ALTERNATE FUEL BIODEISEL

ABSTRACT

The Recent depletion and fluctuation in prices due to uncertain supplies for fossil fuel, make us to search renewable, safe and non-polluting sources of energy. India is not self sufficient in petroleum and has to import about two third of its requirements. Presently Indian Go ernment spend Rupees !",""" crores for petroleum fuel and annual consumption is around #" millions tons. $ne of the solutions to the current oil crisis and toward off any future energy and economic crunch is to e%plore the feasibility of substitution of diesel with an alternati e fuel which can be produced in our country on a massi e scale to commercial utili&ation. Indian Go ernment, research institution and

automobile industries are taking interest on bio-diesel from arious non-edible oil bearing trees like 'atropha, (aran)i, *ahua + ,eem. -s India is short of edible oils e en for human consumption and since the cost of edible oil is also ery high, it is preferable to use non-edible oils. 'atropha curcas is one of the prospecti e bio-diesel yielding crops. This paper highlights our work on alternate fuels and the importance of choosing )atropha. It reduces pollution drastically in terms of sulphates and carbon mono-o%ide. To start with, we reduced the iscosity problem faced to a large e%tent by carrying out the transesterification process in our chemistry laboratory. we also studied the cost factor in ol ed in the usage of )atropha. Performance test was conducted on an electrical loaded diesel engine and a study on the emissions was made using .%haust Gas -nalyser in our thermal laboratory. The pollution le els came down drastically and performance was better with arious blends of )atropha and diesel.

INTRODUCTION ABOUT BIO-DIESEL

/io-diesel is a egetable oil processed to resemble 0iesel 1uel. The first use of peanut oil was made in 23!4 by 0r. Rudolf 0iesel himself 52343-2!267, who predicted- The use of vegetable oils engine fuels

may

seem insignificant today. But such oils may become in course of time as important as petroleum and the coal tar products of the present time. /io-diesel is the ethyl or methyl ester of fatty acid. /io-diesel is made from irgin or used egetable oils 5both edible and non-edible7 and animal fats through trans-esterification. 'ust like diesel, bio-diesel operates in compression ignition engines, which essentially require ery little or no engine modifications up to require ery little or no engine modifications up to 8"9 blends, and minor modifications for higher percentage blends because bio-diesel is similar to diesel but is ery eco-friendly.

PROBLEMS OF USING JATROPHA

The ma)or problem in using the raw )atropha oil will be choking of the filter and other parts of the engine. 1urther, due to its high iscosity, raw )atropha oil can cause a lot of trouble during cold seasons. -lso, the following ma)or problems could be faced. 0ue to higher density of )atropha oil, the atomi&ation in combustion becomes difficult. Poor olatility accounts for improper apori&ation and ignition incapability. This also cause thermal cracking resulting in hea y smoke emissions and carbon deposits in the engine. -lso the durability of the engine will be affected The presence of wa% contents in the oil causes formation of gum in the combustion chamber The abo e mentioned difficulties cause fluctuation of load after some period of operation and ultimately lead to breakdown of the engine. :ence it is difficult to use 'atropha oil without further processing as fuel in a direct in)ection engine. It either requires the oil to be processed further or some modifications should be made in the engine. The iscosity of oil was reduced by the transesterification process.

TRANS-ESTERIFICATION:
Trans-esterification, also called alcoholysis, is the displacement of alcohol from an ester by another alcohol in a process similar to hydrolysis, e%cept than an alcohol is used instead of water. This process has been widely used to reduce iscosity of triglycerides.

PFR. '-TR$P:- $I=

*ethanol ;atalyst

R.-;TI$,

.@T.R =-?.R 1I=TR-TI$, G-@:I,G

*$I@TFR. R.*$<-=

G=?;.R$= =-?.R PFRI1I;-TI$,

G=?;.RI,. 5;RF0.7

/I$-0I.@.=

REACTION
,.-T <.G.T-/=. $I= > 5 Triglyceride7 *.T:-,$= 5;:6$:7 ,a$: 5;atalyst7 1-TT? -;I0 .@T.R > G=?;.RI, A;6:4 5$:76B
;:8-$;$R2 ;:-$;$R8 > 6;:6$: ;:8-$;$R6 ;:8$: R;$$;:6 ;:$: > R8;$$;:6 ;:8$: R6;$$;:6

Triglyceride + Glycer l

Me!"#$ l + Me!"yl

e%!er%

PROCESS E&PLANATION
If methanol is used in the abo e reaction, it is termed methanolysis and fatty acid methyl esters are generated, which are called biodiesel. Three consecuti e and re ersible reactions are belie ed to occur in the transesterification which are gi en belowC Triglyceride > R$: 0iglyceride > R$:
;atalyst

