Yazici XML Ex

XML an and Internet nt rn t Data Databases as s
Outline Background: documents (SGML/HTML) and databases (structured and semistructured i dd data) ) XML Basics and Document Type Descriptors XML query languages: XPath, XQuery
Part I: Background
Whats the difference between the world of documents and information retrieval and databases and query interfaces?
Documents vs Databases
Document world > plenty of small documents > usually static > implicit structure > tagging
section, paragraph, toc,
Database world > a few large databases > usually dynamic > explicit structure (schema) > records > machine friendly > content
schema, data, methods
y > human friendly > content

form/layout, annotation Save as author name, date, subject
> Paradigms
> Paradigms
> meta-data
Atomicity, Concurrency, Isolation, Durability
> meta-data
schema description
4
What to do with them

Documents editing printing i ti spell-checking checking spell counting words retrieving (IR) searching hi cleaning Database updating
querying y g q
composing/transforming
Lin Lingua f franca n f for p publishing blishin hypertext h p t xt on n the th World W ld Wide Wid Web HTML is widely used for formatting and structuring Web documents. documents Designed to describe how a Web browser should arrange text, images and push-buttons on a page. learn but does not convey structure and meaning of Easy to learn, data in the Web pages. Fixed tag set.
Opening tag Text (PCDATA)
HTML
<HTML> <HEAD><TITLE>Welcome to the XML course</TITLE></HEAD> <BODY> <H1>Introduction</H1> <IMG SRC=dragon.jpeg" WIDTH="200" HEIGHT="150 >
Closing tag
</BODY> </HTML>
Bachelor tag Attribute name Attribute value
Semistructure data
1. Information integration: important new application that motivates what follows. follows 2. Semistructured data: a new data model designed to cope with problems of information integration. 3 XML: 3. XML a new Web W b standard d d that h is i essentially semistructured data. 4. XQUERY: an emerging standard query language for XML data.
Information Integration
Problem: related data exists in many places. They talk about the same things, g , but differ ff in model, , schema, conventions (e.g., terminology). Example: In the real world, every bar has its own database. Some may have relations like beer-price; others have an Microsoft Word file from which the menu i printed. is i t d Some keep phones of manufacturers but not addresses. addresses Some distinguish beers and ales; others do not.
8
Two approaches
1. Warehousing: Make copies of information
at each data source centrally. centrally Reconstruct data daily/weekly/monthly, but do not try to keep it up-to-date. up to date
2. Mediation: Create a view of all information, but do not make copies. p Answer queries by sending appropriate queries to sources. q .
user query
result
Warehousing War hous ng
Warehouse
Combiner
Wrapper
Wrapper
DB1
DB2
10
Mediation
query result lt
Mediator query Wrapper query DB1 result result query result Wrapper query DB2 result
11
Semistructured Data
A different kind of data model, more suited to information-integration applications than either relational or OO. Think of objects objects, but with the type of an object for its own business rather than the business of the class to which it belongs. Allows All i information f i f from several l sources, with related but different properties, to b fit together be t th i in one whole. h l Major application: XML documents.
12
Graph Representation of Semistructured Data

Nodes = objects. Nodes N d connected d in i a general l rooted d graph h structure. Labels on arcs. m values on leaf f nodes. . Atomic Big deal: no restriction on labels (roughly = attributes). attributes) Zero, one, or many children of a given label type are all OK. OK
13
XML (Extensible Markup Language)

HTML uses tags for formatting (e.g., italic). XML uses tags for semantics (e.g e g., this this is an address). Two modes: 1. Well-formed XML: A document that obeys the nested nested tags tags rule and does not repeat an attribute within a tag is said to be well-formed. It allows you to invent your own tags, tags much like labels in semistructured data. 2 Valid XML involves a DTD (Document Type 2. Definition) that tells the labels and gives a grammar for g f how they y may y be nested.
14
Well-Formed XML
1. Declaration = <? ... ?> .
Normal declaration is
<? XML VERSION = "1.0" STANDALONE = "yes" ?>
Standalone means that there is no DTD specified. specified 2. Root tag surrounds the entire balance of the d document. t <FOO> is balanced by </FOO>, as in HTML. 3. Any balanced structure of tags OK. dont t require balance, balance Option of tags that don like <P> in HTML. 15
The Structure of XML

