CLASSIFICATIONS OFFSHORE PLATFORMS 1) Fixed Platform : Jacket & Concrete Gravity-based platform.

- use in shallow water, common in Malaysia ,less 400m, structure is pilled to seabed. -JACKET: takes the loadings from the topside and the sea environment, is piled to the seabed. These piles must also be able to resist tension as the hydrodynamic forces on the structure have a tendency to cause overturning. -Concrete Gravity: like simple pad foundation, resisting overturning by keeping the resultant load within the mid-third of the base. Used when the seabed conditions are not suitable for piling. The large cellular base may also be used as a storage facility for recovered oil or gas. 2) Compliant tower: Tension leg platform (TLP) & Guyed tower -TLP: bouncy pull up tendon. - Bigger horizontal and dynamic load can overturn fixed Structure, 700m, attached to seabed but not fixed (pilled). - Can sway (left n right) to absorb the loads (wind n sea). 3) Floating platform: Semi-sub, SPAR, FPSO/FSO - not practical to use complaint, cost high due to long pipe. -FPSO: semisubmersible drilling rigs or ship, (contain petroleum production equipment, drilling equipment, Storage and Offloading). The platforms can be kept in place through anchors, or through the dynamic positioning system. With a floating production system, once the drilling has been completed, the wellhead is attached to the seafloor. Oil produced , transported to the mainland either by pipeline or by tanker. 4) Mobile : Jack-up platform, MOPU. -for marginal reservoir. 5) Water depth : Shallow, deep and ultra-deep water. ENVIRONMENTAL LOAD Loads for offshore structure: Dead loads, Live loads, environmental load, Accidental Loads. WIND LOADS

Cs: Complexity, can increase drag force, cylinder less Cs. A: Area of exposure, A high, Load high. H/Dmin> 5 the object is wind sensitive. Rules recommend the most unfavourable of the following two loadings: 1) 1-minute sustained wind speeds combined with extreme waves. 2) 3-second gust. Why dont assume both? -extreme event highly unlikely to occur. -When design we do not need to consider the condition. (so, our cost will be less) -better build 2mil 2 time then build 10mil 1 time. -If fail, it fail according to design, so ok la.. WAVE THEORIES - No transportation of mass occurs, water particle not travel. - use to estimate water particle kinematic (v & a). -long wave more dangerous. Y: wave steepness, X: water depth -higher x, higher y (energy). -any equation will give same shape - Deeper better energy but wave height = constant -restoring energy by gravity pull. Soat certain depth wave will not increase. MORISONS EQUATION - use to estimate wave force. -to use this equation, the structure need to be hydrodynamic transparent (D/L < 2). Less resistance. - no vibration but got inertia & drag force.

Inertia: momentum create by moment, acceleration, F=ma. Drag: how water can push structure, velocity, Cd: coefficient drag, influence by surface roughness. So, we need to clean jacket leg (maintenance). VORTEX SHEDDING -unsteady flow, take place in special flow velocity. (according to size and shape).cause: air flow pass a blunt object-create alternating low pressure-object move to low pressure.

SUPERSTRUCTURE (TOPSIDE) Function: Safe working area, place for accommodation and equiptment. How to install: install equiptment> complete welding> lift using Model support frame or slot in method. Portal Frame Truss -consist of column & -consist of frame (a lot beam. bracing) -Design: external load - design: external-> axial -Behaviour: bend - behaviour: - not suitable for service compression & tension limit state Adv: -4x stronger Adv: -cheaper -suitable for service - Less welding limit state -less maintenance (less -longer span joint) FEED (FRONT END ENGINEERING DESIGN) -process determines feasibility of a project. - can determine risk & estimate cost -Lay out requirement based on the type of process needed. (got gas or not/type of reservoir) Interface control: -operating system (give command) -why ___ place ____ so that when___ we can ____ WEIGHT ENGINEERING Why? lifting process already design beforehand (lifting analysis). Ex:barge align to doc when transfer. Transportation: behaviour-structure (launching & Bouncy) FLOOR PANEL CONCEPT Stacked Flushed -Stringer over the top of -stringer welded in deck beam. (on top of between deck beam, each other) with top flange in one - can be build onside place. -more flexible -prefabricated, easy to install, not prone to weather (higher quality) FABRICATION INSTALLATION LOADS & SA -Temporary load, presence at certain time. -if not consider can cause permanent damage. -arise during transportation & installation. Design process of offshore platform 1.In place(all member pass, macam bese) 2. Lifting analysis (pad eye, beam) -force from static equilibrium & sling tension. Opening of cable wide=not sway but cable short Narrow long but will sway (not good = vibrate) 3. Load out.(force generate to transfer (skidding) structure from fabrication yard to barge). 4. Transportation Force. (barge or self-floating) Depend: weight, geometry & support condition, environmental condition. 5. Launching & upending Force. - generate during launch jacket from barge to sea. -consider: wind, wave, current, dynamic force. 6. Accidental Load. (explosion/collision) -consider the possibility of ocurance. Load Combinations Limit state (LS) = show how structure fail. Ultimate LS (ULS) = structure fail when actual load of structure exceed the ultimate load (1.35GK+1,5Qk). 1.35= represent the degree of disbelivable so more confident> become smaller> learn from experience. Fatigue limit state (FLS) = crack at join due to env load. It take time. Service Limit State (SLS) =condition where structure can no longer provide feeling safety/make to feel discomfort. No collapse but can see bending. Actual load > unfactored load ULS (Normal), (accidental = 0) -because want to fail due to live & dead load only. ULS (extreme), (dead & live load = 1.0) -dont want dead n live load to be dominant. -Live load can change(people run away) FLS (all zero except EL=1.0) -consider env load only. (Def = fail under EL) - vibration source of fail. PLS (Accidental) (all =1.0) -want to fail due to accidental PLS (postdamage) & SLS (all =1.0,AL=0) STEEL MATERIALS STEELAn iron-base alloy, malleable in same temperature range as initially cast, and containing carbon because steel has the ability to become harder and stronger through heat treating; however it becomes less ductile. Notmore than 2%. If more = cast iron (brittle n not ductile + hard to weld).

-Design consideration: adequate strength, resistance to the initiation of brittle fracture, resistance to fatigue and protection against corrosion. -Static strength: Joint (well &heat stress = crack & fail, no load can be transfer). - Fatigue: High strength concentration area = critical area& initiate crack under cyclic load. STEEL TYPE 1: High Strength (suitable for topsidereduce total weight) STEEL TYPE 2:High Strength & Tough (very robust) stress concentrations are high and stress in through thickness may lead to lamellar tearing. For section exp high tension. High strength not suitable for Env. Load (internal crack will develop): High strength> Hign Carbon content> More brittle>resemble concrete> crack. Strength= ability to stand load w/o fail. Tough= Ability to absorb energy & deform plastically