Syllabus jee mains APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVEs

Rolles and Lagranges Mean Value Theorems. Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic - increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normals.

Quick Revision
1. Motion In A Straight Line (i) VELOCITY The rate of change of displacement (or position) w.r.t time is called velocity. Thus v = ds/dt (ii) ACCELERATION The rate of change of velocity w.r.t time is called acceleration. Thus at time t
a= dv d ds d2s = = dt dt dt dt 2

Note : The direction of acceleration is in the direction of velocity or opposite to it. When the direction of acceleration is opposite to the direction of velocity then it is called retardation. retardation means negative acceleration. (iii) MOTION UNDER GRAVITY When a particle is thrown vertically upwards then it comes back due to the gravity. This motion of a particle is due to the acceleration g. When the particle is going upward, the value of g is negative and when it is coming back, the value of g is positive. At maximum height the velocity of a particle is zero. The value of g is 9.8 m/s 2 or 980 cm/s2. 2. Derivative as the Rate of Change. If a variable quantity y is some function of time t i.e., y f ( t ), then small change in time corresponding change
y in y.

t have a

Thus, the average rate of change = When limit

y t

0 is applied, the rate of change becomes instantaneous and we get the rate of
t 0

change with respect to t.i.e., lim

y t

dy dt

Hence, it is clear that the rate of change of any variable with respect to some other variable is derivative of first variable with respect to other variable. Note : The differential coefficient of y with respect to x i.e, dy/dx is nothing but the rate of increase of y relative to x. 3. Monotonic Functions A function f(x) defined in a domain D is said to be (i) Monotonic Increasing:
x1 x1 x2 x2
y

f x1 f x1

f x2 f x2

x1 ,x 2

(Domain)
y

i.e.,

x1 x1

x2 x2

f x1 f x1

f x2 f x2

x1,x 2

( Domain )

(ii)

Monotonic Decreasing:
x1 x1 x2 x2 f x1 f x1 f x2 f x2
y

x1,x 2

(Domain)
y

i.e.,

x1 x1

x2 x2

f x1 f x1

f x2 f x2

x1,x 2

(Domain)

A function is said to be monotonic function in a domain if it is either monotonic increasing or monotonic decreasing in that domain. (iii) Strictly Increasing : A function f(x) is said to be a strictly increasing function on
x2 x1 f x2 f x1 or dy dx 0

y
f (x) f (x2)

f (x1)

y
o
x1 x2

f (x1)

(iv)

Strictly Decreasing : A function f(x) is said to be a strictly

f (x2)

decreasing function on
x2 x1 f x2 f x1 or dy dx 0
o
x1 x2

4.

Method of Testing Monotonicity : (i) At a point: A function

f x

is said to be monotonic increasing (decreasing) at a point

a h, a h

of its domain if it is monotonic increasing (decreasing) in the interval positive number. Hence we may observe that if
f x

where h is a small
x a

is monotonic increasing at

then at this

point tangent to its graph will make an acute angle with x axis where as if the function is monotonic decreasing then tangent will make an obtuse angle with x-axis. Consequently be positive or negative according as
y

f' a

will

f x

is monotonic increasing or decreasing at

y

a.

So at

function

f x

is
f' a f' a 0 0

monotonic increasing monotonic decreasing (ii) In an interval: In

Monotonic increa sing Cons tan t Increa sing Decrea sing

a,b ,f x

is

f' x f' x f' x f' x

0 0 0 0 0 x a,b

Monotonic decrea sing f ' x

Note: (i) In above results

f' x

should not be zero for all values of x, else

f x

will be a constant

function.

(ii)

If in

a,b , f ' x

atleast for one value of x and

a,b

f' x

for atleast one value of x, then

f x

will not be monotonic in 5.

Example of Monotonic Function : If a function is monotonic increasing (decreasing) at every point of its domain. Then it is said to be monotonic increasing (decreasing) function. MONOTONIC INCREASING
x3

MONOTONIC DECREASING
1 x

NOT MONOTONIC

x2

xx

1 2x

ex
logx
tan x sinh x

ex

log2 x
cot x

sin x

cosx
cosh x sec hx

cosechx ,x 0
cot h x , x 0

In the following table we have example of some monotonic/not monotonic functions.