XML consists of tags and text Tags g come in pairs p <date> ...</date> They must be properly nested <date> <day> ... </day> ... </date> --- good <date> d t <day> d ... </date>... /d t </day> /d --- bad b d
16
XML text
XML has only one basic type -- text. It is bounded by tags, e.g. <title> The Big Sleep </title> yea 1935 935 </ / yea year> --- 1935 935 is s st still ll text <year> XML text is called PCDATA (for parsed character data). It uses a 16-bit encoding.
17
XML structure
Nesting tags can be used to express various structures. E.g., A tuple (record) : <person> <name> Malcolm M l l Atchison At hi </name> / <tel> (215) 898 4321 </tel> < <email> il> mp@dcs.gla.ac.sc @d l </ </email> il> </person>
18
Terminology
The segment of an XML document between an opening and a corresponding closing tag is called an element.
<person> <name> Malcolm Atchison </name> <tel> (215) 898 4321 </tel> <tel> (215) 898 4321 </tel> <email> mp@dcs.gla.ac.sc </email> </person> element, a sub-element element sub element of not an element l
element
19
XML is tree tree-like like
person name tel tel email
Malcolm Atchison (215) 898 4321 (215) 898 4321 mp@dcs.gla.ac.sc
20
A Complete C l t XML D Document t

<?xml version="1.0"?> <person> <name> Malcolm Atchison </name> <tel> (215) 898 4321 </tel> <email> mp@dcs.gla.ac.sc </email> /p </person>
21
Example
bar beer name Bud manf A.B. servedAt manf name year Mlob 1995 award Gold b beer
prize
name Joes Joe s
addr Maple
22
Example
<?XML VERSION = "1.0" STANDALONE = "yes"?> y <BARS> <BAR><NAME>Joe's <BAR><NAME>Joe s Bar</NAME> <BEER><NAME>Bud</NAME> <PRICE>2.50</PRICE></BEER> <BEER><NAME>Miller</NAME> <PRICE>3.00</PRICE></BEER> </BAR> <BAR> ... </BARS>
23
Representing p g relational DBs: Two ways

projects: title budget managedBy
employees: name
ssn
age
24
Project and Employee relations in XML

Projects and employees are intermixed
<db> <project> <employee> <name> Sandra </name> <title> Pattern recognition </title> <ssn> 2234 </ssn> <budget> 10000 </budget> <age> 35 </age> <managedBy> g y Joe </employee> / l </managedBy> <project> </project> <title> Auto guided vehicle </title> <employee> <budget> 70000 </budget> <managedBy> Sandra </managedBy> <name> Joe </name> </project> <ssn> 344556 </ssn> : <age> 34 < /age> </db> </employee>
25
Project and Employee relations in XML (contd)

Employees follows projects
<db> l <employees> <projects> <employee> <project> <name> Joe </name> g </title> / <title> Pattern recognition <ssn> 344556 </ssn> <budget> 10000 </budget> <age> 34 </age> <managedBy> Joe </managedBy> </employee> </project> <employee> <project> <name> Sandra </name> <title> Auto guided vehicles </title> <ssn> 2234 </ssn> <budget> 70000 </budget> <age>35 </age> <managedBy> Sandra </managedBy> / g y </employee> </project> : : <employees> </projects> </db> /db
26
Project and Employee relations in XML (contd)

