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Nozzle Design: Supersonic nozzles can be divided into two different types: gradual-expansion nozzles and minimumlength nozzles.

Gradual-expansion nozzles are typically used in applications where maintaining a high-quality flow at the desired exit conditions is of importance like supersonic wind tunnels. For other types of applications like rocket nozzles, to reduce the large weight and length penalties associated with gradual expansion nozzles, the minimum-length nozzles which utilize a sharp corner to provide the initial expansion, are commonly used. For both gradual-expansion and minimumlength nozzles, the flow can be divided into simple and non simple regions. A non-simple region is characterized by Mach wave reflections and intersections. In order to meet the requirement of uniform conditions at the nozzle exit, it is desirable to minimize the non-simple region as much as possible. This can be performed by designing the nozzle surface such that Mach waves (e.g., characteristics) are not produced or reflected while the flow is straightened. The Method of Characteristics is therefore applied to allow the design of a supersonic nozzle which meets these requirements. In the present work, the minimum length nozzle has been designed and simulated for the prescribed chamber, nozzle and ambient conditions.

Method of Characteristics : The method of characteristics provides a technique for properly designing the contour of a supersonic nozzle for shock free, isentropic flow, taking into account the multidimensional flow inside the duct. It is a numerical procedure appropriate for solving two-dimensional compressible flow problems. By using this technique, flow properties such as direction and velocity, can be calculated at distinct points throughout a flow field. The Prandtl-Meyer angle and the flow angle are used as a parameters along the characteristic lines. The three properties of characteristics are as follows: Property 1: A characteristic in a two dimensional supersonic flow is a curve or line along which physical disturbances are propagated at the local speed of sound relative to the gas. Property 2: A characteristic is a curve across which flow properties are continuous, although they may have discontinuous first derivatives, and along which the derivatives are indeterminate. Property 3: A characteristic is a curve along which the governing partial differential equations may be manipulated into an ordinary differential equations. For the design criteria of nozzles, after the sonic throat the air expands downstream which creates small expansion regions as we move to downstream. These continuous series of expansion waves turns the airflow an infinitesimal amount along the wall contour. These expansion waves are governed by
= sqrt(2 1)(dV/V) Where d is the change in flow angle relative to its original direction. The Prandtl-Meyer angle is given by

Nu(M) = sqrt((gamma+1)/(gamma-1))*atan(sqrt((gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*(M^2-1)))atan(sqrt((M^2-1)))

The Mach angle is given by Alpha = arcsin(1/M) The slopes of the characteristic lines are given by (dy/dx) = tan(theta-alpha) (dy/dx) = tan(theta+alpha) By solving the above compatibility equations, the following constraints along the characteristic lines can be obtained
+ (M) = constant = K- (along C characteristic) - (M)= constant = K+ (along C+ characteristic) where K- and K+ are called as Riemann invariants From above equations, the flow angle and Prandtl-Meyer angle can be written as

=(1/2)(K- + K+) and =(1/2)(K- - K+)

Design of Minimum Length Supersonic Nozzle using MOC code

With the contraction of the expansion section to a point at the end of the throat, the total length of the nozzle reduces. This implies a centered expansion fan emanates from sharp corner throat with an initial angle of wmax,Me with the centreline. MOC design code requires throat diameter of nozzle, specific heat ratio, design pressure ratio or design exit mach number and number of characteristic lines. By iterative process, it solves for the flow angle and Prandtl-Meyer angle along the characteristic lines using Riemann invariants. The nozzle wall contour can be obtained by smoothing the points extended to the wall. The flow chart has been depicted below to understand the approach of designing the code.

INPUTS

Choose i for the initial characteristic line inclined from the throat line

Find max,Me at throat point from (Me) [max,Me = (Me) /2]

Define for step size of each characteristic line [ = (max,Me- i)/N] N= number of characteristic lines

Find and at all intersecting points of char. lines by finding Riemann invariants along each char. lines

Find Mach no. (M) from Prandtl-Meyer angle after each char. line by iteration process .

Find Mach angle() from M and thereafter find slopes of each lines (dy/dx)char = tan()

Find Points of intersection of on symmetry line and extend the char. lines by taking average slopes from symmetry centreline to wall contour.

Plot the nozzle wall contour

Flow chart of Method of Characteristics steps to design wall contour

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