6.

Properties of Monotonic Functions : (i) If

f x

is strictly increasing in some interval, then in that interval,

exists and that is also

strictly increasing function. (ii)

f' c f' c 0 0

If

f x c c

is continuous in
a,b a,b f x f x f x

a,b

and differentiable in ,
a,b a,b

a,b

then

is monotonic increasing in is monotonic decreasing in

g x

(iii) then (iv)

If both
gof

and

are increasing (or decreasing) in

a,b

and

gof

is defined in

a,b

is increasing.
f x

If

and

g x

are two monotonic functions in

a,b

such that one is increasing and other

is decreasing then

gof

, if it is defined, is decreasing function.

1. Definition of Maxima & Minima Definition :- (1) neighbourhood (a ,a+ ) such that f(x) < f (a) for all x (a , a + ),x a a A function f(x) is said to attain a maximum at x = a if there exists a

f(x) f(a) < 0 for all x

(a , a + ),x

In such a case, f(a) is said to be the maximum value of f(x) at x = a. Definition :- (2) A function f(x) is said to attain a minimum at x =a if there exists a nbd (a , a + ) such that f(x) > f(a) for all x (a , a + ),x a a

f(x) f(a) > 0 for all x

(a , a + ),x

In such a case, f(a) is said to be the minmum value of f(x) at x = a The points at which a function attains either the maximum values or the minimum values are known as the extreme points or turning points and both maximum and minimum values of f (x) are called extreme or extreme values. NOTE : (i) (ii) (iii) The maximum and minimum points are also known as extreme points. A function may have more than one maximum and minimum points. A maximum value of a function
f x

in an interval

a,b

is not necessarily its greatest value

in that interval. Similarly a minimum value may not be the least value of the function. A minimum value may be greater than some maximum value for a function. (iv) The greatest and least values of a function
f x

in an interval

a,b

may be determined as

follows: Greatest value = max. Least value = min. where (v)

x c

f a ,f b ,f c

f a ,f b ,f c

is a point such that

f' c

If a continuous function has only one maximum (minimum) point, then at this point function has its greatest (least) value.

(vi)

Monotonic functions do not have extreme points.

2. Conditions for Maxima & MInima of Function Necessary Condition: A point exists. Thus if
f' a
x a

is an extreme point of a function

f x

if ,

f' a

provided

exists, then
a isan extreme point f' a 0 or f ' a 0 x a is not an extreme point x

But its converse is not true i.e.,

f' a 0 x a

is an extreme point.
f x x3 ,

For example if

then

f' 0

but

x 0

is not an extreme point

Sufficient Condition:

When dy/dx = 0

Let x = b is point of maxima (as in graph). So f(b h) and f(b+h) should be less then f(b). (h is a very small positive number). Similarly if x = c is point of minima f(c h) and f(c + h) should be greater than f(c) and x = d which is point of neither maxima nor minima as f(d h) < f(d) and f(d+h) > f (d) .

Or

dy dx

if sign of changes from positive to negative of

dy dx

dy dx

at a point, then point is of maxima and if

dy dx

its sign of

changes from negative to positive than point is of minima. If sign of

does not

change then it is point of inflection.

3. Methods of Testing for Maxima or Minima (A) First Derivative Test :

Let f (x) be a function differentiable at x = a. Then (a) x = a is a point of local maximum of f (x) if (i) f ' (a) = 0 and (ii) f ' (a) Changes sign from positive to negative as x passes through a i.e. f '(x) > 0 at every point in the left neighbourhood (a , a) of a and f '(x) < 0 at every point in the right neighbourhood ( a, a+ ) of a. (b) x = a is a point of local minimum of f (x), if (i) f '(a) = 0 and (ii) f '(a) Changes sigh from negative to positive as x passes through a i.e. f '(x) < 0 at every point in the left neighbourhood (a , a) of a and f '(x) > 0 at every point in the right neighbourhood (a, a + ) of a. (c) If f '(a) = 0 but f '(a) does not change sign that is, has the same sign in the complete neighourhood of a, then minimum. Working Method : For determining extreme values of a function f (x) Step I Put y = f (x)
dy Step II find dx

a is neither a point of local maximum or a point of local

dy

Step III

Put dx = 0 and solve this equation for x. Let x = a1, a2 ....... an be the values of x
dy dx = 0.

