other parts of speech, playing role of adverbial, automatically transform (convert) into an adverb.

There are three types of adverb:

Types of Adverbs ( kata keterangan nama diri ) Types of Adverb Phrases ( kata keterangan ungkapan/peribahasa ) Types of Adverb Clauses ( kata keterangan syarat/ketentuan )

A.Types of Adverbs
Adverb (kata keterangan) merubah kata kerja, yakni kata keterangan menjelaskan bagaimana sesuatu dilakukan. Contoh: * She learns quickly. * You can speak English well.

Adverb sering dibentuk dengan menambahkan -ly di belakang adjective. Contoh: * quick (adjective) - Hes quick at learning new things. * quickly (adverb) - He learns quickly. * bad (adjective) - He didnt get a bad test score. * badly (adverb) - He didnt do badly in his test. Untuk adverb yang terbentuk dari adjective yang berakhiran dengan huruf -y ganti -y dengan -i dan tambahkan -ly. Contoh:

* easy (adjective) - He thinks math is easy. * easily (adverb) - He can do math easily. * happy (adjective) - Hes a happy man. * happily (adverb) - He works happily every day. Untuk adverb yang terbentuk dari adjective yang berakhiran dengan huruf -le ganti -le dengan -ly. Contoh: * simple (adjective) - The teacher makes difficult things simple. * simply (adverb) - He teaches simply and clearly. Beberapa adverb sama dengan adjective. Contoh: * He runs fast (adverb) - Hes a fast runner. (adjective) * He studies hard. (adverb) - Its a hard life. (adjective) Adverb untuk good adalah well. Contoh: * Shes a good pianist. * She plays the piano well. 4

Adverb juga bisa mengubah adjective dan adverb-adverb lainnya. Contoh: * Thats a good book. * Thats a very good book. * Shes a talented girl. * Shes an incredibly talented girl. * Youre right! * Youre absolutely right!

B. Types of Adverb Phrases

An adverb may be a single word, such as quickly, here or yesterday. However, adverbs can also be phrases, some made with prepositions, others made with infinitives. This page will explain the basic types of adverb phrases (sometimes called "adverbial phrases") and how to recognize them.

Basic types of adverbs

In the section on adverbs, you learned about three basic types of adverb: manner, place and time adverbs. There are at least two more that are important. Frequency adverbs answer the question "How often?" about an action. Purpose adverbs answer the question "Why?". Here are some example:

Type
Frequency Purpose

Adverb
usually for fun

Example
Mika usually gets up early. I write computer programs for fun.

While the first example, usually, is a single word, the second example (for fun) is a phrase consisting of a preposition and a noun -- in other words, it is a prepositional phrase which functions as an adverb phrase.

Adverb phrases made with prepositions

All kinds of adverb phrases can be made with prepositions. Here are some examples:

Type
Manner Place Time Frequency Purpose

Adverb phrase
with a hammer next door before the holidays every month for his mother

Example
The carpenter hit the nail with a hammer. The woman who lives next door is a doctor. We must finish our project before the holidays. Jodie buys two CDs every month. Jack bought the flowers for his mother.

Adverb phrases made with infinitives

Another kind of adverb phrase can be made with the infinitive form of a verb. Most of these phrases express purpose, as in these examples:

Type
Purpose Purpose Purpose

Adverb phrase
to buy a car to support the team to show to her mother

Example
I'm saving my money to buy a car. The students all showed up to support the team. Sally brought a painting home from school to show to her mother.

C. Types of Adverb Clauses

An adverb may be a single word such as quickly, here or yesterday (see the page Adverbs), or a phrase such as the day before yesterday or to see my mother (see the page Adverb Phrases). However, adverbs can also be clauses, containing a subject and a full verb. Thispage will explain the basic types of adverb clauses (sometimes called "adverbial clauses") and how to recognize them.

Adverbs, adverb phrases, and adverb clause

Look at these sentences:

I saw the movie yesterday. I saw the movie on Friday. I saw the movie before I left for Calgary.
In the first sentence, "yesterday" is a one-word adverb, "on Friday" is an adverb phrase, and "before I left for Calgary" is an adverb clause. All of them answer the question "When?", but the adverb clause has a subject ("I") and a full verb ("left"). It is introduced by "before", so it is a dependent clause. This means that it cannot stand alone: "Before I left for Calgary" would not be a full sentence. It needs a main clause ("I saw the movie"). An adverb clause, then, is a dependent clause that does the same job as an adverb or an adverb phrase.

Types of adverb clause

There are many types of adverb clauses. Here are some examples of the most common types:

Type
Place Time Cause Purpose Concession Condition

Question answered
Where? When? Why? (What caused this?) Why? (What was the reason for doing this?) Why is this unexpected? Under what conditions?

Example
Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software. After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market. I didn't call her because I'm shy. She took a computer course so that she could get a better job. Although Jay has a Master's degree, he works as a store clerk. If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.

As you can see from the examples above, most adverb clauses can be recognized because they are introduced by a particular word or phrase (such as "when", "so that", etc.). These words and phrases are called subordinating conjunctions, and there are many of them, including these:

Subordination conjunctions
after, before, until, while, because, since, as, so that, in order that, if, unless, whether, though, although, even though, where

CHAPTER 3 ENDING
The adverb is a word to describe adverbia. There are so many kinds of adverb. Each form has their role respectively. Each type also has a shape and its own characteristics. To better understand in every language studied, especially the English language we must understand the basic concepts in English. Then we should practice it in everyday life. In this case is an adjective. In English are so many types, shapes and uses adjectives. It is therefore not enough just to memorize, but it must be practiced in everyday language.Karena dengan memahami dan lebih mengenal many kinds of adverb and sentences in other kit a dapat lebih cepat memahami dan mengerti dalm menggunakan bahasa inggris sebagai penghubung kita dalam mendalami ilmu teknik sipil

BIBLIOGRAPHY
ADVERB. http://englishtutorial.co.cc/?p=113

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