CCSB163 Principles of Programming College of Information technology Universiti Tenaga Nasional

Lab 7: Pointer
Objectives:You ill un!erstan! pointer in C that inclu!es" # $eclaring pointer varia%les Pointer operations Pointer e&pressions 'pointer assignment( pointer arithmetic) Pointer * array Pointer to character Pointer to string Pointer" call %y reference+

Introduction , pointer is a special type of varia%le that contains the memory a!!ress of another varia%le+ It points to a varia%le that contains a value+ Declaring pointer variables , pointer varia%le( li-e any normal or!inary varia%le( must %e !eclare! first %efore you can use it in a program+ , pointer shoul! %e !eclare! as %elo " #

Data Datatype type *variable *variable name name

char 5cptr. cptr is a pointer hich points to a varia%le of type character int 5iptr (i. iptr is a pointer hich points to a varia%le of type integer !ou%le 5!ptr( 5!ptr2( !. !ptr(!ptr2 are pointers hich point to varia%les of type !ou%le Pointer operations C uses t o pointer operators( * an! &+ The operator & returns the memory address of its operan! hile the operator * returns the value of the varia%le store! at the a!!ress+ The a!!ress of a varia%le can %e assigne! to a pointer varia%le %y using the a!!ress operator. ampersan! &.

E.g int *m, x=567; m=&x;

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The value of a varia%le that the pointer is pointing to can %e accesse! %y using the in!irection or !ereference operator * in front of the pointer name+

E.g int *m, x=567; m=&x; printf ! "n #a$ue of x is =%& "n!, *m';
emember: pointer variables are variables t!at contain addresses o" ot!er variables /&ample 1" 66 pointer operations 7inclu!e 8st!io+h9 main ') : int 5m( &;46<. m;*&. printf '= >n value of & is ;?! >n=( 5m). printf '= >n value of a!!ress & is ;?! >n=( m). printf '= >n value of & is ;?! >n=(&). @

What is the output?

The e&pression *m is use! to access the value store! in the varia%le x+ 'This means that *m references the value store! in the location pointe! %y m)+ $pointer assignment% pointer arit!metic and pointer

Pointer e#pressions comparisons&

Anly a!!ition an! su%traction operations are permitte! in e&pressions involving pointer+ Pointer assignments , pointer varia%le( li-e any normal varia%le( may %e use! on the right han! si!e of an assignment statement to assign its value to another pointer of the same type+ /&ample 2" 66 illustrates the use of pointer 7inclu!e 8st!io+h9 voi! main ' ) :

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CCSB163 Principles of Programming College of Information technology Universiti Tenaga Nasional

66!eclare an integer varia%le an! t o pointer int num;4( 5pointer1( 5pointer2. 66assigns the a!!ress of num to pointer1 pointer1 ; *num. 66 assign the value of pointer1 to pointer2 pointer2 ; pointer1. 66!isplay values 4 store! in num t ice since pointer1 an! pointer2 no 66to num+ printf 'B ?! ?! B( 5pointer1( 5pointer2). @ point

What is the output?

/&ample 3" 66assigning values to pointer varia%le

7inclu!e8st!io+h9 voi! main') : int p1(p2(p3. int 5 pt1( 5pt2( 5pt3. p1;13. p2;23. p3;33. pt1;*p1. pt2;*p2. printf'=Calue pointe! %y pt1 is ?!>n=(5pt1). printf'=Calue pointe! %y pt2 is ?!>n=(5pt2). pt3;pt2. printf'= >npt3 is ?!>n=(pt3). printf'=Calue pointe! %y pt3 is ?!>n=(5pt3). 5pt3;D3. printf'=>np2 is ?!>n=(p2). printf'=Calue pointe! %y pt3 is ?!>n=(5pt3). 5pt1;5pt2E13. printf'=>np1 is ?!>n=(p1). printf'=Calue pointe! %y pt1 is ?!>n=(5pt1). pt2 ;*p3.

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printf '=>nCalue pointe! %y pt2 is ?! >n=(5pt2). @

What is the output?

Pointer arit!metic Anly t o operations Fa!!ition an! su%traction are permitte! on pointers+ /&ample D" 66 arithmetic operation on pointers 7inclu!e8st!io+h9 main') : int count. int mar-G4H ;:13( 23(33( D3(43@. int 5ptr. printf ' = By using array >n=). for 'count ;3. count 84.countEE) : printf'= ?! >n=(mar-GcountH). @ ptr;*mar-. printf '=By using pointer>n=). for 'count ;3. count 84.countEE) : printf'= ?! >n=(5'ptrEcount) ). @ @

What is the output?

/&ample 4" 66 arithmetic operations on t o pointers

7inclu!e 8st!io+h9 main') : int mar-sGH ; :133( I3(63(D3(23@. int 5ip1( 5ip2( 5ip3. 65 ip1 ta-e a!!ress mar-s G3H 56 ip1 ;*mar-s . printf'= ?! >n=(5ip1).

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66ip2 ta-e a!!ress mar-s G1H ip2 ;ip1E1. printf'= ?!>n=(5ip2). 66ip3 ta-e a!!ress mar-s G2H ip3;ip1E2. printf'= ?!>n=(5ip3). 66ip2 ta-e a!!ress mar-sG3H ip2;ip3E1. printf'= ?!>n=(5ip2). 66ip3 ta-e a!!ress mar-sGDH ip3;ip2E1. printf'= ?!>n=(5ip3). 66ip3 ta-e a!!ress mar-s G1H ip3;ip2#3. printf'= ?!>n=(5ip3). @

What is the output?

