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In a turning pair also degree of freedom is one.when two links are connected such
that one link revolves around another link it forms a turning pair. 3)Cylindrical pair.
In a cylindrical pair degree of freedom is two.If one link turns and slides along
another link it forms a cylindrical pair. 4)Rolling pair. In a rolling pair degree of
freedom is two.The object moves both linearly and angularly. 5)Spherical pair.
In a spherical pair degree of freedom is three.It can both move left and right,up and
down,and rotate along the same point. (b)Based on nature of contact. 1)Lower
pair. If contact between two links is surface contact also having degree of
freedom one, then the pair is known as lower pair. Example: Sliding pair.
2)Higher pair. If contact between two links is either point contact or line contact
then the pair is known as higher pair. Example: Point contact-Rolling pair.
Line contact-Cylindrical pair. 3)Mechanical pair. (a)Open pair. In this pair
everything is open to the admosphere. (b)Closed pair. In this pair
everything is closed from the admosphere. (B)Indexing mechanism.
4)Scott Russel mechanism. This is one of the mechanism to produce straight line
motion mechanism.The mechanism in which the straight line is copied from a
existing straight line constrain is known as Scott Russel mechanism.
a) Binary Joint
If two links are connected at the same junction it is called binary joint. Illustration:
In the above figure ( kinetic Chain) Number of binary joints j = 4 L = 2/3 (j+2) L =
4 4=2/3 (6) 4=4 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
b) Ternary Joint
(i) If three are connected to the same junction, then is known ternary joint (ii) One
ternary joint is equivalent to two binary joints. Illustration:
Based on Kline’s Equation L = 2/3 (J+2) 6 = 2/3 (9) 6=6 Hence is a Kinematic
Chain.
c) Quaternary Joint
If four links are connected to the same joint then it is a Quaternary joint. One
quaternary joint = Three binary joints In the figure Number of binary joint C = 1
Number of ternary joints = A + B + E + F Equivalent binary joints = 8 Number of
quaternary joints = D, G Equivalent binary joints = 6, Total Number of Equivalent
binary joints J = 15
R.H.S
Hence it is not a kinematics chain In the figure if the link (DG) is deleted then it
would be a kinematic chain. The chain is represented as
a) Beam Engine:
i) This is also known as crank and lever mechanism. Link (1) Frame Link (2)
Crank Link (3) Connecting rod Link (4) lever arrangement Link (5) Piston ii) In this
mechanism one link oscillated while the other rotates about fixed link. iii) It is used
to convert the rotary motion into reciprocating motion.
– rotary converter.
c) Watt’s Indicator Mechanism: E i) This mechanism was invented by Watt for his
steam Engine to guide the position rod. ii) It is also known as simple indicator. iii) It
is also known as double lever mechanism iv) Links BC and DEF work as levers
whose displacement is directly proportional to steam or gas pressure.ngine Wheel
TWO MARKS :-
1.What is cam ?
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8. Angle of descend? The angle through which the cam rotates during the time
the follower returns to the
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9.Angle of dwell? It is the angle through which the cam rotates while the
follower remains stationary at the highest or the lowest . 10. Angle of action ?
The total angle moved by the cam during its rotation between the beginning of rise
and the end of return of the follower 11.What is radial or disc cams? In radial
cams the follower reciprocates or oscillates in a direction perpendicular to the cam
axis . The cams are all radial rams. In actual practice, radial cams are widely used
due to their simplicity and compactness. 12.What is dwell? The zero displacement
or the absence of motion of the follower during the motion of the cam is called
dwell. 13. What is classification of followers according to follower shape? (i) Knife
edge follower (ii) Roller follower (iii) Mushroom or flat faced follower and (iv)
Spherical faced or curved shoe follower 14.What is classification of follower
according to the motion of the follower? (i) Reciprocating or translating follower (ii)
Oscillating or rotating follower 15.What is classification of followers according to
the path of motion ? (i) Radial follower and (ii) Offset follower 16.What are the
motion of the follower ? The follower can have any of the following four types of
motions (i) Uniform velocity (ii) Simple harmonic motion (iii) uniform acceleration
and retardation (iv) cycloidal motion. 17.What is the application
of cam? Closing and opening of inlet and exit value operating in IC engine .
18.What are the necessary elements of a cam mechanism? (i) Cam-The driving
member is known as the cam (ii) Follower-The driven member is known as the
follower. (iii) Frame-It supports the cam and guider the follower. 19.What is
translating angle? The wedge is replaced by a flat plate with a groove . The plate
cam moves back and forth imparting a translatory motion to the follower. Thus
these cams are also known as translating cams.
16 MARKS
:- BRIEF ANSWERS
(1) A cam rotating clockwise at a uniform speed of 1000 r.p.m Is required to give a
roller follower the motion defined below : 1.Follower to move outwards through
50mm during 120 of cam rotation 2. Follower to dwell for next 60 of cam rotation
3. Follower to return to its standing position during next 90 of cam rotation 4.
Follower to dwell for the next of the cam rotation The minimum radius of the cam
is 50 mm and the diameter of roller is comm. . The line of stroke of the follower is
offset by 20mm from the axis of the cam shaft . If the displacement of the follower
takes place with uniform and equal acceleration and retardation of both the
outward and return stoke draw profile of the cam and find the maximum velocity
and acceleration during outstroke and return stroke.(16)
Displacement diagram(8)
Draw a rectangular block of length 18cm breath 50cm Divided the block for
forward dwell of return stroke Divide forward and return stroke to equal
halves. Join the diagonal of the forward and return stroke block and mark the
mid points Then divide the c4ntre line in to six equal parts the
remain four and in to with divide in and that corresponding points are
marked Join all the points
Offset type;(8)
Draw a circle of radius of 50mm and a roller of diameter of 10mm on the centre
Now draw another circle join center of the roller Join them tangentially and then
transfer the points from the displacement diameter to here . Take the
degree for forward dwell and out stroke and divide the form and latter to six
equal parts.