Or without separator tags
<db> db <projects> <title> Pattern recognition g </title> <budget> 10000 </budget> <managedBy> Joe </managedBy> <title> Auto guided vehicles </title> <budget> 70000 </budget> <managedBy> dB S d Sandra </managedBy> : </projects> <employees> <name> Joe </name> <ssn> 344556 </ssn> <age> 34 </age> <name> Sandra </name> <ssn> 2234 </ssn> <age> 35 </age> : </employees> </db>
27
Attributes
An (opening) tag may contain attributes. These are typically yp y used to describe the content of f an element. <entry> <word language = en> cheese </word> <word language = fr> fr > fromage </word> <word language = ro> branza </word> <meaning> g A food made </meaning> / g </entry>
28
Attributes (contd)
Another common use for attributes is to express dimension or type yp <picture> <height dim= dim cm> 2400 </height> <width dim= in> 96 </width> <data encoding = gif gif compression = zip> zip > M05-.+C$@02!G96YE<FEC ... </data> </picture>
29
Using IDs
<family> <person id="jane" mother="mary" father="john"> <name> Jane Doe </name> </person> <person p id="john" j children="jane j jack"> j <name> John Doe </name> </person> <person id= id="mary" mary children= children="jane jane jack jack"> > <name> Mary Doe </name> </person> <person id="jack" mother=mary" father="john"> <name> Jack Doe </name> </person> </family>
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An object-oriented schema
class Movie ( extent Movies, key title )
{
class Actor ( extent Actors, key name )

{
attribute string title; attribute string director; relationship l h set<Actor> casts inverse Actor::acted_In; attribute int budget;
}; };
attribute string name; relationship set<Movie> acted_In inverse Movie::casts; attribute int age; attribute set<string> directed;
31
<db> <movie id=m1> <title>Waking Ned Divine</title> <director>Kirk Jones III</director> <cast idrefs=a1 a3></cast> <budget>100,000</budget> </movie> <movie movie id=m2> m2 <title>Dragonheart</title> <director>Rob Cohen</director> < t idrefs <cast id f =a2 2 a9 9 a21></cast> 21></ t> <budget>110,000</budget> </movie> <movie id=m3> <title>Moondance</title> <director>Dagmar Hirtz</director> <cast idrefs=a1 a8></cast> <budget>90,000</budget> </movie>
:
An example
<actor id=a1> <name>David Kelly</name> f =m1 m3 m78 > <acted_In idrefs </acted_In> </actor> <actor t id=a2> 2 <name>Sean Connery</name> <acted_In idrefs=m2 m9 m11> </acted In> </acted_In> <age>68</age> </actor> <actor id= =a3> a3 > <name>Ian Bannen</name> <acted_In idrefs=m1 m35> </acted In> </acted_In> </actor> : </db> /db
32
Part II: Document Type Descriptors (DTD)

Imposing p g structure on XML documents
33
Document Type ype Descriptors Descr ptors

Document Type yp Descriptors p (DTDs) ( ) impose p structure on an XML document. Th There is i some relationship l ti hi between b t a DTD and a schema, but it is not close there is still till a need d for f additional dditi l t typing i systems. t The DTD is a syntactic specification. specification
34
Document Type Definitions (DTD)

Ess nt a y a grammar describing Essentially scr ng the th legal ga nesting n st ng of tags. Intention is that DTDs will be standards for a domain, y everyone y preparing p p g or using g data in that domain. used by Example: a DTD for describing protein structure; a DTD for describing bar menus, etc.
Gross Structure of a DTD:

more elements
<!DOCTYPE root tag [ <!ELEMENT name (components)> ]>

35
Example: An Address Book

<person> <name> MacNiel, John </name> <greet> Dr. John MacNiel </greet> <addr>1234 Huron Street </addr>
Exactly one name At most one greeting
As many address lines (in order) ) <addr> Rome, OH 98765 </addr> as needed (
<tel> (321) 786 2543 </tel> <f > (321) 786 2543 </fax> <fax> </f > <tel> (321) 786 2543 </tel> <email> jm@abc.com </email> </person>
Mixed telephones and d faxes f As many as needed

36
Specifying the structure

name g greet? name,greet? name greet? t s to specify if a name element l t to specify p y an optional p (0 or 1) greet elements to specify a name followed by an optional greet
37
Specifying the structure (cont)

addr* add * tel | fax (tel | fax)* email* t specify to s if 0 or more address add ess lines li s a tel or a fax element m 0 or more repeats of tel or fax 0 or more email elements
38
A DTD for the address book