/&ample 6"

7inclu!e 8st!io+h9 voi! main'voi!) : int num ; 4. int 5numPtr ; *num. printf'=?! >n=( numPtr). printf'=?! >n=( *5numPtr). printf'=?! >n=( 5*numPtr). @

What is the output?

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CCSB163 Principles of Programming College of Information technology Universiti Tenaga Nasional

'all (y )alue ** a program that !emonstrate that the parameters passe! to a function using call by value !oes 66 not %eing affecte! %y the function activities+ 7inclu!e 8st!io+h9 voi! mo!ify'int(int). voi! main'voi!) : int a ; 2( % ; D. 66 initialise the varia%le to a value printf'=>nCurrent value" a ; ?! ( % ; ?! =( a( %). 66 calling the function using call %y value mo!ify'a(%). printf'=>n>nThe value of a an! % after the function %eing calle!"=). printf'=>n>na ; ?! ( % ; ?!>n>n=( a(%). printf'=>n>nConclusion" call %y value !oes not change the value of the paremeters=). printf'=>n %eing passe! to a function>n>n=). @ voi! mo!ify'int a( int %) : a ; a E 2. % ; % E 3. printf'=>n>nInsi!e the function( a ; a E 2( % ; % E 3=). printf'=>n>nCurrent value for a an! % insi!e the function are"=). printf'=>na ; ?! ( % ; ?!=(a(%). @ 'all by e"erence ** a program that !emonstrate that the parameters passe! to a function using call by value !oes 66 %eing affecte! %y the function activities+ 7inclu!e 8st!io+h9

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voi! mo!ify'int5(int5). 66 using pointer voi! main'voi!) : int a ; 2( % ; D. 66 initialise the varia%le to a value printf'=>nCurrent value" a ; ?! ( % ; ?! =( a( %). 66 calling the function using call %y value mo!ify'*a(*%). 66 instea! of passing the value( e pass the a!!ress of a an! % printf'=>n>nThe value of a an! % after the function %eing calle!"=). printf'=>n>na ; ?! ( % ; ?!>n>n=( a(%). printf'=>n>nConclusion" call %y reference change the value of the paremeters=). printf'=>n %eing passe! to a function>n>n=). @ voi! mo!ify'int 5aptr( int 5%ptr) : 5aptr ; 5aptr E 2. 5%ptr ; 5%ptr E 3. printf'=>n>nInsi!e the function( a ; a E 2( % ; % E 3=). printf'=>n>nCurrent value for a an! % insi!e the function are"=). printf'=>na ; ?! ( % ; ?!=(5aptr(5%ptr). @ +,+ 'I-+-: ./. The follo ing segment of program !isplays the contents of varia%les , an! 0+ ,!! t o more lines of co!e to print the address of the t o varia%les using the a!!ress operator+ int J ; 4( Y ; 13. printf'BThe value of J" ?!>nK( J). printf'BThe value of Y" ?!>nK( Y). .1. ,ssume you have the follo ing !eclarations" int J ; 4( Y ; 13. Intro!uce t o pointer varia%les calle! point, an! point0+ Set point, to the address of , an! point0 to the address of Y+ Linally( !isplay the address of the t o varia%les using the pointer+ .2. The follo ing co!e sums an! pro!ucts the value of & an! y %y using call by value+ Me rite the co!e %y using call by reference+ 7inclu!e 8st!io+h9

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int SUN'int(int). int PMA$UCT'int(int). voi! main'voi!) : int & ; 2( y ; 3( sum( pro!uct. printf'=>n>n5## /&ercise 1 ##5>n>n=). printf'=>n>n& ; ?! ( y ; ?!>n>n=(&(y). sum ; SUN'&( y). pro!uct ; PMA$UCT'&( y). printf'=The sum of & an! y" ?!>n=( sum). printf'=The pro!uct of & an! y" ?!>n=( pro!uct). @ int SUN'int &( int y) : int sum. sum ; & E y. return sum. @ int PMA$UCT'int &( int y) : int sum. sum ; & 5 y. return sum. @ .3. The follo ing functions are aime! to s ap the contents of varia%le $A( M/ an! NI 'i+e+ $A ; M/( M/ ; NI( NI ; $A)+ The contents of those varia%les remain the same after s apping+ No!ify the co!e accor!ingly so that the s ap ill ta-e place+ 7inclu!e 8st!io+h9 voi! s ap'int(int(int). voi! main'voi!) : int $A ; 2( M/ ; D( NI ; 6. printf'=>n>n5## /&ercise 2 ##5>n>n=). printf'=Ariginal or!er" ?!( ?!( ?!>n=($A(M/(NI). s ap'$A( M/( NI).

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printf'=,fter s apping" ?!( ?!( ?!>n=($A(M/(NI). @ voi! s ap'int $A( int M/( int NI) : int temp. temp ; $A. $A ; M/. M/; NI. NI ; temp. @ Your co!e shoul! %e a%le to pro!uce the follo ing output" Ariginal or!er" 2( D( 6 After Swapping: 4, 6, 2

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