obtained by putting

Step IV To check the maxima or minima at x = a, first find the sign of f '(x) for values of x slightly less than a, and then find the sign of f '(x) for values of x slightly greater than a. (i) If the sign of f '(x) changes from +ve to ve then f (x) has a maximum at x = a. (ii) If the sign of f ' (x) changes from ve to +ve then f (x) has a minimum at x = a. (iii) If the sign of f ' (x) does not change, then f (x) has neither maximum nor minimum at x = a. (B) Higher Order Derivative Test

(1) Find f ' (x) and equate it to zero solve f '(x) = 0, let its roots are x = a1, a2 ........ . (2) Find f '' (x) and at x = a1 ; (i) If f '' (a1) is positive, then f (x) is minimum at x = a1 (ii) If f '' (a1) is negative, then f (x) is maximum at x = a1. (iii) If f '' (a1) = 0, go to step 3. (3) If at x = a1, f '' (a1) = 0, then find f ''' (x). If f ''' (a1) 0, then f (x) is neither maximum nor minimum at x = a1. If f ''' (a1) = 0, then find f '''' (x) If f '''' (x) is +ve (minima) If f '''' (x) is ve (maxima) (4) If at x = a1, f '''' (a1) = 0, then find f ''''' (x) and proceed similarly.

7.

Some Important Results (i) Equilateral triangle Area (ii)

3 2 x , 4

where x is its side Area = a2, perimeter = 4a

Square :

where a is its side (iii) Rectangle : Area = ab, perimeter = 2(a + b)

Where a, b are its sides (iv) Trapezium: Area

1 a b h, 2

where a, b are lengths of parallel sides and h be the distance between them (v) Circle: where a is its radius Area
a2 ,

perimeter

2 a,

(vi)

Sphere: where a is its radius

Volume

4 3, a 3

surface

4 a2 ,

(vii)

Right circular cone Volume

1 2 , rh 3

curved surface

r ,

where r is the radius of its base, h be its height and be its slant height. (viii) Cylinder Volume
r 2h ,
2 r r h

whole surface

where r is the radius of the base and h be its height 8. Slope of the Tangent and Normal. (1) Slope of the tangent : If tangent is drawn on the curve y with positive x-direction then,
y Tangent Normal

f (x ) at point P(x1 , y1 ) and this

tangent makes an angle

dy dx

tan = slope of the tangent

( x1, y1 )

Note : If tangent is parallel to x-axis

dy dx
dy dx

0
( x1, y1 )

If tangent is perpendicular to x-axis

O
( x1, y1 )

(2) Slope of the normal : The normal to a curve at P(x1 , y1 ) is a line perpendicular to the tangent at P and passing through P and slope of the normal =
1 = Slope of tangent

1 dy dx
P( x1, y1 )

dx dy

P( x1, y1 )

Note

If normal is parallel to x-axis

dx dy dx dy 0
( x1, y1 )

or

0
( x1, y1 )

If normal is perpendicular to x-axis (for parallel to y-axis)

dy dx 0
( x1, y1 )

9.

Equation of the Tangent and Normal. (1)

P(x1 , y1 )

Equation of the tangent : We know that the equation of a line passing through a point and having slope m is y

y1

m(x

x1 )

Slope of the tangent at (x 1 , y1 ) is =

dy dx

( x1, y1 )

The equation of the tangent to the curve y

y y1 dy dx

f (x ) at point P(x 1 , y 1 ) is
( x x1 )

( x1, y1 )

(2)

Equation of the normal : Slope of the Normal =

1 dy dx
( x1, y1 )

Thus equation of the normal to the curve y

y y1 1 dy dx

f (x ) at point P(x 1 , y 1 )
( x x1 )

( x1, y1 )

Note

If at any point P(x 1 , y 1 ) on the curve y

f (x ) , the tangent makes equal angle with the

dy dx 1.

axes, then at the point P,

or

3 . Hence, at P tan 4

10.