<!DOCTYPE addressbook [ <!ELEMENT addressbook (person*)> <!ELEMENT person p (name, greet?, address*, (fax | tel)*, email*)> <!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)> ( ) <!ELEMENT greet (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT address (#PCDATA)> ( ) <!ELEMENT tel (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT fax (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT email (#PCDATA)> ]>
39
Two DTDs for the relational DB

<!DOCTYPE db [ <!ELEMENT db <!ELEMENT projects <!ELEMENT employees project j <!ELEMENT p <!ELEMENT employee ... ]> (projects,employees)> (project*)> (employee*)> (title, ( , budget, g , managedBy)> g y) (name, ssn, age)>
40
Summary y of XML regular g expressions p

Each element name is a tag. Its It components t are th the t tags th that t appear nested t d within, in the order specified. A The tag A occurs e1,e2 The expression e1 followed by e2 e* * 0 or more occurrences of fe e? Optional -- 0 or 1 occurrences e+ 1 or more occurrences e1 | e2 either e1 or e2 (e) ( ) grouping i
41
Back to the object-oriented schema

class Movie ( extent Movies, key title )
{
class Actor ( extent Actors, key name )

{
attribute string title; attribute string director; relationship l h set<Actor> casts inverse Actor::acted_In; attribute int budget;
}; };
attribute string name; relationship set<Movie> acted_In inverse Movie::casts; attribute int age; attribute set<string> directed;
42
Schema dtd Schema.dtd

<!DOCTYPE db <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ATTLIST <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ATTLIST <!ELEMENT [ db (movie+, ( , actor+)> ) movie (title,director,casts,budget)> movie id ID #REQUIRED> title (#PCDATA)> director (#PCDATA)> casts EMPTY> casts idrefs IDREFS #REQUIRED> budget (#PCDATA)>
43
Schema dtd (cont Schema.dtd (contd) d)

<!ELEMENT <!ATTLIST <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ATTLIST <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT ]> actor actor name acted_In acted In acted_In age directed (name, acted_In,age?, directed*)> id ID #REQUIRED> (#PCDATA)> EMPTY> idrefs IDREFS #REQUIRED> (#PCDATA)> (#PCDATA)>
44
Elements of a DTD
An element is a name (its tag) and a parenthesized description of tags within an element. element Special case: (#PCDATA) after an element name means it is text. text Example <!DOCTYPE Bars [ <!ELEMENT BARS (BAR*)> <!ELEMENT BAR (NAME (NAME, BEER+)> <!ELEMENT NAME (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT BEER (NAME (NAME, PRICE)> <!ELEMENT PRICE (#PCDATA)> ]>
45
Example of (a)
<?XML VERSION = "1.0" STANDALONE = "no"?> <!DOCTYPE Bars [ <!ELEMENT BARS (BAR*)> <!ELEMENT BAR (NAME, BEER+)> <!ELEMENT NAME (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT BEER (NAME, PRICE)> <!ELEMENT PRICE (#PCDATA)> ]> <BARS> <BAR><NAME>Joe's Bar</NAME> <BEER><NAME>Bud</NAME> <PRICE>2.50</PRICE></BEER> <BEER><NAME>Miller</NAME> <PRICE>3.00</PRICE></BEER> </BAR> <BAR> ... </BARS>
46
Example of (b)
Suppose our bars DTD is in file bar.dtd: <?XML VERSION = "1.0" STANDALONE = "no"?> <!DOCTYPE Bars SYSTEM "bar.dtd"> <BARS> <BAR><NAME>Joe's Bar</NAME> <BEER><NAME>Bud</NAME> <PRICE>2.50</PRICE></BEER> <BEER><NAME>Miller</NAME> <PRICE>3.00</PRICE></BEER> </BAR> <BAR> ... </BARS>
47
Attribute Lists
Opening tags can have arguments arguments that appear within the tag tag, in analogy to constructs like <A HREF = ...> in HTML. Keyword !ATTLIST introduces a list of attributes and their types for a given element. Example: <!ELEMENT BAR (NAME BEER*)> <!ATTLIST BAR type = "sushi"|"sports"|"other" > Bar objects can have a type, type and the value of that type is limited to the three strings shown. Example of use: <BAR type = "sushi"> . . . </BAR>
48
IDs and IDREFs

