University Wordlist Bilingual

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University Word List (http://jbauman.com/UWL.html)
THE UNIVERSITY WORD LIST
(UWL)

Headwords
abandon

to leave a place, thing or person
forever
abandoned
abandoning
abandonment
abandons
abstract

existing as an idea, feeling or
quality, not as a material object
abstraction
abstractions
abstractly
abstracts
academy

an organization intended to protect
and develop an art, science,
language, etc., or a school which
teaches a particular subject or
trains people for a particular job
academi
academic
academically
academics
academies
access

the method or possibility of
approaching a place or person, or
the right to use or look at
something
accessed
accesses
accessibility
accessible
accessing
inaccessible
accommodate

to provide with a place to live or to
be stored in
accommodated
accommodates
accommodating
accommodation
accompany

to go with someone or to be
provided or exist at the same time
as something
accompanied
accompanies
accompaniment
accompanying
unaccompanied
accumulate

to collect a large number of things
over a long period of time
accumulated
accumulating
accumulation
accumulates
accurate

correct, exact and without any
mistakes
accuracy
accurately
inaccuracy
inaccuracies
inaccurate
achieve

to succeed in finishing something
or reaching an aim, especially after
a lot of work or effort
achievable
achieved
achievement
achievements
achieves
achieving
acknowledge

to accept, admit or recognize
something, or the truth or existence
of something
acknowledged
acknowledges
acknowledging
p. 2
acknowledgement
acknowledgements
acquire

to obtain something acquired
acquires
acquiring
acquisition
acquisitions
adapt

to change something to suit
different conditions or uses
adaptability
adaptable
adaptation
adaptations
adapted
adapting
adaptive
adapts
adequate

enough or satisfactory for a
particular purpose
adequacy
adequately
inadequacies
inadequacy
inadequate
inadequately
adjacent

very near, next to, or touching
adjust

to change something slightly,
especially to make it more correct,
effective, or suitable
adjusted
adjusting
adjustment
adjustments
adjusts
readjust
readjusted
readjusting
readjustment
readjustments
readjusts
administer

to manage or govern administrates
administration
administrations
administrative
administratively
administrator
administrators
adult

a person or animal that has grown
to full size and strength
adulthood
adults
advocate

to publicly support or suggest an
idea, development or way of doing
something
advocacy
advocated
advocates
advocating
affect

to have an influence on someone
or something, or to cause them to
change
affected
affecting
affective
affectively
affects
unaffected
aggregate

to combine into a single group or
total
aggregated
aggregates
p. 3
aggregating
aggregation
aid

help or support aided
aiding
aids
unaided
albeit

although
allocate

to give something to someone as
their share of a total amount, for
them to use in a particular way
allocated
allocates
allocating
allocation
allocations
alter

to change something, usually
slightly, or to cause the
characteristics of something to
change
alterable
alteration
alterations
altered
altering
alternate
alternating
alters
unalterable
unaltered
alternative

something that is different from
something else, especially from
what is usual, and offering the
possibility of choice
alternatively
alternatives
ambiguous

having or expressing more than
one possible meaning, sometimes
intentionally
ambiguities
ambiguity
unambiguous
unambiguously
amend

to change the words of a text,
typically a law or a legal document
amended
amending
amendment
amendments
amends
analogy

a comparison between things
which have similar features, often
used to help explain a principle or
idea
analogies
analogous
analyze

to study or examine something in
detail, in order to discover more
about it
analyzed
analyzer
analyzers
analyses
analyzing
analysis
analyst
analysts
analytic
analytical
analytically
annual

happening once every year, or
relating to a period of one year
annually
anticipate

to imagine or expect that
something will happen, sometimes
anticipated
anticipates
p. 4
taking action in preparation for it
happening
anticipating
anticipation
unanticipated
apparent

able to be seen or understood apparently
append

to add something to the end of a
piece of writing
appendix
appended
appends
appending
appendices
appendixes
appreciate

to recognize or understand that
something is valuable, important or
as described
appreciable
appreciably
appreciated
appreciates
appreciating
appreciation
unappreciated
approach

to come near or nearer to
something or someone in space,
time, quality or amount
approachable
approached
approaches
approaching
unapproachable
appropriate

suitable or right for a particular
situation or occasion
appropriacy
appropriately
appropriateness
inappropriacy
inappropriate
inappropriately
approximate

not completely accurate but close approximated
approximately
approximates
approximating
approximation
approximations
arbitrary

based on chance rather than being
planned or based on reason
arbitrariness
arbitrarily
area

a particular part of a place, piece of
land or country
areas
aspect

one part of a situation, problem,
subject, etc
aspects
assemble

to come together in a single place
or bring parts together in a single
group
assembled
assembles
assemblies
assembling
assembly
assess

to judge or decide the amount,
value, quality or importance of
something
assessable
assessed
assesses
assessing
assessment
assessments
reassess
reassessed
reassessing
p. 5
reassessment
assign

to give a particular job or piece of
work to someone
assigned
assigning
assignment
assignments
assigns
reassign
reassigned
reassigning
reassigns
unassigned
assist

to help assistance
assistant
assistants
assisted
assisting
assists
unassisted
assume

to accept something to be true
without question or proof
assumed
assumes
assuming
assumption
assumptions
assure

to tell someone confidently that
something is true, especially so
that they do not worry
assurance
assurances
assured
assuredly
assures
assuring
attach

to fasten, join or connect; to place
or fix in position
attached
attaches
attaching
attachment
attachments
unattached
attain

to reach or succeed in getting
something; to achieve
attainable
attained
attaining
attainment
attainments
attains
unattainable
attitude

a feeling or opinion about
something or someone, or a way of
behaving that is caused by this
attitudes
attribute

a quality or characteristic that
someone or something has
attributable
attributed
attributes
attributing
attribution
author

the writer of a book, article, play,
etc
authored
authoring
authors
authorship
p. 6
authority

the moral or legal right or ability to
control
authoritative
authorities
automate

to make a process in a factory or
office operate by machines or
computers, in order to reduce the
amount of work done by humans
and the time taken to do the work
automatic
automated
automates
automating
automatically
automation
available

able to be obtained, used, or
reached
availability
unavailable
aware

knowing that something exists, or
having knowledge or experience of
a particular thing
awareness
unaware
behalf

representing; instead of
benefit

helpful or good effect, or something
intended to help
beneficial
beneficiary
beneficiaries
benefited
benefiting
benefits
bias

a tendency to support or oppose a
particular person or thing in an
unfair way by allowing personal
opinions to influence your
judgment
biased
biases
biasing
unbiased
bond

a close connection joining two or
more people
bonded
bonding
bonds
brief

lasting only a short time or
containing few words
brevity
briefed
briefing
briefly
briefs
bulk

large size or mass bulky
capable

able to do things effectively and
skillfully, and to achieve results
capabilities
capability
incapable
capacity

the total amount that can be
contained or produced, or
(especially of a person or
organization) the ability to do a
particular thing
capacities,
incapacitate
incapacitated
category

a type, or a group of things having
some features that are the same
categories
categorization
categorize
categorized
categorizes
categorizing
categorizing
cease

to stop something ceased
ceaseless
ceases
ceasing
challenge

something needing great mental or challenged
p. 7
physical effort in order to be done
successfully and which therefore
tests a person's ability
challenger
challengers
challenges
challenging
channel

passage for water or other liquids
to flow along, or a part of a river or
other area of water which is deep
and wide enough to provide a route
for ships to travel along
channeled
channeling
channels
chapter

any of the separate parts into which
a book or other piece of text is
divided, usually numbered or given
a title
chapters
chart

a drawing which shows information
in a simple way, often using lines
and curves to show amounts
charted
charting
charts
uncharted
chemical

any basic substance which is used
in or produced by a reaction
involving changes to atoms or
molecules
chemically
chemicals
circumstance

a fact or event that makes a
situation the way it is
circumstances
cite

to mention something as proof for a
theory or as a reason why
something has happened, or to
speak or write words taken from a
particular writer or written work
citation
citations
cited
citing
cites
civil

not military or religious, or relating
to the ordinary people of a country
civilization
clarify

to make something clear or easier
to understand by giving more
details or a simpler explanation
clarification
clarified
clarifies
clarifying
clarity
classic

having a high quality or standard
against which other things are
judged
classical
classics
clause

a group of words, consisting of a
subject and a finite form of a verb
(=the form that shows the tense
and subject of the verb), which
might or might not be a sentence
clauses
code

system of words, letters or signs
which is used to represent a
message in secret form, or a
system of numbers, letters or
signals which is used to represent
something in a shorter or more
convenient form
coded
codes
coding
coherent