0iglyceride > RD ;$$R *onoglyceride > RE ;$$R

;atalyst

*onoglyceride >R$:

;atalyst

Glycerol > RED ;$$R

The first step is the con ersion of triglycerides to diglycerides, followed by the con ersion of diglycerides to monoglycerides, and finally monoglycerides to glycerol, yielding one methyl ester molecule from each glyceride at each step. Ghen methanol is used in the esterification - catalyst and e%cess alcohol are used to increase rate of reaction and to shift the equilibrium to the product side, respecti ely'

CATAL(STS FOR TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS

-cid catalyst 5:;l, :8@$#7 -lkali catalyst 5,a$:, ($:, sodium alko%ide, potassium alko%ide, etc.7 .n&yme catalyst 5lipase7 1rom an economic point of iew, alkali catalyst is better with ($: the more efficient one. The catalyst must be pure and free from moisture.

PROCESS )ARIABLES FOR TRANSESTERIFICATION REACTION

Reaction time and temperature *olar ratio of alcohol H oil ;atalyst type and concentration *i%ing intensity Purity of raw materials 5reactants7

DESCRIPTION OF THE TRANS-ESTERIFICATION PROCESS

The measured quantity of neat refined egetable oil is taken in a three neck flask. 249 of methanol and ".49 sodium hydro%ide by mass for 2 lit. of egetable oil are thoroughly mi%ed together first. This mi%er is added with the oil, which is taken in the flask. ;onstant stirring is done at the speed rate of 8"" rpm and the flask is heated and maintained at the temperature range of I"o; to I4o; for nearly 8 hours. :eating is stopped after 8 hours. The flask is allowed for natural cooling for nearly 8# hours. -fter the cooling is o er, the JGlycerinD that is present in the egetable oil is settle down at the bottom of the flask and the Jfatty acid estersD are separated from the Glycerin by using the separating funnel. -dding :cl or ,a:;$ 6 with the fatty acid ester neutrali&es it to the p: alue of K.

PERFORMANCE TEST ON IC ENGINE

The engine used for the present in estigation is a single cylinder LcometE ertical 0iesel .ngine 524""rpm, 6.4kG, water cooled7. .ngine is coupled with an eddy current dynamometer. In the present work, the e%periments were carried out at constant speed and for arying load conditions i.e., no load, 849, 4"9, K49 and 2""9 of the rated load. The in)ection parameters were kept constant for the e%isting engine for entire test program. The static fuel in)ection timing and the fuel in)ection pressure for the gi en engine the 8K o before T0; and 88" bars respecti ely as specified by the manufacturer. The engine was started and warm-up with diesel fuel and then the diesel fuel line was cut off and simultaneously the fuel line, which connects the fuel under in estigation, was opened. ,o additi es were added to the system before conducting the test. .sterified egetable oil was in)ected directly to the combustion chamber as con entional fuel in)ection. The test was done separately for the four fuels, which are taken for the in estigation. In each case the obser ations were recorded after steady state was reached.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSC

The arious engine parameters were obser ed during the e%periment for different loads on the engine. -fter, the e%perimental part of the pro)ect was completed, the calculations were carried out and arious graphs were drawn so as to discuss and arri e at specified result. 1rom the analysis of graphs the conclusion were made.

MECHNICAL EFFICIENC(:
B.P. vs MECH. EFFICIENCY
70 MECH. EFF.(%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 B.P.(kW) 3 4 0%BD 10%BD 25%BD 50% BD 75%BD 100% BD

-s the percentage of bio diesel in the blend increased, it was noticed that the mechanical efficiency of the engine also increased. 2""9 bio diesel was found to ha e the ma%imum efficiency whereas, :@0 was found to ha e the minimum efficiency.

TOR*UE:
The torque at all the blends was found to be almost same. The change in torque at the blends was found to be negligible suggesting that the torque of the engine is not affected much by the bio diesel. :ence there is no effect in the usage of the biodiesel as an alternate for diesel. /iodiesel is more adaptable to the ariation in load and hence does not show any fluctuation in torque and runs in a stable condition.

B.P. vs TORQUE
25 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 B.P. (kW) 3 4 0BD 10BD 25BD 50BD 75BD 100BD TORQUE (N-m)

SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION:

The specific fuel consumption increases with the increase in the blend. /ut the @1; of the blends up to the limit of 4"9 are found to be lesser and better than that of the :@0.