ID stands for identifier. No two ID attributes with the same name may have the same value (of type CDATA). ) IDREF stands for identifier reference. Every value associated with an IDREF attribute must exist as an ID attribute value. These are pointers from one object to another, analogous to NAME = foo and HREF = #foo in HTML. Allows the structure of an XML document to be a general graph, graph rather than just a tree. An attribute of type ID can be used to give the object (string b t between opening i and d closing l i t tags) ) a unique i string t i id identifier. tifi An attribute of type IDREF refers to some object by its identifier. Also IDREFS to allow multiple object references within one tag. That is, IDREFS specifies several (0 or more) identifiers
49
Example
Let us include in our Bars document type elements that are the manufacturers of beers, and have each beer object j link, with an IDREF, to the proper manufacturer object. <!DOCTYPE Bars [ <!ELEMENT BARS (BAR*)> <!ELEMENT BAR (NAME, BEER+)> <!ELEMENT NAME (#PCDATA)> ( ) <!ELEMENT MANF (ADDR)> <!ATTLIST MANF (name ID)> <!ELEMENT ADDR (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT BEER (NAME, PRICE)> <!ATTLIST BEER (manf = IDREF)> <!ELEMENT PRICE (#PCDATA)> ]> ]
50
Connecting the document with its DTD

In line:
<?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE db [<!ELEMENT ...> > ]> <db> ... </db>
Another file:
<!DOCTYPE db SYSTEM "schema.dtd">
A URL:
<!DOCTYPE db SYSTEM "http://www.schemaauthority.com/schema.dtd">
51
DTDs v.s Schemas (or Types)

By database (or programming language) standards DTDs are rather weak specifications. p f
Only one base type -- PCDATA No useful abstractions e.g., sets IDREFs are untyped. You point to something, but you dont know what! e g child is inverse of parent No constraints e.g., No methods Tag definitions are global
Some of the XML extensions impose something like a schema or type on an XML document. Well see these h later l
52
L t of Lots f possibilities ibiliti f for schemas h

XML Schema (under W3Cs spotlight) (Microsofts BizTalk) ) XDR ( SOX (Schema for Object-Oriented XML) Schematron DSD (AT&T Labs and BRICS) and more.
53
Some tools
XML Authority http://www.extensibility.com/tibco/solutions/xml p y _authority/index.htm py XML Spy http://www.xmlspy.com/download.html
54
Summary
XML is a new data format. Its main virtues are widespread acceptance and the (important) ability to handle semistructured data (data without sch m ) schema). DTDs provide some useful syntactic constraints on documents As schemas they are weak. documents. weak
55
Why a query language? Extracting, Restructuring, Integration Browsing Integration, Browsing

XML-QL http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-xml-ql http://db.cis.upenn.edu/XML-QL/ XPATH (part of a query language) h http: www.w3.org/TR/xpath 3 /TR/ h XSLT http://www w3 org/TR/xslt http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt http://www.mulberrytech.com/quickref/XSLTquickref.pdf QUILT http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/people/chamberlin/quilt.html http://db.cis.upenn.edu/Kweelt/
56
XPath
Reasonably widely adopted -- in XML-Schema and query languages. Neither more expressive nor less expressive than regular path expressions i Primary goal = to permit to access some nodes from a given document XPath XP th main i construct st t : axis is navigation i ti An XPath path consists of one or more navigation steps, separated by / A navigation i ti st step is a triplet: t i l t: axis is + node-test d t st + list of f predicates Examples p
/descendant::node()/child::author /descendant::node()/child::author[parent/attribute::booktitle = XML][2]
XPath also offers some shortcuts

no axis means child // /descendant descendant-or-self::node()/ or self::node()/
57
XPath- child axis navigation XPath

author is shorthand for child::author. Examples:
aaa -- all the child nodes labeled aaa (1 (1,3) 3) aaa/bbb -- all the bbb grandchildren of aaa children (4) */bbb all the bbb g grandchildren of any y child (4,6)
context node
1 4
aaa
5
ccc
6
aaa
7
bbb
aaa
bbb
ccc
. -- the context node / -- the root node
58
XPath- child axis navigation (cont) XPath