If an argument, set of ideas or a
plan is coherent, it is clear and
carefully considered, and each part
of it connects or follows in a natural
coherence
coherently
incoherent
incoherently
p. 8
or sensible way
coincide

to happen at or near the same time coincided
coincides
coinciding
coincidence
coincidences
coincident
coincidental
collapse

to fall down suddenly because of
pressure or lack of strength or
support
collapsed
collapses
collapsible
collapsing
colleague

one of a group of people who work
together
colleagues
commence

to begin something commenced
commences
commencement
commencing
recommences
recommenced
recommencing
comment

something that you say or write
that expresses your opinion
commentaries
commentary
commentator
commentators
commented
commenting
comments
commission

to formally choose someone to do
a special piece of work
commissioned
commissioner
commissioners
commissioning
commissions
commit
()
to do something illegal or
something that is considered
wrong
commitment
commitments
commits
committed
committing
commodity

a substance or product that can be
traded, bought or sold
commodities
communicate

to share information with others by
speaking, writing, moving your
body or using other signals
communicable
communicated
communicates
communicating
communication
communications
communicative
communicatively
uncommunicative
community

the people living in one particular
area or people who are considered
as a unit because of their common
interests, background or nationality
communities
compatible

able to exist, live together, or work
successfully with something or
compatibility
incompatibility
p. 9
someone else incompatible
compensate

to pay someone money in
exchange for something that has
been lost or damaged or for some
inconvenience
compensated
compensates
compensating
compensation
compensations
compensatory
compile

to collect information from a variety
of places and arrange it in a book,
report or list
compilation
compilations
compiled
compiles
compiling
complement

to make something else seem
better or more attractive when
combining with it
complementary
complemented
complementing
complements
complex

involving a lot of different but
related parts
complexities
complexity
component

part which combines with other
parts to form something bigger
components
compound

a chemical that combines two or
more elements
compounded
compounding
compounds
comprehensive

complete and including everything
that is necessary
comprehensively
comprise

to have as parts or members, or to
be those parts or members
comprised
comprises
comprising
compute

to calculate an answer or amount
by using a machine
computation
computational
computations
computable
computer
computed
computerized
computers
computing
conceive

to imagine something conceivable
conceivably
conceived
conceives
conceiving
inconceivable
inconceivably
concentrate

to direct your mental powers or
your efforts towards a particular
activity, subject or problem
concentrated
concentrates
concentrating
concentration
concept

a principle or idea conception
concepts
conceptual
conceptualization
conceptualize
conceptualized
p. 10
conceptualizes
conceptualizing
conceptually
conclude

to end a speech, meeting or piece
of writing
concluded
concludes
concluding
conclusion
conclusions
conclusive
conclusively
inconclusive
inconclusively
concurrent

to agree with someone or have the
same opinion as someone else
concurrently
conduct

to organize and perform a
particular activity
conducted
conducting
conducts
confer

to exchange ideas on a particular
subject, often in order to reach a
decision on what action to take
conference
conferences
conferred
conferring
confers
confine

to limit an activity, person or
problem in some way
confined
confines
confining
unconfined
confirm

to make an arrangement or
meeting certain, often by telephone
or writing
confirmation
confirmed
confirming
confirms
conflict

an active disagreement between
people with opposing opinions or
principles
conflicted
conflicting
conflicts
conform

to behave according to the usual
standards of behavior which are
expected by a group or society
conformable
conformability
conformance
conformation
conformed
conforming
conformist
conformists
conformity
conforms
nonconformist
nonconformists
nonconformity
non-conformist
non-conformists
non-conformity
consent

permission or agreement consensus
consented
consenting
consents
consequent

an often bad or inconvenient result
of a particular action or situation
consequence
consequences
p. 11
consequently
considerable

large or of noticeable importance considerably
consist

to have something as a major and
essential part or quality
consisted
consistency
consistent
consistently
consisting
consists
inconsistencies
inconsistency
inconsistent
constant

staying the same, or not getting
less or more
constancy
constantly
constants
inconstancy
inconstantly
constitute

to form or make something constituencies
constituency
constituent
constituents
constituted
constitutes
constituting
constitution
constitutions
constitutional
constitutionally
constitutive
unconstitutional
constrain

something which controls what you
do by keeping you within particular
limits
constrained
constraining
constrains
constraint
constraints
unconstrained
construct

to build something or put together
different parts to form something
whole
constructed
constructing
construction
constructions
constructive
constructs
reconstruct
reconstructed
reconstructing
reconstruction
reconstructs
consult

o get information or advice from a
person, book, etc. with special
knowledge on a particular subject
consultancy
consultant
consultants
consultation
consultations
consultative
consulted
consults
p. 12
consulting
consume

to use fuel, energy or time,
especially in large amounts
consumed
consumer
consumers
consumes
consuming
consumption
contact

communication with someone,
especially by speaking or writing to
them regularly
contactable
contacted
contacting
contacts
contemporary

existing or happening now contemporaries
context

the situation within which
something exists or happens, and
that can help explain it
contexts
contextual
contextualize
contextualized
contextualizing
decontextualized
contract

legal document that states and
explains a formal agreement
between two different people or
groups, or the agreement itself
contracted
contracting
contractor
contractors
contracts
contradict

to state the opposite of one fact or
statement
contradicted
contradicting
contradiction
contradictions
contradictory
contradicts
contrary

describes a person who
intentionally wants to disagree with
and annoy other people
contrarily
contrast

an obvious difference between two
or more things
contrasted
contrasting
contrastive
contrasts
contribute

to give something, especially
money, in order to provide or
achieve something together with
other people
contributed
contributes
contributing
contribution
contributions
contributor
contributors
controversy

a lot of disagreement or argument
about something, usually because
it affects or is important to many
people
controversies
controversial
controversially
uncontroversial
convene

to arrange (a group of people for) a
meeting, or to meet for a meeting
convention
convenes
convened
convening
conventional
conventionally
conventions
p. 13
unconventional
converse

reverse conversely
convert

to change in form, character or
opinion
conversion
conversions
converted
convertible
converting
converts
convince

to persuade someone or make
them certain
convinced
convinces
convincing
convincingly
unconvinced
cooperate

to act or work together for a
particular purpose, or to help
someone willingly when help is
requested
cooperated
cooperates
cooperating
cooperation
cooperative
cooperatively
co-operate
co-operated
co-operates
co-operation
co-operative
co-operatively
coordinate