Angle of Intersection of Two Curves. The angle of intersection of two curves is defined to be the angle between the tangents to the two curves at their point of intersection. We know that the angle between two straight lines having slopes m 1 and my 2
tan
1

m1 m 2 1 m1m 2

y = f2x

y = f1x

Also slope of the tangent at P( x1, y1 )

m1 dy dx ,
1( x 1 , y 1 )

m2

dy dx

O
2 ( x 1 , y1 )

Thus the angle between the tangents of the two curves y

dy dx 1 dy dx dy dx

f1 (x ) and y

f2 (x )

tan

1( x1, y1 )

2( x1, y1 )

dy dx

1( x1, y1 )

2 ( x1, y1 )

Orthogonal curves : If the angle of intersection of two curves is right angle, the two curves are said to intersect orthogonally. The curves are called orthogonal curves. If the curves are orthogonal, then

m1m 2
11.

dy dx

dy dx

1
2

Length of Tangent, Normal, Subtangent and Subnormal . Let the tangent and normal at point P(x , y) on the curve y

f (x ) meet the x-axis at points A and

B respectively. Then PA and PB are called length of tangent and normal respectively at point P. If PC be the perpendicular from P on x-axis, the AC and BC are called length of subtangent and subnormal respectively at P. If PA makes angle that
1 dy dx dy dx
2

with x-axis, then tan

dy from fig., we find dx

y Normal Tangent

(1)

Length of tangent PA

ycosec

P (x, y)

(2)

Length of normal PB

y sec

y 1

dy dx
y dy dx

(3)

Length of subtangent AC y cot

(4) 12.

Length of subnormal BC y tan

dy dx

Length of Intercept made on Axis by the Tangent. Equation of tangent at any point (x1 , y1 ) to the curve

f (x ) is y y 1

dy dx

( x x1 )
( x1, y1 )

......(i) ......(ii) ......(iii)

R
P ( x 1 y1 )

Equation of x-axis y = 0 and Equation of y-axis x = 0

Solving (i) and (ii) we get x x 1

y1 dy dx
( x1, y1 )

x-intercept OQ x 1

y1 dy dx
( x1, y1 )

Similarly solving (i) and (iii) we get, y-intercept OR = y 1

x1

dy dx

( x1, y1 )

13.

Length of Perpendicular from Origin to the Tangent. Length of perpendicular from origin (0, 0) to the tangent drawn at point P(x 1 , y1 ) of the curve

f (x )
y1 p 1 x1 dy dx dy dx

( x1, y1 ) 2

14.

Rolle's and Lagrange's Mean Value Theorems It is one of the most fundamental theorem of Differential calculus and has far reaching consequences. It states that if y = f (x) be a given function and satisfies, (i) (ii) (iii) f (x) is continuous in [a , b] f (x) is differentiable in (a , b ) f (a) = f (b)

Then f '( x) 0 at least once for some x (a, b) Note: (1) (2) There can be more than one such c. Think! The conditions of Rolles theorem are necessary or sufficient or both? The

answer is conditions are only sufficient and necessary will be clear from the following examples: (a) Let

f(x) f(0)

1 1 if 0 x l x f(1) 0

x 1

Here condition (i) is violated However f (x) = 0 if x =

1 (0, 1) 2
(i) and (iii) are violated.

By defining f(0) = 0 and f(1) = 3 we can see that the result is true when (b) Let f(x) =

x, 1,

0 x 1 1 x 2

Clearly (ii) does not hold in (0, 2) and even so f ' infact f (x) = 0 for 1 < x < 2

3 2

(3)

If f(x) is any polynomial then between any pair of roots of f (x ) = 0 lies a root of f (x) = 0 Lagranges Mean Value Theorem This theorem is in fact the general version of Rolles theorem. It says that if y = f(x) be a given function which is;

(i) Continuous in [a , b] Then f '(x)

(ii) Differentiable in (a , b) (a, b).

f (b) f (a) , for at least once for some x b a

(b , f (b)). Slope of Chord AB

Let A

(a , f (a)) and B

f (b) f (a) b a