1.
A spur gear is a cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are straight line generation
of the reference cylinder. They are used to transmit rotary motion between
parallel shafts.
Addendum is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the
tooth.
Dedendum is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of
the tooth.
3.
It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle from a point
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Path of contact
: It is the path traced by the point of contact of two teeth from the
5.
Law of gearing states that, the common normal at the point of contact between a
pair
7.
The angle of approach is defined as the angle through which a gear rotates from
the
instant a pair of teeth comes into contact until the teeth are in contact at the
pitch point.
a) Arc of contact.
c) Contact ratio.
9.
Contact ratio is defined as the ratio of the length of arc of contact to the circular
pitch
athematically.
10
The most important advantage of involutes gear is that the center distance for a
pair
of involute gears can be varied within limits without changing the velocity ratio.
11.
For interchangeability of all gears, the set must have the same circular pitch,
module,
diameter pitch, pressure, angle, addendum and dedendum and tooth thickness
must be
12.
interchangeability of gears of tooth numbers but of the same pressure angle and
pitch
13.
Define cycloid.
14.
Define clearance.
The amount by which the dedendum of a gear exceeds the addendum of the
mating
15.
If the teeth are of such proportion that the beginning of contact occurs before
the
interference point is met then the involute proportion of the driven gear will
mate a
non in volute portion of the driving gear and involute interference is said to
occur.
16.
b) To prevent interference.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
b) The error in cutting teeth may cause vibrations and noise during operation.
18.
).
It is the angle between the line drawn through one of the teeth and the center
line of
19.
The quotient of the number of teeth on the wheel divided by the number of
threads on
the worm.
20.
A combination of gears that is used for transmitting motion from one shaft to
another
shaft is known as gear train.
21
Velocity ratio of a simple gear train is defined as the ratio of the angular velocity
of
the first gear in the train to the angular velocity of the last gear.
22
In a gear train when the axes of shafts over which the gears are mounted move
23.
List out the function of differential gear used in the rear drive of an automobile.
a) To transmit motion from the engine shaft to the rear driving wheels
b)
c) 24.
d) Define bevel gears.
e)
f) The gears which are used to connect shafts whose axes of rotation
intersect are called
g) bevel gears.
h)
i) 25.
j) Define limited slip differential.
k) The coupling unit which is sensitive to wheel speed causes most of the
torque to be
l) directed to the slow moving wheel. This combination is called limited slip
m) differentia
MODULE
1. Define clutch.
Types of friction clutches are: *Disc or plate clutches. *Cone clutches. *Centrifugal
clutches.
The types of flat drives are: *Compound belt drive. *Stepped or cone pulley drive.
*Fast and loose pulley.
5. Define slip.
Slip is defined as the relative motion between the belt and pulley.
Law of belting states that the centre line of the belt, as if approaches the pulley lie
in a plane perpendicular to the axis of that pulley or must lie in the plane of the
pulley otherwise the belt will run off the pulley.
The rope drives are widely used when large power is to be transmitted continuously
from one pulley to another over a considerable distance. One advantage of rope
drives is that a number of separate driver may be from the driving pulley.
The quarter turn left drive is used with shafts arranged at right angles and rotating
in one definite direction.
The velocity ratio of the belt drive is defined as the ratio between the velocities of
the driver and the follower or the driven.
*Power transmitted is more due to wedging action in the grooved pulleys. *V-belt
is more compact, quite and shock absorbing. *The V-belt drive is positive because
of negligible slip between the belt and the groove. *High velocity ratio may be
obtained.
*It cannot be used with large center distances. *It is not as durable as flat belt. *It
is a costlier system.
*Ropes are circular in cross section. *It is used to transmit more power. *Distance
between two pulleys is more than 8metres.
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Force of friction is always acting in the direction opposite to the direction of motion.
Self locking needs some friction on the thread surface of the screw and hence it
needs higher effort to lift a body and hence automatically the efficiency decreases.
21. What is dynam It is the friction experienced by the body, when in motion. The
dynamic friction is also called as kinematic friction.
The screw jack is the device used to lift the heavy loads by applying a
comparatively small effort at its handle. The working principle of screw jack is
similar to that of an inclined plane.
*V-thread is stronger and often moves frictional to the motion than square threads.
*A given load may be lifted by applying lesser force by square thread as compared
to V-threads. *V-threads are capable of taking more loads as compared to square
threadsic friction?
25. What is the effort required to lift a 50tonne lorry using screw jack? (
26. Open belt drive.
The open belt drive is used with shaft arranged parallel and rotating in same
direction. The tension in the lower side will be more than in the upper side belt
because of more tension in the lower side belt, the lower side belt is known as tight
side where as the upper side is known as the slack side
Idler pulleys are provide to obtain high velocity ratio and when the required belt
tension cannot be obtained by other means. Idler pulley is also known as jockey
pulley.