to make various different things
work effectively as a whole
coordinated
coordinates
coordinating
coordination
coordinator
coordinators
co-ordinate
coordinated
coordinates
coordinating
coordination
coordinator
coordinators
core

the hard central part of some fruits,
such as apples, which contains the
seeds
cores
coring
cored
corporate

relating to a large company corporatist
corporation
corporations
correspond

to match or be similar or equal corresponded
correspondence
corresponding
correspondingly
corresponds
couple

two or a few things that are similar
or the same, or two or a few people
who are in some way connected
coupled
coupling
couples
create

to make something new, especially
to invent something
created
creates
p. 14
creating
creation
creations
creative
creatively
creativity
creator
creators
recreate
recreated
recreates
recreating
credit

praise, approval or honor credited
crediting
creditor
creditors
credits
criteria

a standard by which you judge,
decide about or deal with
something
criterion
crucial

extremely important or necessary crucially
culture

the way of life, especially the
general customs and beliefs, of a
particular group of people at a
particular time
cultural
culturally
cultured
cultures
uncultured
currency

the money that is used in a
particular country at a particular
time
currencies
cycle

cycled
cycles
cyclic
cyclical
cycling
data

information, especially facts or
numbers, collected for examination
and consideration and used to help
decision-making, or information in
an electronic form that can be
stored and processed by a
computer
datum
debate

serious discussion of a subject in
which many people take part
debatable
debated
debates
debating
decade

a period of ten years, especially a
period such as 1860 to 1869, or
1990 to 1999
decades
decline

to gradually become less, worse, or
lower
declined
declines
declining
deduce

to reach an answer or a decision by
thinking carefully about the known
facts
deduced
deduces
deducing
p. 15
deduction
deductions
define

to say what the meaning of
something, especially a word
definable
defined
defines
defining
definition
definitions
redefine
redefined
redefines
redefining
undefined
definite

fixed, certain or clear definitely
definitive
indefinite
indefinitely
demonstrate

to show; to make clear demonstrable
demonstrably
demonstrated
demonstrates
demonstrating
demonstration
demonstrations
demonstrative
demonstratively
demonstrator
demonstrators
denote

to represent something denotation
denotations
denoted
denotes
denoting
deny

to say that something is not true deniable
denial
denials
denied
denies
denying
undeniable
depress

to cause someone to feel unhappy
and without hope for the future
depressed
depresses
depressing
depression
derive

to get or obtain something from
something else
derivation
derivations
derivative
derivatives
derived
derives
deriving
design

to make or draw plans for
something, for example clothes or
buildings
designed
designer
designers
designing
p. 16
designs
despite

without taking any notice of or
being influenced by; not prevented
by

detect

to notice something that is partly
hidden or not clear or to discover
something, especially using a
special method
detectable
detected
detecting
detection
detective
detectives
detector
detectors
detects
deviate

to do something which is different
from the usual or common way of
behaving
deviated
deviates
deviating
deviation
deviations
device

an object or machine which has
been invented to fulfill a particular
purpose
devices
devote

to give all of something, especially
your time, effort or love, or yourself,
to something you believe in or to a
person
devoted
devotedly
devotes
devoting
devotion
devotions
differentiate

to show or find the difference
between things which are
compared
differentiated
differentiates
differentiating
differentiation
dimension

a measurement of something in a
particular direction, especially its
height, length or width
dimensional
dimensions
multidimensional
diminish

to reduce or be reduced in size or
importance
diminished
diminishes
diminishing
diminution
undiminished
discrete

having a clear independent shape
or form; separate
discretely
discretion
discretionary
indiscrete
indiscretion
discriminate

to treat a person or particular group
of people differently, especially in a
worse way from the way in which
you treat other people, because of
their skin color, religion, sex, etc
discriminated
discriminates
discriminating
discrimination
displace

to force something or someone out
of its usual or original position
displaced
displacement
displaces
displacing
display

to arrange something or a displayed
p. 17
collection of things so that they can
be seen by the public
displaying
displays
dispose

to make someone feel a particular
way towards someone or
something
disposable
disposal
disposed
disposes
disposing
distinct

clearly separate and different (from
something else)
distinction
distinctions
distinctive
distinctively
distinctly
indistinct
indistinctly
distort

to change something from its
usual, original, natural or intended
meaning, condition or shape
distorted
distorting
distortion
distortions
distorts
distribute

to give something out to several
people, or to spread or supply
something
distributed
distributing
distribution
distributional
distributions
distributive
distributor
distributors
redistribute
redistributed
redistributes
redistributing
redistribution
diverse

varied or different diversely
diversification
diversified
diversifies
diversify
diversifying
diversity
document

a paper or set of papers with
written or printed information,
especially of an official type
documentation
documented
documenting
documents
domain

an area of interest or an area over
which a person has control:
domains
domestic

belonging or relating to the home,
house or family
domestically
domesticate
domesticated
domesticating
domestics
dominate

to have control over a place or a
person, or to be the most important
person or thing
dominance
dominant
dominated
dominates
p. 18
dominatin
domination
draft

a piece of text, a formal suggestion
or a drawing in its original state,
often containing the main ideas
and intentions but not the
developed form
drafted
drafting
drafts
redraft
redrafted
redrafting
redrafts
drama

a play in a theatre or on television
or radio, or plays and acting
generally
dramas
dramatic
dramatically
dramatise
dramatised
dramatising
dramatises
dramatisation
dramatisations
dramatist
dramatists
dramatization
dramatizations
dramatizing
duration

the length of time that something
lasts

dynamic

having a lot of ideas and
enthusiasm; energetic and forceful
dynamically
dynamics
economy

the intentional saving of money or,
less commonly, the saving of time,
energy, words,
economic
economical
economically
economics
economies
economist
economists
uneconomical
edit

to prepare a text or film for printing
or viewing by correcting mistakes
and deciding what will be removed
and what will be kept in
edited
editing
edition
editions
editor
editorial
editorials
editors
edits
element

a part of something elements
eliminate

to remove or take away eliminated
eliminates
eliminating
elimination
emerge

to appear by coming out of
something or out from behind
something
emerged
emergence
emergent
p. 19
emerges
emerging
emphasis

to show or state that something is
particularly important or worth
giving attention to
emphasise
emphasised
emphasising
emphatic
emphatically
empirical

based on what is experienced or
seen rather than on theory
empirically
empiricism
enable

to make someone able to do
something, or to make something
possible
enabled
enables
enabling
encounter

to experience, especially
something unpleasant
encountered
encountering
encounters
energy

the power and ability to be
physically and mentally active
energetic
energetically
energies
enforce

to make people obey a law, or to
make a particular situation happen
or be accepted
enforced
enforcement
enforces
enforcing
enhance

to improve the quality, amount or
strength of something
enhanced
enhancement
enhances
enhancing
enormous

extremely large enormity
enormously
ensure

to make something certain to
happen
ensured
ensures
ensuring
entity

something which exists apart from
other things having its own
independent existence
entities
environment

the conditions that you live or work
in and the way that they influence
how you feel or how effectively you
can work
environmental
environmentalist
environmentalists
environmentally
environments
equate

to consider one thing to be the
same as or equal to another thing
equated
equates
equating
equation
equations
equip

to provide a person or a place with
objects that are necessary for a
particular purpose
equipment
equipped
equipping
equips
equivalent

having the same amount, value,
purpose, qualities, etc
equivalence
erode

to rub or be rubbed away gradually eroded
erodes
p. 20
eroding
erosion
error

a mistake erroneous
erroneously
errors
establish

to start a company or organization
that will continue for a long time
disestablish
disestablished
disestablishes
disestablishing
disestablishment
established
establishes
establishing
establishment
establishments
estate