/doc -- all the doc children of the root ./aaa -- all the aaa children of the context node (equivalent to aaa) text() -- all the text children of the context node node() d () -- all ll the h children hild of f the h context node d (includes (i l d text and attribute nodes) .. -- parent of the context node .// -- the context node and all its descendants // -- the root node and all its descendants //para -- all the para nodes in the document //text() -- all the text nodes in the document @font the font attribute node of the context node
59
Predicates
[2] -- the second child node of the context node chapter[5] -- the fifth chapter child of the context node [ [last()] ast()] -- the last child ch ld node of the context node chapter[title=introduction] -- the chapter children of the context node that have one or more title children whose string-value is introduction person[.//firstname = joe] -- the person children of the context node that have in their descendants a firstname element with string-value Joe
60
Unions of Path Expressions

employee | consultant -- the union of the employee and consultant nodes that are children of the context node For some reason person/(employee|consultant) -- is not allowed However person/node()[boolean(employee|consultant)] / d ()[b l ( l | lt t)] is allowed!!
61
Axis navigation
So far, nearly all our expressions have moved us down the by moving to child nodes. Exceptions were
. -- stay where you are / go to the root // all descendants of the root .// all descendants of the context node
All other expressions have been abbreviations for child:: e.g. child::para hild . child hild:is i an example l of f an axis i XPath has several axes: ancestor, ancestor-or-self, attribute, child, descendant, descendant-or-self, following, g followingg sibling, namespace, parent, preceding, preceding-sibling, self
Some of these (self, parent) describe single nodes, others describe sequences of nodes.
62
XPath Navigation Axes

ancestor
preceding-sibling self
following-sibling
child
preceding
attribute namespace
following
descendant
XPath abbreviated syntax
(nothing) @ // . .// .. /
child:: attribute:: tt ib t /descendant-or-self::node() self::node() descendant-or-self::node p parent::node() () (document root)
Examples of XPath queries

If the Company XML document is stored at the location www.company.com/info.xml then the first Xpath expression can be written as doc(www.company.com/info.xml)/company Some examples of Xpath expressions on XML documents th t f that follow ll th the XML schema h file fil Company C are:

/company - returns the company root node and all its descendant nodes, that is, the wholeXML docukment. / /company/department /d //employee [employeeSalary gt 70000]/employeeName returns all employeeName nodes that are direct children of an employee node, such that the employee node has another child element employeeSalary whose value is gt 70000. /company/employee [employeeSalary gt 70000]/employeeName / /company/project/projectWorker / j / j W k [hours [h ge 20.0] 20 0] returns a child hild node hours with a value ge 20.0 hours.
65
XQuery
Xpath allows to write expressions that select nodes f from a tree-structured XML document. XQuery permits the specification of more general queries on one or more XML documents. q The typical form of a query in Xqurey is known as a FLWR expression. FOR <variable bindings to individual nodes (elements)> LET <variable bindings to collection of nodes (elements)> WHERE <qualifier conditions> RETURN <query result specification>
66
Examples for XQuery queries

