Dc motor

What is motor

Principe of working

The action is based on the principle that whenever an current carrying conductor is paced In a magnetic field it experiences a mechanical force. F=BIL

Actual working

Basic constuction

Significance of back e.m.f

Concept of Back emf Factors on which back emf depends

Torque equation

Let Ta be the torque developed by the armature of a motor running at N rps if Ta is in N/m then , Power developed =Ta 2 N w.(1)

We also know that electrical power converted into mech.

Power in the armature =Eb Ia w(2)

Equating 1&2,
We get Ta 2 Eb = N= Eb Ia w Ia OR Ta = Z (P/A) Z (P/A) Ia I0 (1/2 )=0.159 N-m

Z (P/A)

Ta =0.159

Types of dc motors

Characteristics of DC motor

For series motor

Shunt Motor Characteristics

Current Ia

Current Ia

Torque

Compound motor characteristics

Starting of dc motors
Necessity of starter Different types of starter 1. 3point starter 2. 4point starter

Need Of Starter

Ia= V-Eb/Ra

3 Point Starter

NVC

OLC

4 Point Starter

Speed control of dc series and shunt motor

Flux control method

Armature control method

Voltage control method

Braking methods

Plugging

Braking
Dynamic Braking Regenerative Braking

Electric Braking
Braking torque can be applied Mechanically or Electrodynamically to bring motor to rest quickly.

Comparison
Mechanical Breaking Excessive wear and tear occurs on break blocks. Dust is produced. Large maintenance is required. Large amount of heat is produced. Effective in holding torque. Regenerative breaking is not possible. Noisy operation. It is effective and accurate. Electrical Breaking No wear and tear.
No dust is produced. Requires less maintenance. Less amount of heat is produced. Effective in holding torque requirement. Regenerative breaking is possible. Noiseless operation. For effective and accurate breaking only electric is not sufficient.

Types of Braking:
1. Plugging. 2. Rheostatic braking.

3. Regenerative braking.

Plugging
The reversal of direction of rotation of motor is the main principle of plugging in motor.
In case of plugging any two terminals of supply of either armature or field windings are interchanged, so that the direction of rotation hence direction of torque changes. This produces a torque in reverse direction and the motor tries to rotate in opposite direction, effectively the brakes are applied to motor. Thus during plugging motor itself acts as a break.

Rheostatic Braking.
Rheostatic braking of dc motor is obtained by connecting the external resistance across the armature

Regenerative Braking.

Without disconnecting motor from supply, it is made to generate instead of motor operation and feedback energy to supply is achieved in regenerative braking. Magnetic drag produced due to generation action offers the breaking torque. This method is most efficient method. The transition from motoring to generation action is smooth and without switching. About 60-80% of energy which would have been lost can be recovered by regenerative braking.

loses and efficiency

Losses :
copper losses magnetic losses mechanical losses Condition of maximum efficiency Variable losses = Constant losses

Power stages

Cu losses

Iron and friction losses

Motor input

Driving power in armature

Motor output

PMDC Motors.
Basic construction

2pole & 4pole

Magnet as per wattage Supply & torque production Overall working.

Internal structure

Performances

Speed torque

Input current
Power output Efficiency.

Factors accounted
Speed control at constant flux Merits Demerits Applications.

Types of routine tests acc. to is specifications

Routine tests
Visual inspection of conformity to design Measurement of windings resistance Continuity test of auxiliary circuits No load test Visual check of commutation during overload Over speed test Test with voltage applied at environment temperature Measurement of dielectric rigidity Check of accessories

Type tests
Visual inspection of conformity to design Measurement of windings resistance Continuity test of auxiliary circuits No load test Recording of commutation black band Test at nominal load and speed Visual check of commutation during overload Heating test Determination of efficiency (with the indirect method) Over speed test Voltage test with hot machine Recording of the no-load magnetization characteristic Recording of field weakening characteristic (for field weakened motors) Check of accessories

Special tests
Measurement of noise level Measurement of vibrations Measurement of armature winding inductance Measurement of field winding inductance

DC Motor Applications
Automobiles Windshield Wipers Door locks Window lifts Antenna retractor Seat adjust Mirror adjust Anti-lock Braking System

Cordless hand drill Electric lawnmower Fans Toys Electric toothbrush Servo Motor

By SANDESH POOJRI

MONALI SADAVARTE KRISHNOM BHAVSAR

NILESH SHINDE NEHA ARANKAR