a large area of land in the country
which is owned by a family or an
organization and is often farmed
estates
estimate

a large area of land in the country
which is owned by a family or an
organization and is often farmed
estimated
estimates
estimating
estimation
estimations
over-estimate
overestimate
overestimated
overestimates
overestimating
underestimate
underestimated
underestimates
underestimating
ethic

a system of accepted beliefs which
control behavior, especially such a
system based on morals
ethical
ethically
ethics
unethical
ethnic

of a national or racial group of
people
ethnicity
evaluate

to judge or calculate the quality,
importance, amount or value of
something
evaluated
evaluates
evaluating
evaluation
evaluations
evaluative
re-evaluate
re-evaluated
re-evaluates
re-evaluating
re-evaluation
eventual

happening or existing at a later
time or at the end, especially after
a lot of effort, problems, etc
eventuality
eventually
evident

easily seen or understood; obvious evidenced
evidence
evidential
p. 21
evidently
evolve

to develop gradually, or to cause
something or someone to develop
gradually
evolution
evolved
evolving
evolves
evolutionary
evolutionist
evolutionists
exceed

to be greater than a number or
amount, or to go beyond a
permitted limit
exceeded
exceeding
exceeds
exclude

to keep out or omit something or
someone:
excluded
excludes
excluding
exclusion
exclusionary
exclusionist
exclusions
exclusive
exclusively
exhibit

to show something publicly exhibited
exhibiting
exhibition
exhibitions
exhibits
expand

to increase in size, number or
importance, or to make something
increase in this way
expanded
expanding
expands
expansion
expansionism
expansive
expert

person with a high level of
knowledge or skill; a specialist
expertise
expertly
experts
explicit

clear and exact explicitly
exploit

something unusual, brave or funny
that someone has done
exploitation
exploited
exploiting
exploits
export

to send goods to another country
for sale
exported
exporter
exporters
exporting
exports
expose

to remove what is covering
something so that it can be seen
exposed
exposes
exposing
exposure
exposures
external

of, on, for or coming from the outsid
e
externalisation
externalise
externalised
externalises
p. 22
externalising
externality
extract

to remove or take out something extracted,
extracting
extraction
extracts
facilitate

to make possible or easier facilitated
facilitates
facilities
facilitating
facilitation
facilitator
facilitators
facility
factor

a fact or situation which influences
the result of something
factored
factoring
factors
feature

a typical quality or an important
part of something
featured
features
featuring
federal

federation
federations
fee

an amount of money paid for a
particular piece of work or for a
particular right or service
fees
file

to store information in a careful and
particular way
filed
files
filing
final

last finalise
finalised
finalises
finalising
finality
finally
finals
finance

(the management of) a supply of
money
financed
finances
financial
financially
financier
financiers
financing
finite

having a limit or end infinite
infinitely
flexible

able to bend or to be bent easily
without breaking
flexibility
inflexible
inflexibility
fluctuate

to change or vary, especially
continuously and between one
level or thing and another
fluctuated
fluctuates
fluctuating
fluctuation
fluctuations
p. 23
focus

the main or central point of
something, especially of attention
or interest
focused
focuses
focusing
refocus
refocused
refocuses
refocusing
format

a pattern, plan or arrangement formatted
formatting
formats
formula

a standard or accepted way of
doing or making something, the
items needed for it, or a
mathematical rule expressed in a
set of numbers and letters
formulae
formulas
formulate
formulated
formulating
formulation
formulations
reformulate
reformulated
reformulating
reformulation
reformulations
forthcoming

happening soon
found
(find
)
past simple and past participle of founded
founder
founders
founding
unfounded
foundation

a type of make-up which is spread
over the skin of the face, usually
before other make-up is put on,
giving it a better and more even
colour and hiding unwanted marks
foundations
framework

a system of rules, ideas or beliefs
that is used to plan or decide
something
frameworks
function

a system of rules, ideas or beliefs
that is used to plan or decide
something
functional
functionally
functioned
functioning
functions
fund

a sum of money saved, collected or
provided for a particular purpose
funded
Funder
funders
funding
funds
fundamental

forming the base, from which
everything else originates; more
important than anything else
fundamentally
furthermore

in addition; more importantly
gender

the physical and/or social condition
of being male or female:
genders
generate

to cause something to exist generated
generates
p. 24
generating
generation

all the people of about the same
age within a society or within a
particular family
generations
globe

a map of the world in the shape of
a ball, which is fixed to a support
and can be turned round at the
same angle as the Earth turns in
space
global
globally
globalisation
globalization
goal

an area on a playing field, usually
marked by two posts with a net
fixed behind them, where players
try to send the ball in order to score
in sports such as football and
hockey
goals
grade

a number or letter that shows how
good someone's work or
performance is
graded
grades
grading
grant

a sum of money given especially
by the government to a person or
organization for a special purpose
granted
granting
grants
guarantee

a promise that something will be
done or will happen, especially a
written promise by a company to
repair or change a product that
develops a fault within a particular
period of time
guaranteed
guaranteeing
guarantees
guideline

information intended to advise
people on how something should
be done or what something should
be
guidelines
hence

that is the reason or explanation
for; therefore

hierarchy

a system in which people or things
are arranged according to their
importance
hierarchical
hierarchies
highlight
()

the best or most exciting,
entertaining or interesting part of
something
highlighted
highlighting
highlights
hypothesis

an idea or explanation for
something that is based on known
facts but has not yet been proved
hypotheses
hypothesise
hypothesised
hypothesises
hypothesising
hypothetical
hypothetically
identical

exactly the same, or very similar identically
identify

to recognize someone or
something and say or prove who or
what they are
identifiable
identification
identified
identifies
identifying
identities
identity
p. 25
unidentifiable
ideology

a theory, or set of beliefs or
principles, especially one on which
a political system, party or
organization is based
ideological
ideologically
ideologies
ignorant

not having enough knowledge,
understanding or information about
something
ignorance
ignore
ignored
ignores
ignoring
illustrate

to show the meaning or truth of
something more clearly, especially
by giving examples
illustrated
illustrates
illustrating
illustration
illustrations
illustrative
image

a picture in your mind or an idea of
how someone or something is
imagery
images
immigrate
( )

a person who has come to a
different country in order to live
there permanently
immigrant
immigrants
immigrated
immigrates
immigrating
immigration
impact

the force or action of one object
hitting another
impacted
impacting
impacts
implement

a tool which works by being moved
by hand or by being pulled across a
surface, but which is not powered
directly by electricity or fuel
implementation
implemented
implementing
implements
implicate

to show that someone is involved
in a crime or partly responsible for
something bad that has happened
implicated
implicates
implicating
implication
implications
implicit

suggested but not communicated
directly
implicitly
imply

to communicate an idea or feeling
without saying it directly
implied
implies
implying
impose
..
to officially force a rule, tax,
punishment, etc. to be obeyed or
received
imposed
imposes
imposing
imposition
incentive

something which encourages a
person to do something
incentives
incidence

an event, or the rate at which
something happens
incident
incidentally
incidents
incline
..
to (make someone) tend to feel
something or want to do something
inclination
inclinations
inclined
inclines
p. 26
inclining
income

money that is earned from doing
work or received from
investmentsmoney that is earned
from doing work or received from
investments
incomes
incorporate

to include something as part of
something larger
incorporated
incorporates
incorporating
incorporation
index