B.P. vs SFC
2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 3 B.P.(kW) 4

0BD 10%BD 25% BD 50% BD 75% BD 100% BD

S.F.C.(kg/s.kW)

E&HAUST GAS EMISSION READING: FUEL HSD 10% BD 25% BD 50% BD 75% BD 100% BD %O2 10.5 10.8 11.2 11.6 11.8 12 %CO2 7.8 7.1 6.2 5.2 4.4 2.5 CO 30 27.2 24.4 21.5 18.5 16.1 NO 24 23 21 19 17 15 Nox 24 25 26 28 30 32 SO2 20 16.5 12.8 9.1 5.6 2 NO2 2 1.7 1.4 1.1 0.8 0.5

;$, ,$, ,o%, @$8, ,$8 are in ppm

1rom the abo e readings, it was clear that the emissions came down drastically with the use of bio diesel. /io diesel contains higher amount o%ygen 5up to 2"97 that ensures more complete combustion of hydrocarbons. .%cept the ,o % emissions, all other pollutants came down in their percentage.

JATROPHA SEEDS

JATROPHA NURSER(

USE OF JATROPHA AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR DIESEL

EN)IRONMENTAL BENEFITS
*a)or ad antage of producing /io-diesel is the recycling of ;$ 8 and consequent reduction in Global warming because of large scale plantation of oil seeds trees, which recycle the ;$8. -tmospheric co8 P=-,T .M:-F@T @..0 .MTR-;TI$, <.G.T-/=. $I= -FT$*$/I=.@

/I$0I.@.=

AD ANTA!ES
The highest cetane no. of bio-diesel compared to petro diesel indicates potential for higher engine performance. The superior lubricating properties of bio-diesel increases functional engine efficiency. Their higher flash point makes them to safer to stored. The bio-diesel molecules are simple hydrocarbon chains, contains no sulphur or aromatic substances associated with fossil fuels. They contain higher amount of $8 5upto 2"97. That ensures more complete combustion of :;. /io-diesel almost completely eliminates life cycles ;$8 emission. Production of 2t H ha H year of high protein seed cake that can be used as animal and fish feeds and organic matter that can be used as organic fertili&ers. <arious other products from the plant 5leaf, bark and seed e%tracts7 ha e arious other industrial and pharmaceutical uses. Restoration of degraded land o er a period of time. Rural employment generation.

CONCLUSIONS:
1rom the abo e results, the following can be interpretedC i. ii. iii. i . *echanical efficiency impro es with the increasing percentage of biodiesel in the blend. 2""9 biodiesel had the best performance in terms of mechanical efficiency. The brake thermal efficiency was best for the 4"9 blend and ery similar to the brake thermal efficiency of the :@0. ,o considerable change in the alue of the torque was noticed. The torque remained almost the same for all the blends. ,o considerable change in the alues of the brake mean effecti e pressure though the alues of the 4"9 blend and the 849 blend were closer when compared to other blends which had slightly lower alues.

. i.

The @1; of all the blends was lower when compared to the @1; of the :@0. /ut the 4"9 blend had the closest @1; alue to that of the :@0. The emissions came down drastically. .%cept the ,$% emissions which increased slightly, all other pollutants were present in lesser amount in the emissions. The abo e results gi e an indication that the 4"9 blend of bio diesel and :@0 is the optimum blend which gi es a better performance as well as better emission standards.

SCOPE FOR FUTURE +OR,:

1urther work in this field can definitely pro ide a 2""9 biodiesel with better performance as well better emission standards. The following work can be further carried out to impro e the prospects of biodiesel in futureC i. ii. iii. i . i. Going for additi es like orange oil, 0imethyl carbonate or 0iethylether can impro e the performance of the engine - 8"9 by olume addition of these additi es can gi e ery good results. /rake thermal efficiency can be impro ed by as much as 69 through the usage of 0.. and 0*;. @moke decreases with all the abo e additi es. -dditi es can also be added to reduce the amount of the ,$% present in the e%haust. To reduce the iscosity of the oil e en further, the process of *icro-emulsification can be taken up. The present in estigation re eals that the ester of egetable oils can be a aluable supplement or e en a full substitute for diesel fuel. @ince they perform with acceptable thermal efficiencies. This alternati e fuels reduces the en ironment impacts of transportation, reduces the dependence on crude oil imports and offered business possibilities to agricultural enterprises. 'atropha culti ation should be taken up on large scale on top priority basis as it will be perennial source of income for formers e en during drought periods. The use of bio-diesel becomes necessary to achie e /haratII and /haratIII emissions standards by 8""4 and 8"2" respecti ely. It will lead to eco-rehabilitation of degraded lands through plantation of 'atropha curcas for ecological, economical, security and sustainable de elopment.

REFERENCES
.ngineering today 5$ct 8""#7 'ournal of @cientific and Industrial Research. 5<ol.I8, 8""67 /io fuels India 5<ol.2 + I, 8""6 + 8""#7 Present and automoti e fuels 5-nnamalai Fni ersity, 8""#7 GGG.biodiesel.orgHbbsHagora GGG. dieselnet.com.