Human Health and Physiology

6.3 Defense Against Infectious Disease

6.3.1 & 2 Pathogens & Antibiotics

Pathogens any living o ganism o vi us that is ca!able of causing a disease
"y!es of !athogens# $i uses% bacte ia% ! oto&oa% fungi% and va ious ty!es of 'o ms.

Antibiotics 'o ( on bacte ia not on vi uses because#

)acte ia a e ! o(a yotes% vi uses use ou cells 'hich a e eu(a yotic to ma(e mo e of the vi us. )acte ia have cell 'alls% ou cells don*t

Antibiotics ma(e use of these diffe ences bloc(ing the metabolic !ath'ay in bacte ia damaging o (illing ! o(a yotic cells but not eu(a yotic cells o thei metabolism.

Viruses

6.3.3 +(in
+(in is t'o laye s% de mis and e!ide mis.
De mis is alive and found unde neath the e!ide mis.
It contains s'eat glands% ca!illa ies% senso y ece!to s and de mal cells that give st uctu e and st ength to the s(in.

,!ide mis is found above the de mis and is constantly e!laced by unde lying de mal cells that die and move u!'a ds

"he dead laye is a good ba ie against most !athogens b-c it is not t uly alive. As long as s(in is intact% 'e a e ! otected f om most !athogens ente ing living tissues.

6.3.3 .ucus
+ome !athogens a e ai bo ne and can ente th ough the ai 'e b eathe /th ough the nasal !assage'ays o the mouth0. "his oute of ent y is lined 'ith mucous memb anes that ! oduce and sec ete a lining of stic(y mucus that can t a! incoming !athogens ! eventing them f om eaching cells they could infect. +ome mucous memb anes a e lined 'ith cilia% hai 1li(e e2tensions ca!able of 'ave1li(e movements. "his movement can move t a!!ed !athogens u! and out of mucous1lined tissues. 3ells that sec ete the mucus also sec ete an en&yme called a lyso&yme% that is able to chemically damage many !athogens.

Area with mucous membrane Trachea Nasal Passage Urethra

What it is and what it does

Tube which carries air to and from the lungs Tubes which allow air to enter the nose and then the trachea Tube which carries urine from the bladder to the outside Reproductive tract leading from uterus to the outside

Vagina

6.3.4 Phagocytes & 5eucocytes

Leucocytes a e cells in the bloodst eam that hel! fight off !athogens that ente out bodies and also ! ovide us 'ith immunity fo many !athogens 'e encounte a second time /commonly called 'hite blood cells0. A ty!e of leucocyte that fights !athogens is a macrophage% a la ge 'hite blood cell that a e able to change sha!e and su ound an invade and ingest it th ough phagocytosis. 3ommonly called amoeboid movement b-c of changing sha!e. Doesn*t al'ays stay in blood vessel 6hen it meets a cell it dete mines if it is 7self8 /leaves it alone0 o 7not1self8 /engulfs it using many of its lysosome o ganelles% called a non-specific response.

Inflammato y 9es!onse

6.3.: Antigens v. Antibodies

Antigens a e a mac omolecule that causes an immune es!onse by lym!hocytes and in tu n t igge the c eation of antibodies
;o eign ! oteins

Antibodies a e ! otein molecules that a e sec eted by !lasma cells that bind to a !a ticula antigen and ma (s it fo elimination
,ach is diffe ent because each ty!e has been ! oduced in es!onse to a diffe ent !athogen

Humoral & Cellular Immunity

6.3.6a Antibody P oduction

,ach antibody is a ! otein that is < sha!ed "he end of each of the fo (s on the < is a binding site% 'he e the antibody attaches itself to the antigen. )ecause the antigen is a ! otein on the su face of a !athogen% the antibody becomes attached to the !athogen. 5eucocytes that ! oduce antibodies a e called B lymphocytes% 'e have many diffe ent ty!es that gene ally can only ! oduce one ty!e of antibody. ,ach cell can only ! oduce a small numbe of antibodies com!a ed to the infection occu ing.

6.3.6b Antibody P oduction

"y!ical immune es!onse# +!ecific antigen ty!e is identified +!ecific ) lym!hocyte is identified that can ! oduce an antibody 'hich 'ill bind to the antigen "he ) lym!hocyte and seve al identical ) lym!hocytes clone themselves /divide e!eatedly by mitosis0 to a!idly inc ease the numbe of the same ty!e of ) lym!hocytes. "he ne'ly fo med 7a my8 begins antibody ! oduction =e'ly eleased antibodies ci culate in the bloodst eam and eventually find thei antigen match. "h ough va ious mechanisms% antibodies hel! eliminate the !athogen. +ome the cloned antibody1! oducing lym!hocytes emain in the bloodst eam and give immunity fo a second infection by the same !athogen% called memo y cells.

6.3.> ,ffects of HI$ on Immune +ystem

Human immunodeficiency vi us /HI$0 is the vi us that eventually esults in the set of sym!toms called ac?ui ed immune deficiency synd ome /AID+0 All vi uses must find cells in the body that match thei o'n ! oteins in a com!limenta y 'ay /'hy only ce tain body cells a e damaged by ce tain vi uses & eflected by the sym!toms associated0 @nly ce tain cells in the body have the ! otein in the memb ane that HI$ ecogni&es% the hel!e 1" cell /the communicato cell in the bloodst eam0 HI$ has a latency !e iod /infection occu s% but cells emain alive0% often many yea s afte HI$ infection befo e sym!toms called AID+ develo! Hel!e 1" cells communicate 'hich cells need to unde go cloning ! ocess to begin antibody ! oduction 6hen hel!e 1" cells begin to die% communication b-' cells no long occu s and antibodies don*t get ! oduced As a esult% the individual no longe fights off !athogens as they did befo e and the sym!toms of AID+ begin to a!!ea Asually one o mo e of the seconda y infections ta(e the life of someone 'ith AID+

6.3.B 3ause% " ansmission & +ocial Im!lications of AID+

AID+ is caused by the dete io ation of hel!e 1" cells esulting in educed immune system es!onse HI$ is difficult to immuni&e o even cu e b-c it commonly 7hides8 and f e?uently mutates HI$ is t ansmitted f om !e son to !e son by body fluids% se2ually o sha ing needles in d ug use /legally o illegally0. )lood t ansfusions used to not be tested and could s! ead the disease. AID+ 'as initially labeled a disease of homose2uals and d ug use s. AID+ is no' being a!idly s! ead th ough hete ose2ual encounte s and all !eo!le a e at is( no'. HI$ !ositive !eo!le may be disc iminated against in te ms of em!loyment% insu ance% education access% social acce!tance% etc. =ot all count ies have the same education and medical facilities to deal 'ith the disease. In ade?uate mediacal ca e can lead to inc eased infection ates% !atients 'ith va iety of ailments often g ou!ed in la ge 7'a ds8 e2changing diseases b-' them Antil a cu e% the best is to ! olong life1s!an of those infected and to educate on ho' to dec ease is( of e2!osu e to HI$ on a global scale.