an alphabetical list, such as one
printed at the back of a book
showing which page a subject,
name, etc. is found on
indexed
indexes
indexing
indicate

to show, point or make clear in
another way
indicated
indicates
indicating
indication
indications
indicative
indicator
indicators
individual

a single person or thing, especially
when compared to the group or set
to which they belong
individualised
individuality
individualism
individualist
individualists
individualistic
individually
individuals
induce

to contain something as a part of
something else, or to make
something part of something else
induced
induces
inducing
induction
inevitable

certain to happen and unable to be
avoided or prevented
inevitability
inevitably
infer

to form an opinion or guess that
something is true because of the
information that you have
inference
inferences
inferred
inferring
infers
infrastructure

the basic systems and services,
such as transport and power
supplies, that a country or
organization uses in order to work
effectively
infrastructures
inherent

existing as a natural or basic part of
something
inherently
inhibit

to prevent someone from doing
something, or to slow down a
process or the growth of something
inhibited
inhibiting
inhibition
inhibitions
inhibits
initial
of or at the beginning initially

p. 27

initiate

to cause something to begin initiated
initiates
initiating
initiation
initiations
initiative
initiatives
initiator
initiators
injure

to hurt or cause physical harm to a
person or animal
injured
injures
injuries
injuring
injury
uninjured
innovate

to introduce changes and new
ideas
innovation
innovated
innovates
innovating
innovations
innovative
innovator
innovators
input

something such as energy, money
or information that is put into a
system, organization or machine
so that it can operate:
inputs
insert

to put something inside something
else, or to add something,
especially words, to something
else
inserted
inserting
insertion
inserts
insight

a clear, deep and sometimes
sudden understanding of a
complicated problem or situation
insightful
insights
inspect

to look at something or someone
carefully in order to discover
information, especially about their
quality or condition
inspected
inspecting
inspection
inspections
inspector
inspectors
inspects
instance

a particular situation, event or fact,
especially an example of
something that happens generally
instances
institute

an organization where people do a
particular kind of scientific,
educational or social work, or the
buildings which it uses
instituted
institutes
instituting
institution
institutional
institutionalise
institutionalised
institutionalises
institutionalising
p. 28
institutionally
institutions
instruct

to order or tell someone to do
something, especially in a formal
way
instruction
instructed
instructing
instructions
instructive
instructor
instructors
instructs
integral

necessary and important as a part
of, or contained within, a whole

integrate

to mix with and join society or a
group of people, often changing to
suit their way of life, habits and
customs
integrated
integrates
integrating
integration
integrity

the quality of being honest and
having strong moral principles that
you refuse to change

intelligent

showing intelligence, or able to
learn and understand things easily
intelligence
intelligently
unintelligent
intense

extreme and forceful or (of a
feeling) very strong
intensely
intenseness
intensification
intensified
intensifies
intensify
intensifying
intension
intensity
intensi
intensively
interact

to communicate with or react to interacted
interacting
interaction
interactions
interactive
interactively
interacts
intermediate

being between two other related
things, levels or points

internal

existing or happening inside a
person, object, organization, place
or country
internalise
internalised
internalises
internalising
internally
interpret

to decide what the intended
meaning of something is
interpretation
interpretations
interpreted
interpreting
interpretive
interprets
misinterpret
p. 29
misinterpretation
misinterpretations
misinterpreted
misinterpreting
misinterprets
reinterpret
reinterpreted
reinterprets
reinterpreting
reinterpretation
reinterpretations
interval

a period between two events or
times, or the space between two
points
intervals
intervene

to intentionally become involved in
a difficult situation in order to
improve it or prevent it from getting
worse
intervened
intervenes
intervening
intervention
interventions
intrinsic

being an extremely important and
basic characteristic of a person or
thing
intrinsically
invest

to put money, effort, time etc. into
something to make a profit or get
an advantage
invested
investing
investment
investments
investor
investors
invests
reinvest
reinvested
reinvesting
reinvestment
reinvests
investigate

to examine a crime, problem,
statement, etc. carefully, especially
to discover the truth
investigated
investigates
investigating
investigation
investigations
investigative
investigator
investigators
invoke

to request or use a power outside
yourself, especially a law or a god,
to help you when you want to
improve a situation
invoked
invokes
invoking
involve

to include someone or something
in something, or to make them take
part in or feel part of it
involved
involvement
involves
involving
uninvolved
isolate

to separate something or someone
from other things or people with
which they are joined or mixed, or
to keep them separate
isolated
isolates
isolating
isolation
p. 30
isolationism
issue

a subject or problem which people
are thinking and talking about
issued
issues
issuing
item

something which is part of a list or
group of things
itemisation
itemise
itemised
itemises
itemising
items
job

the regular work which a person
does to earn money
jobs
journal

a serious magazine or newspaper
which is published regularly,
usually about a specialis t subject
journals
justify

to give or to be a good reason for justifiable
justifiably
justification
justifications
justified
justifies
justifying
unjustified
label

a piece of paper or other material
which gives you information about
the object it is fixed to
labelled
labelling
labels
labour

practical work, especially that
which involves physical effort
laboured
labouring
labours
layer

a level of material, such as a type
of rock or gas, which is different
from the material above or below it,
or a thin sheet of a substance
layered
layering
layers
lecture

a formal talk on a serious or
specialist subject given to a group
of people, especially students
lectured
lecturer
lecturers
lectures
lecturing
legal

connected with the law illegal
illegality
illegally
legality
legally
legislate

If a government legislates, it makes
a new law
legislated
legislates
legislating
legislation
legislative
legislator
legislators
legislature
levy
()

an amount of money, such as a tax,
that you have to pay to a
government or organization
levies
p. 31
liberal

respecting and allowing many
different types of beliefs or
behaviour
liberalise
liberalism
liberalisation
liberalised
liberalises
liberalising
liberalization
liberate
liberated
liberates
liberation
liberations
liberating
liberator
liberators
liberally
liberals
licence
()

an official document which gives
you permission to own, do or use
something, usually after you have
paid money and/or taken a test
licences
license
licensed
licensing
licenses
unlicensed
likewise

in the same way
link

a connection between two people,
things or ideas
linkage
linkages
linked
linking
links
locate

to be in a particular place located
locating
location
locations
relocate
relocated
relocates
relocating
relocation
logic

a particular way of thinking,
especially one which is reasonable
and based on good judgment
illogical
illogically
logical
logically
logician
logicians
maintain

to continue to have; to keep in
existence, or not allow to become
less
maintained
maintaining
maintains
maintenance
major

more important, bigger or more
serious than others of the same
type
majorities
majority
manipulate

to control something or someone to
your advantage, often unfairly or
dishonestly
manipulated
manipulates
manipulating
p. 32
manipulation
manipulations
manipulative
manual

done with the hands manually
manuals
margin

the outer edge of an area marginal
marginally
margins
mature

to become completely grown
physically
immature
immaturity
maturation
maturational
matured
matures
maturing
maturity
maximise

max
maximised
maximises
maximizing
maximisation
maximum
mechanism

a part of a machine, or a set of
parts that work together
mechanisms
media
Medium

The plural of medium
mediate

to talk to two separate people or
groups involved in a disagreement
to try to help them to agree or find a
solution to their problems
mediated
mediates
mediating
mediation
medical

related to the treatment of illness
and injuries
medically
medium

being in the middle between an
upper and lower amount, size,
degree or value

mental

relating to the mind, or involving
the process of thinking
mentality
mentally
method

a particular way of doing something methodical
methodological
methodologies
methodology
methods
migrate