FOR $x IN doc(www.company.com/info.xml) //employee [employeeSalary gt 70000]/employeeName RETURN <res> $x/firstName, $x/lastName </res> FOR $x IN doc(www.company.com/info.xml)/company/employee / / / WHERE $x/employeeSalary gt 70000 RETURN <res> $x/EmployeeName/firstName, $ / $x/employeeName/lastName / </res> / FOR $x IN ( p y ) p y doc(www.company.com/info.xml)/company /project [projectNumber = 5]/projectWorker, $y IN doc(www.company.com/info.xml)/company/employee WHERE $x/hours gt 20.0 AND $y.ssn = $x.ssn RETURN <res> $x/EmployeeName/firstName, $y/employeeName/lastName, $x/hours </res> /res
67
XQuery
Emerging standard for querying XML documents. Basic form: FOR <variables ranging over sets of elements> WHERE <condition> RETURN <set of elements>; Sets of elements described by paths, consisting of: f 1. URL, if necessary. 2. Element names forming a path in the semistructured data graph, e.g., //BAR/NAME = start start at any BAR node and go to a NAME child. child 3. Ending condition of the form
[<condition about subelements, subelements @attributes, attributes and values>]
68
Example
The file http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/bars.xml: <?XML VERSION = "1.0" STANDALONE = "no"?> <!DOCTYPE Bars SYSTEM "bar "bar.dtd"> dtd"> <BARS> <BAR type = "sports"> <NAME>Joe's Bar</NAME> / <BEER><NAME>Bud</NAME> <PRICE>2.50</PRICE></BEER> <BEER><NAME>Miller</NAME> <PRICE>3.00</PRICE></BEER> </BAR> <BAR type = "sushi"> <NAME>Homma's</NAME> <BEER><NAME>Sapporo</NAME> <PRICE>4.00</PRICE></BEER> </BAR> ... </BARS>
69
XQUERY Query
Query: Qu ry F Find n th the pr prices c s charged charg for Bud u by y sports bars ars that serve Miller.
FOR $ba IN document("http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/bars.html")
//BAR[@type = "sports"], //BAR[@ " "] $be IN $b / $ba/BEER[NAME [ A =" "Bud"] d"]
WHERE $ba/BEER/[NAME = "Miller"] RETURN $be/PRICE;
70
Conclusions
XML is a data format for which there are an increasing g number of f useful f tools f for
Constructing schemas Programming Querying
Although it is likely that a query language will soon emerge m as s a st standard, d d th there is less l ss agreement m t or understanding on how to store XML data efficiently. efficiently Many other database issues remain to make it f f for m manipulating p g large g amounts m of f data. . useful
71

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XML an and Internet nt rn t Data Databases as s

y > human friendly > content

Atomicity, Concurrency, Isolation, Durability

What to do with them

Bachelor tag Attribute name Attribute value

Warehousing War hous ng

Graph Representation of Semistructured Data

XML (Extensible Markup Language)

The Structure of XML

XML is tree tree-like like

person name tel tel email

Malcolm Atchison (215) 898 4321 (215) 898 4321 mp@dcs.gla.ac.sc

A Complete C l t XML D Document t

name Joes Joe s

Representing p g relational DBs: Two ways

Project and Employee relations in XML

Project and Employee relations in XML (contd)

Project and Employee relations in XML (contd)

class Actor ( extent Actors, key name )

Part II: Document Type Descriptors (DTD)

Document Type ype Descriptors Descr ptors

Document Type Definitions (DTD)

Gross Structure of a DTD:

<!DOCTYPE root tag [ <!ELEMENT name (components)> ]>

Example: An Address Book

Exactly one name At most one greeting

Mixed telephones and d faxes f As many as needed

Specifying the structure

Specifying the structure (cont)

A DTD for the address book

Two DTDs for the relational DB

Summary y of XML regular g expressions p

Back to the object-oriented schema

class Actor ( extent Actors, key name )

Schema dtd Schema.dtd

Schema dtd (cont Schema.dtd (contd) d)

IDs and IDREFs

Connecting the document with its DTD

DTDs v.s Schemas (or Types)

L t of Lots f possibilities ibiliti f for schemas h

Why a query language? Extracting, Restructuring, Integration Browsing Integration, Browsing

XPath also offers some shortcuts

XPath- child axis navigation XPath

. -- the context node / -- the root node

XPath- child axis navigation (cont) XPath

Unions of Path Expressions

XPath Navigation Axes

XPath abbreviated syntax

child:: attribute:: tt ib t /descendant-or-self::node() self::node() descendant-or-self::node p parent::node() () (document root)

Examples of XPath queries

Examples for XQuery queries

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