Maximum shear stress

Recall
XY = l1l2 xx + m1m2 yy + n1n2 zz + ( m1n2 + m2 n1 ) yz + ( l1n2 + l2 n1 ) xz + ( l1m2 + l2 m1 ) xy

In principal system
XY = l1l2 1 + m1m2 2 + n1n2 3
2 2 2 + m1 + n1 =1 l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0 l1 2 2 2 + m2 + n2 =1 l2

Assume 1 2 3 Maximum shear XY = l1l2 (1 3 ) stress then 1

max = 2 (1 3 )

l1l2 = n1n2

Example
s=1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1

>> [l,sig]=eig(s) sig =-0.4142 0 0 0 1.0000 0 0 0 2.4142 Maximum shear stress is 1.4142. Why is this reasonable?

Equilibrium when stresses vary from point to point

Differential element

Differential equilibrium equations

From equilibrium of infinitesimal element
xx xy xz + + + bx = 0 x y z xy yy yz + + + by = 0 x y z xz yz zz + + + bz = 0 x y z bx , by , bz : body force per unit volume in x,y,z directions

Why do we have derivatives of stresses but not of body forces?

Equations of equilibrium repair damage done by kinematic assumptions

Most commonly used theories start with assumptions on displacements Stresses calculated from displacements often do not satisfy equilibrium Repair via equilibrium equations improves accuracy Stress post-processing in finite element software is possible and desirable Check equations in spherical and cylindrical coordinate systems in textbook

Beam theory
Euler-Bernoulli beam assumptions mean no shear strains Equations of equilbrium require shear stresses! Cantilever beam under end load P
xx = My Pxy = I I xx xy + =0 x y

xy y

Py I

Deformation of a deformable body

Deformation will cause a particle P to move from (x,y,z) to (x*,y*,z*)

Strain of a line element

Strain measures are typically based on what happens to an infinitesimal line element or to angle between to such elements

Displacements
Components of motion
u = x* x displacement in x-direction v = y* y displacement in y-direction w = z* z displacement in z-direction
x* = x + u y* = y + v z* = z + w

What is the difference between displacements and deformations?

Strain measures
2 2 2 2 Length of infinitesimal ( ds ) = [ dx ] + ( dy ) + ( dz ) 2 2 2 2 element before and ( ds *) = ( dx *) + ( dy *) + ( dz *) after deformation ds * ds Engineering strain E =

ds

Maginfication factor of a line with direction cosines (l,m,n) What does this remind you of?

ds * 2 1 2 E M = 0.5 1 = + E 2 ds xx xy xz l = [l m n ] xy yy yz m xz yz zz n

Strain components
.

Reading assignment
Sections 2.7-8: Question: Why do we have two kinds of shear strain?

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