When an animal migrates, it travels
to a different place, usually when
the season changes
migrant
migrants
migrated
migrates
migrating
migration
migrations
migratory
military

relating to or belonging to the
armed forces

minimal

very small in amount minimalization
minimalize
p. 33
minimalizes
minimalized
minimalizing
minimalist
minimalists
minimalistic
minimally
minimise

to reduce something to the least
possible level or amount
minimized
minimizes
minimizing
minimum

the smallest amount or number
allowed or possible

ministry
()

a member of the government in
Britain and many other countries
who is in charge of a particular
department or has an important
position in it
ministered
ministering
ministerial
ministries
minor

having little importance, influence
or effect, especially when
compared with other things of the
same type
minorities
minority
minors
mode

a way of operating, living or
behaving
modes
modify

to change something such as a
plan, opinion, law or way of
behavior slightly, usually to improve
it or make it more acceptable
modification
modifications
modified
modifies
modifying
unmodified
monitor

a device with a screen on which
words or pictures can be shown
monitored
monitoring
monitors
unmonitored
motive

a reason for doing something motivate
motivated
motivates
motivating
motivation
motivations
motives
unmotivated
mutual

(of two or more people or groups)
feeling the same emotion, or doing
the same thing to or for each other
mutually
negate

to cause something to have no
effect and therefore to be useless
negative
negated
negates
negating
negatively
p. 34
negatives
network

a large system consisting of many
similar parts that are connected
together to allow movement or
communication between or along
the parts or between the parts and
a control centre
networked
networking
networks
neutral

not saying or doing anything that
would encourage or help any of the
groups involved in an argument or
war
neutralization
neutralize
neutralized
neutralizes
neutralizing
neutrality
nevertheless

despite what has just been said or
referred to

nonetheless

despite what has just been said or
done

norm

an accepted standard or a way of
behaving or doing things that most
people agree with
norms
normal

ordinary or usual; the same as
would be expected
abnormal
abnormally
normalization
normalize
normalized
normalizes
normalizing
normality
normally
notion

belief or idea notions
notwithstanding

despite the fact or thing mentioned
nuclear

being or using the power produced
when the nucleus of an atom is
divided or joined to another
nucleus

objective

something which you plan to do or
achieve
objectively
objectivity
obtain

to get something, especially by
asking for it, buying it, working for it
or producing it from something else
obtainable
obtained
obtaining
obtains
unobtainable
obvious

clear; easy to see, recognize or
understand
obviously
occupy

to fill, exist in, or use a place or
period of time
occupancy
occupant
occupants
occupation
occupational
occupations
occupied
occupier
occupiers
p. 35
occupies
occupying
occur

(especially of accidents and other
unexpected events) to happen
occurred
occurrence
occurrences
occurring
occurs
reoccur
reoccurred
reoccurring
reoccurs
odd

strange or unexpected odds
offset

to balance one influence against an
opposing influence, so that there is
no great difference as a result
offsets
offsetting
ongoing

continuing to exist or develop, or
happening at the present moment

option

one thing which can be chosen
from a set of possibilities, or the
freedom to make a choice
optional
options
orient

the countries in the east and
south-east of Asia
orientate
orientated
orientates
orientation
orientating
oriented
orienting
orients
reorient
reorientation
outcome

a result or effect of an action,
situation, etc
outcomes
output

an amount of something produced
by a person, machine, factory,
country, etc
outputs
overall

in general rather than in particular,
or including all the people or things
in a particular group or situation

overlap

cover something partly by going
over its edge; to cover part of the
same space
overlapped
overlapping
overlaps
overseas

in, from or to other countries
panel

a flat, usually rectangular part, or
piece of wood, metal, cloth, etc.,
that fits into or onto something
larger
paneled
paneling
panels
paradigm

a model of something, or a very
clear and typical example of
something
paradigms
paragraph

a short part of a text, consisting of
at least one sentence and
beginning on a new line. It usually
deals with a single event,
description, idea, etc.
paragraphing
paragraphs
p. 36
parallel

If two or more lines, streets, etc.
are parallel, the distance between
them is the same all along their
length
paralleled
parallels
unparalleled
parameter

a set of facts or a fixed limit which
establishes or limits how something
can or must happen or be done
parameters
participate

to take part in or become involved
in an activity
participant
participants
participated
participates
participating
participation
participatory
partner

a person you are closely involved
with in some way
partners
partnership
partnerships
passive

not acting to influence or change a
situation; allowing other people to
be in control
passively
passivity
perceive

to come to an opinion about
something, or have a belief about
something
perceived
perceives
perceiving
perception
perceptions
percent

for or out of every 100, shown by
the symbol %
percentage
percentages
period

a length of time periodic
periodical
periodically
periodicals
periods
persist

to try to do or continue doing
something in a determined but
often unreasonable way
persisted
persistence
persistent
persistently
persisting
persists
perspective

a particular way of considering
something
perspectives
phase

any stage in a series of events or in
a process of development
phased
phases
phasing
phenomenon

something that exists and can be
seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially
something which is unusual or
interesting
phenomena
phenomenal
philosophy

the use of reason in understanding
such things as the nature of reality
and existence, the use and limits of
knowledge and the principles that
govern and influence moral
judgment
philosopher
philosophers
philosophical
philosophically
philosophies
philosophize
philosophized
p. 37
philosophizes
philosophizing
physical

connected with the body physically
plus

added to pluses
policy

a set of ideas or a plan of what to
do in particular situations that has
been agreed officially by a group of
people, a business organization, a
government or a political party
policies
portion

a part or share of something larger portions
pose

a particular position in which a
person stands, sits, etc. in order to
be photographed, painted, etc
posed
poses
posing
positive

hopeful and confident, or giving
cause for hope and confidence
positively
potential

possible when the necessary
conditions exist
potentially
practitioner
(
)
someone involved in a skilled job
or activity
practitioners
precede
...
to be or go before something or
someone in time or space
preceded
precedence
precedent
precedes
preceding
unprecedented
precise

exact and accurate imprecise
precisely
precision
predict

to say that an event or action will
happen in the future, especially as
a result of knowledge or
experience
predictability
predictable
predictably
predicted
predicting
prediction
predictions
predicts
unpredictability
unpredictable
predominant

more noticeable or important, or
larger in number, than others
predominance
predominantly
predominate
predominated
predominates
predominating
preliminary

coming before a more important
action or event, especially
introducing or preparing for it
preliminaries
presume

to believe something to be true
because it is very likely, although
you are not certain
presumably
presumed
presumes
presuming
presumption
presumptions
p. 38
presumptuous
previous

happening or existing before
something or someone else
previously
primary

more important than anything else;
main
primarily
prime

main or most important primacy
principal

first in order of importance principally
principle

a basic idea or rule that explains or
controls how something happens
or works
principled
principles
unprincipled
prior

more important
priority

something that is very important
and must be dealt with before other
things
priorities
prioritization
prioritize
prioritized
prioritizes
prioritizing
proceed

to continue as planned procedural
procedure
procedures
proceeded
proceeding
proceedings
proceeds
process

a series of actions that you take in
order to achieve a result
processed
processes
processing
professional

related to work that needs special
training or education
professionally
professionals
professionalism
prohibit

to officially forbid something prohibited
prohibiting
prohibition
prohibitions
prohibitive
prohibits
project

a piece of planned work or an
activity which is completed over a
period of time and intended to
achieve a particular aim
projected
projecting
projection
projections
projects
promote

to encourage the popularity, sale,
development or existence of
something
promoted
promoter
promoters
promotes
promoting
promotion
promotions
proportion

