CHAPTER 3 FORCES AND PRESSURE

3.1 Pressure pressure is the force which acts normal per unit area of contact. P=F/A where P = pressure [Pa] F = force [N] A = area [m3]

3.2 Pressure in Liquids Pressure in liquids are not dependent on the size or shape of the container, onl on its depth. P = hpg where P = pressure [Pa] h = hei!ht of liquid [m] p = densit of liquid ["! m#3] g = !ra$itational acceleration [m s#%]

3.3 Atmosp eri! "nd #"s Pressure 3.3.& Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric pressure is measured ' 'arometers.

fortin barometer (simple mercury barometer)

aneroid barometer Atmospheric pressure measured ' a simple mercur 'arometer can 'e calculated usin! the formula P = hpg. (tandard atmospheric pressure at sea le$el is usuall $% !m H& or 1' m ("ter. it can also 'e e)pressed as 1 )"r. (Note : cm Hg is an accepted unit of atmospheric pressure. Other similar units involving different liquids are also accepted) For example : *i$en that h = +, and the densit of mercur is &3 ,-- "! m#3. Ans er : Atmospheric pressure = +, cm .! (tate the answer in Pascal / ! "hpg = -.+,0&3 ,--10&-1 = 1'3 3%' P". 3.3.% *as Pressure #"s pressure can 'e measured usin! m"nometer and *ourdon &"u&es.

#anometer

$ourdon gauge 2n manometers, pressure can 'e calculated 'ased on pressure equili'rium. For example : *as pressure = Atmosphere pressure 3 hpg

3.4 Pascal5s Principle P"s!"+,s prin!ip+e dictates that pressure which e)erted onto the surface of a fluid in a closed container will 'e transferred uniforml throu!hout the entire fluid.

F1 / A 1 - F 2 / A 2
All h draulic s stem are 'uilt 'ased on Pascal5s Principle. 3.4.& . draulic 6ac".

&1 when the le$er is pushed downwords, $al$e A closes while $al$e 7 opens. %1 Pressure is transferred to the lar!er c linder and creates a lar!e force to lift the car. 31 8hen the le$er is pulled upwards, $al$e 7 closes while $al$e A opens. 9he h draulic oil flows out from the tan" to fill the space in the small c linder. 41 As e$er mo$ement downwards ' the le$er creates a small mo$ement upwards for the lar!e piston, the le$er needs to 'e pushed and pulled repeatedl 'efore the car can 'e raised to a certain hei!ht required. :1 9he car can 'e lowered down ' openin! the release $al$e so that the h draulic oil can flow 'ac" into the tan". 3.4.% . draulic 'ra"e

&1 8hen the dri$er steps on the 'ra"e pedal, the piston in the main c linder transfers pressure throu!h the h draulic oil in the c linders. %1 Pressure is transferred uniforml throu!h the h draulic oil. 31 9he pistons in the sla$e c linders are lar!er, therefore a lar!e amount of force is

transferred to the 'ra"e pads. 41 9he 'ra"e pads transfer the lar!e amount of force onto the disc so that the rotation of the tire is slowed down. 3.4.3 . draulic pump &1 A h draulic machine uses a h draulic pump to transfer h draulic liquid from one $essel into a lar!e c linder to create a mo$ement. %1 9he a'o$e dia!ram shows a h draulic pump used to mo$e the arm of a crane. 3.: Archimedes5 Principle Ar! imedes- prin!ip+e dictates that when an o'6ect is partiall or full immersed in a fluid, the o'6ect under!oes a )uo."nt /or!e which is equal to the (ei& t o/ t e /+uid disp+"!ed. 7uo ant force = 8ei!ht of fluid displaced. = %pg where % " volume of fluid displaced &m'( ) " density of fluid &*g m+'( g " gravitational acceleration &m s+,( 2f the o'6ect is floatin! stationar / Weight of object = Weight of fluid displaced. 3.:.& (u'marine 9he 'uo ant force actin! on the su'marine is alwa s the same 'ecause the wei!ht of fluid displaced is alwa s the same. 8hen water is pumped into the 'allast tan", the wei!ht of the su'marine increases. 8hen the wei!ht of the su'marine is !reater than the 'uo ant force, the su'marine sin"s. 8hen water is pumped out of the 'allast tan" and replaced with air, the wei!ht of the su'marine decreases. 8hen the wei!ht of the su'marine is less than the 'uo ant force, the su'marine floats. 3.:.% . drometer A h drometer is used to measure the re+"ti0e densit. of a liquid. 8hen the h drometer floats stationar on the surface of the liquid, 8ei!ht of the h drometer = 8ei!ht of the liquid displaced. mg " %pg

where m " mass of the hydrometer &*g( % " volume of liquid displaced &m'( ) " density of liquid &*g m+'( g " gravitational acceleration &m s+,( ;9he hi!her the h drometer floats, the denser the liquid. ;9he lower the h drometer floats, the less dense the liquid. 3.:.3 .ot air 'alloon &1 A hot air 'alloon displaces a lar!e $olume of air. %1 8hen the wei!ht of the 'alloon is less than the upward thrust, the hot air 'alloon will mo$e upwards. 3.:.4 (hips (hips are mar"ed with P+imso++ +ines at the sides as a !uide on the ma)imum load the ship can 'ear in different conditions. 3., 7ernoulli5s Principle. *ernou++i-s prin!ip+e dictates that when the 0e+o!it. of a flowin! fluid in!re"ses, the pressure at that point de!re"ses. -niform tube a1 when a uniform tu'e with one end stopped is filled with water, the le$els in all three $ertical tu'es are the same. water pressure at A = water pressure at * = water pressure at C '1 when the stopper is remo$ed, it is found that the water le$els are decreasin!. water pressure at A < water pressure at * < water pressure at C 9his is 'ecause water flows from i& pressure to +o( pressure. %enturi tube

3.,.& Aerofoil # As the aerofoil shape cuts throu!h the air, the air is forced to tra$el at a hi!her speed on top of the aerofoil compared to 'elow the aerofoil. # 9he hi!h $elocit area causes the air to ha$e low pressure. # 9herefore, the hi!her pressure area pressures a!ainst the aerofoil towards the lower pressure area causin! a liftin! force. 3.,.% =ar'uretor # =ar'uretor mi)es petrol and air for 'urnin! in the en!ine c linder. # 8hen air flows throu!h the narrower part of the tu'e, the $elocit increases thus the pressure decreases. An area with low pressure is formed at >. # 9he atmospheric pressure, which is !reater, pushes the petrol out from the 6et. # Petrol and air are mi)ed to create a spra . 3.,.+ 7unsen 7urner

# *as flows out throu!h the narrow 6et at a $er hi!h $elocit . # A low#pressured area is formed at >. # 9he air outside at atmospheric pressure flows in and mi)es with !as to li!ht it. # ?) !en suppl which is enou!h from the air will ensure a complete 'urnin! to produce a hotter flame and less luminous.