UNIT I BASIC BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES :-PSYCHOLOGY,SOCIOLOGY, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY,ANTHROPOLOGY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE.

OB is a field of study involving integration of the behavioural sciences i. e psychology ,sociology, social psychology, anthropology , and political science. PSYCHOLOGY: The term Psychology comes from the Greek word psyche meaning Soul or spirit. Psychology is the science that seeks to measure , explain ,and sometimes change the behaviour of humans and other animals. Psychologists concern themselves with studying and attempting to understand individual behaviour .In other words psychology is a science of behaviour. It studies behaviour in various conditions normal, abnormal, social industrial legal childhood, adolescence, old age etc. it also studies the process of human behaviour such as learning, perception ,thinking ,memory, sensation, emotion, feeling and personality. Its contributions to behavioural science ,as applied to managerial practices ,are in the field of learning ,perception motivation, individual and group decision making ,pattern of influence, and change in organization, group processes, vocational choice and satisfaction, communication ,and personal selection and training .In fact there is a separate branch of industrial psychology which deals with the application of psychological facts and principles to the problems concerning human relation in organizations. Human relations is the integration of human factor into work situations which motivates it to work together effectively providing its social, psychological, and economic satisfaction. SOCIOLOGY: whereas psychologists focus their attention on individuals, sociologist study the social system in which individuals fill their roles: i.e. Sociology studies people in relation to their fellow human beings. Specifically sociologists have made their greatest contributions to OB through their study of group behaviour in organizations, particularly formal and complex organizations .It specifically studies social groups, social behaviour, society, customs, institutions, social class ,status, social mobility and prestige. To the managerial practice its contribution is mainly in the field of bureaucracy, role structure, social system theory, group dynamics, effect of industrialisation on social behaviour etc. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. It is an area within psychology but blends concepts from both psychology and sociology .It focuses on the influence of people on one another .One of the major areas receiving considerable investigation from social psychologists has been change. How to implement it and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance .we also find social psychologists making significant contribution in the areas of measuring understanding and changing attitude ,communication patterns : the ways in which group activities can satisfy individual needs and group decision making processes. ANTHROPOLOGY: The word anthropology combines the Greek term anthropo meaning man and logy meaning science. Thus it can be defined as the science of man Anthropologists study societies to learn about human beings and their activities their work on cultures and environment for instance has helped us understand differences in fundamental values attitudes and behaviour between people in different countries and within different organizations thus it contributes in understanding the cultural effects on organizational behaviour, effects of value system, norms, sentiments, cohesion and interaction.

POLITICAL SCIENCE: The contributions of political scientists are significant to the understanding of behaviour in organizations. Political scientists study the behaviour of individuals and groups within a political environment Specific topics of concern here include structuring of conflicts, allocation of power, and how people manipulate power for individual self-interest .since organizations are political entities we should be able to accurately explain and predict the behaviour of people in organizations hence we need to bring a political perspective to our analysis.