the number or amount of a group or
part of something when compared
to the whole
disproportion
disproportionate
disproportionately
proportional
proportionally
proportionate
p. 39
proportionately
proportions
prospect

the possibility that something good
might happen in the future
prospective
prospects
protocol

the system of rules and acceptable
behavior used at official
ceremonies and occasions
protocols
psychology

the scientific study of the way the
human mind works and how it
influences behavior, or the
influence of a particular person's
character on their behavior
psychological
psychologically
psychologist
psychologists
publication

the act of making information or
stories available to people in a
printed form
publications
publish

to make information available to
people, especially in a book,
magazine or newspaper, or to
produce and sell a book, magazine
or newspaper
published
publisher
publishers
publishes
publishing
unpublished
purchase

to buy purchased
purchaser
purchasers
purchases
purchasing
pursue

to follow someone or something,
usually to try to catch or kill them
pursued
pursues
pursuing
pursuit
pursuits
qualitative

relating to how good or bad
something is
qualitatively
quote

to repeat the words that someone
else has said or written
quotation
quotations
quoted
quotes
quoting
radical

believing or expressing the belief
that there should be great or
extreme social or political change
radically
radicals
random

happening, done or chosen by
chance rather than according to a
plan
randomly
randomness
range

the amount, number or type of
something between an upper and a
lower limit
Ranged
ranges
ranging
ratio

the relationship between two
groups or amounts, which
expresses how much bigger one is
than the other
ratios
rational

showing clear thought or reason irrational
rationalization
rationalizations
p. 40
rationalize
rationalized
rationalizes
rationalizing
rationalism
rationality
rationally
react

to act in a particular way as a direct
result of something else
reacted
reacts
reacting
reaction
reactionaries
reactionary
reactions
reactive
reactivate
reactivation
reactor
reactors
recover

to get back something lost,
especially health, ability,
possessions, etc
recoverable
recovered
recovering
recovers
recovery
refine

to improve an idea, method,
system, etc. by making small
changes
refined
refinement
refinements
refines
refining
regime

a particular government or a
system or method of government
regimes
region

a particular area or part of the
world, of the body, etc., or any of
the large official areas into which a
country is divided
regional
regionally
regions
register

to put information, especially your
name, into an official list or record
deregister
deregistered
deregistering
deregisters
deregistration
registered
registering
registers
registration
regulate

to control something, especially by
making it work in a particular way
deregulated
deregulates
deregulating
deregulation
regulated
regulates
regulating
regulation
regulations
regulator
regulators
p. 41
regulatory
unregulated
reinforce

If something reinforces an idea or
opinion, it provides more proof or
support for it and makes it seem
true
reinforced
reinforcement
reinforcements
reinforces
reinforcing
reject

to refuse to accept, use or believe
something or someone
rejected
rejecting
rejection
rejects
rejections
relax

to (cause someone to) become
less active and more calm and
happy, or to (cause a part of the
body to) become less stiff
relaxation
relaxed
relaxes
relaxing
release

to give freedom or free movement
to someone or something
released
releases
releasing
relevant

connected with what is happening
or being discussed
irrelevance
irrelevant
relevance
reluctance

not very willing to do something
and therefore slow to do it
reluctant
reluctantly
rely

to need a particular thing or the
help and support of someone or
something in order to continue, to
work correctly, or to succeed
reliability
reliable
reliably
reliance
reliant
relied
relies
relying
unreliable
remove

to take something or someone
away from somewhere, or off
something
removable
removal
removals
removed
removes
removing
require

to need or make necessary required
requirement
requirements
requires
requiring
research

a detailed study of a subject,
especially in order to discover
(new) information or reach a (new)
understanding
researched
researcher
researchers
researches
researching
reside

to live, have your home or stay in a
place
resided
residence
resident,
residential
residents
resides
p. 42
residing
resolve

to solve or end a problem or
difficulty
resolution
resolved
resolves
resolving
unresolved
resource

a useful or valuable possession or
quality of a country, organization or
person
resourced
resourceful
resources
resourcing
unresourceful
under-resourced
respond

to say or do something as a
reaction to something that has
been said or done
responded
respondent
respondents
responding
responds
response
responses
responsive
responsiveness
unresponsive
restore

to return something or someone to
an earlier good condition or
position
restoration
restored
restores
restoring
restrain

to control the actions or behavior of
someone by force, especially in
order to stop them from doing
something, or to limit the growth or
force of something
restrained
restraining
restrains
restraint
restraints
unrestrained
restrict

to limit the movements or actions of
someone, or to limit something and
reduce its size or prevent it from
increasing
restricted
restricting
restriction
restrictions
restrictive
restrictively
restricts
unrestricted
unrestrictive
retain

to keep or continue to have
something
retained
retaining
retainer
retainers
retains
retention
retentive
reveal

to allow something to be seen that,
until then, had been hidden
revealed
revealing
reveals
revelation
revelations
revenue

the income that a government or revenues
p. 43
company receives regularly
reverse

to (cause something to) go
backwards, or to change the
direction, order, position, result,
etc. of something to its opposite
reversal
reversed
reverses
reversible
reversing
reversals
irreversible
revise

to look at or consider again an
idea, piece of writing, etc. in order
to correct or improve it
revised
revises
revising
revision
revisions
revolution

a change in the way a country is
governed, usually to a different
political system and often using
violence or war
revolutionary
revolutionaries
revolutionize
revolutionized
revolutionizes
revolutionizing
revolutionist
revolutionists
revolutions
rigid

stiff or fixed; not able to be bent,
moved, changed or persuaded
rigidities
rigidity
rigidly
role

an actor's part in a film or play roles
route

a particular way or direction
between places
routed
routes
routing
scenario

a description of possible actions or
events in the future
scenarios
schedule

a list of planned activities or things
to be done showing the times or
dates when they are intended to
happen or be done
reschedule
rescheduled
reschedules
rescheduling
scheduled
schedules
scheduling
unscheduled
scheme

an officially organized plan or
system
schematic
schematically
schemed
schemes
scheming
scope

the range of a subject covered by a
book, program, discussion, class,
etc

section

one of the parts that something is
divided into
sectioned
sectioning
sections
sector

one of the areas into which the
economic activity of a country is
divided
sectors
secure

able to avoid being harmed by any insecure
p. 44
risk, danger or threat insecurities
insecurity
secured
securely
secures
securing
securities
security
seek

to try to find or get something,
especially something which is not a
physical object
seeking
seeks
sought
select

to choose a small number of
things, or to choose by making
careful decisions
selected
selecting
selection
selections
selective
selectively
selector
selectors
selects
sequence

a series of related things or events,
or the order in which they follow
each other
sequenced
sequences
sequencing
sequential
sequentially
series

a number of similar or related
events or things, one following
another

sex

the state of being either male or
female
sexes
sexism
sexual
sexuality
sexually
shift

(cause something or someone to)
move or change from one position
or direction to another, especially
slightly
shifted
shifting
shifts
significant

important or noticeable insignificant
insignificantly
significance
significantly
signified
signifies
signify
signifying
similar

looking or being almost, but not
exactly, the same
dissimilar
similarities
similarity
similarly
simulate

to do or make something which
looks real but is not real
simulated
simulates
simulating
simulation
site

a place where something is, was,
or will be built, or where something
sites
p. 45
happened, is happening, or will
happen
so-called

used to show that you think a word
that is used to describe someone
or something is not suitable or not
correct

sole

being one only; single solely
somewhat

slightly
source

the place something comes from or
starts at, or the cause of something
sourced
sources
sourcing
specific

relating to one thing and not others;
particular
specifically
specification
specifications
specificity
specifics
specify

to state or describe something
clearly and exactly
specifiable
specified
specifies
specifying
unspecified
sphere

an object shaped like a round ball spheres
spherical
spherically
stable

firmly fixed or not likely to move or
change
instability
stabilization
stabilize
stabilized
stabilizes
stabilizing
stability
unstable
statistic

information based on a study of the
number of times something
happens or is present, or other
numerical facts
statistician
statisticians
statistical
statistically
statistics
status
,
an official position, especially in a
social group

straightforward

(of a person) honest and not
tending to hide their opinions

strategy

a detailed plan for achieving
success in situations such as war,
politics, business, industry or sport,
or the skill of planning for such
situations
strategic
strategies
strategically
strategist
strategists
stress

great worry caused by a difficult
situation, or something which
causes this condition
stressed
stresses
stressful
stressing
unstressed
structure

the way in which the parts of a
system or object are arranged or
organized, or a system arranged in
restructure
restructured
restructures
p. 46
this way restructuring
structural
structurally
structured
structures
structuring
unstructured
style

a way of doing something,
especially one which is typical of a
person, group of people, place or
period
styled
styles
styling
stylish
stylize
stylized
stylizes
stylizing
submit

to give or offer something for a
decision to be made by others
submission
submissions
submits
submitted
submitting
subordinate

having a lower or less important
position
subordinates
subordination
subsequent

happening after something else subsequently
subsidy

money given as part of the cost of
something, to help or encourage it
to happen
subsidiary
subsidies
subsidize
subsidized
subsidizes
subsidizing
substitute

to use something or someone
instead of another thing or person
substituted
substitutes
substituting
substitution
successor

someone or something that
succeeds another person or thing
succession
successions
successive
successively
successors
sufficient

enough for a particular purpose sufficiency
insufficient
insufficiently
sufficiently
sum

the whole number or amount when
two or more numbers or amounts
have been added together
summation
summed
summing
sums
summary

done suddenly, without discussion
or legal arrangements
summaries
summarize
summarized
summarizes
summarizing
summarization
summarizations
p. 47
supplement

something which is added to
something else in order to improve
it or complete it; something extra
supplementary
supplemented
supplementing
supplements
survey

an examination of opinions,
behavior, etc., made by asking
people questions
surveyed
surveying
surveys
survive

to continue to live or exist,
especially after coming close to
dying or being destroyed or after
being in a difficult or threatening
situation
survival
survived
survives
surviving
survivor
survivors
suspend

to stop or to cause to be not active,
either temporarily or permanently
suspended
suspending
suspends
suspension
sustain

to cause or allow something to
continue for a period of time
sustainable
sustainability
sustained
sustaining
sustains
sustenance
unsustainable
symbol

a sign, shape or object which is
used to represent something else
symbolic
symbolically
symbolize
symbolizes
symbolized
symbolizing
symbolism
symbols
tape

thin plastic in a long narrow strip
with a magnetic covering which
allows sounds or sounds and
pictures to be recorded and played
again, or a cassette, especially one
on which sound is (to be) recorded
taped
tapes
taping
target

a level or situation which you
intend to achieve
targeted
targeting
targets
task

a piece of work to be done,
especially one done regularly,
unwillingly or with difficulty
tasks
team

a number of people or animals who
do something together as a group
teamed
teaming
teams
technical

relating to the knowledge,
machines or methods used in
science and industry
technically
technique

a way of doing an activity which
needs skill
techniques
technology

(the study and knowledge of) the
practical, especially industrial, use
technological,
technologically
p. 48
of scientific discoveries
temporary

not lasting or needed for very long temporarily
tense

nervous and anxious and unable to
relax
tension
tensely
tenser
tensest
tensions
terminate

to (cause something to) end or stop terminal
terminals
terminated
terminates
terminating
termination
terminations
text

the written words in a book,
magazine, etc., not the pictures
texts
textual
theme

the main subject of a talk, book,
film, etc. or a short, simple tune on
which a piece of music is based
themes
thematic
thematically
theory

a formal statement of the rules on
which a subject of study is based or
of ideas which are suggested to
explain a fact or event or, more
generally, an opinion or
explanation
theoretical
theoretically
theories
theorist
theorists
thereby

as a result of this action
thesis

the main idea, opinion or theory of
a person, group, piece of writing or
speech
theses
topic

a subject which is discussed,
written about or studied
topical
topics
trace

a sign that something has
happened or existed
traceable
traced
traces
tracing
tradition

a belief, principle or way of acting
which people in a particular society
or group have continued to follow
for a long time, or all of these in a
particular society or group
non-traditional
traditional
traditionalist
traditionally
traditions
transfer

to move someone or something
from one place, vehicle, person or
group to another
transferable
transference
transferred
transferring
transfers
transform

to change completely the
appearance or character of
something or someone, especially
so that they are improved
transformation
transformations
transformed
transforming
transforms
transit

the movement of goods or people
from one place to another
transited
transiting
transition
transitional
p. 49
transitions
transitory
transits
transmit

to pass something from one person
or place to another
transmission
transmissions
transmitted
transmitting
transmits
transport

to take goods or people from one
place to another
transportation
transported
transporter
transporters
transporting
transports
trend

a general development or change
in a situation or in the way that
people are behaving
trends
trigger

to cause something bad to start triggered
triggering
triggers
ultimate

most extreme or important
because either the original or final,
or the best or worst
ultimately
undergo

to experience something which is
unpleasant or which involves a
change
undergoes
undergoing
undergone
underwent
underlie

to be a hidden cause of or strong
influence on something
underlay
underlies
underlying
undertake

to do or begin to do something,
especially something that will take
a long time or be difficult
undertaken
undertakes
undertaking
undertook
uniform

the same; not varying or different in
any way
Uniformity
uniformly
unify

to bring together; combine unification
unified
unifies
unifying
unique

being the only existing one of its
type or, more generally, unusual or
special in some way
uniquely
uniqueness
utilise

to use something in an effective
way
utilization
utilized
utilizes
utilizing
utiliser
utilisers
utility
utilities
valid

based on truth or reason; able to
be accepted
invalidate
invalidity
validate
p. 50
validated
validating
validation
validity
validly
vary

to change or cause something to
change in amount or level,
especially from one occasion to
another
invariable
invariably
variability
variable
variables
variably
variance
variant
variants
variation
variations
varied
varies
varying
vehicle

a machine usually with wheels and
an engine, which is used for
transporting people or goods on
land, particularly on roads
vehicles
version

a particular form of something
which varies slightly from other
forms of the same thing
versions
via

through; using
violate

to break or act against something,
especially a law, agreement,
principle or something that should
be treated with respect
violated
violates
violating
violation
violations
virtual

almost a particular thing or quality virtually
visible

able to be seen visibility
visibly
invisible
invisibility
vision

The ability to see visions
visual

relating to seeing visualize
visualized
visualized
visualizing
visualization
visually
volume

the level of sound produced by a
television, radio, etc., or the switch
or other device controlling this
volumes
vol.
voluntary

done, made or given willingly,
without being forced or paid to do it
voluntarily
volunteer
volunteering
volunteered
volunteers
welfare

help given, especially by the state
or an organization, to people who

p. 51
need it, especially because they do
not have enough money
whereas

compared with the fact that; but
whereby

by which way or method
widespread

existing or happening in many
places and/or among many people

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p.

of or at the beginning initially

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