Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Key Words: singularity, group approach, cosmological principle, de sitter 5-sphere, projective relativity, archaic
universe, nucleation by vacuum, emergence of time
DOI Number: 10.14704/nq.2014.12.1.718 NeuroQuantology 2014; 1: 126-131
1. Physical laws and Symmetries 1 relationships between space, time and matter
A physical law is a statement on a class of has been put many times, and in different ways;
events sharing the same kind of regularity. If we it found its first definite expression in the
ask “regularity with respect to what?” the deep debate between Newton and Leibniz, who –
connection between the notion of physical law among the other things – share the historical
and the concepts of space and time will come merit of inventing calculus, i.e., the
out. The whole development of theoretical mathematical language which allows
physics can be considered as a progressive formalizing the notion of “process”.
refining of the models of space and time, and no In fact, independently from the chosen
physical law can be expressed without putting it conventions on the measurement processes,
within a suitable space-time context, which thus physical laws are thinkable just because they
appears as an essential arena to describe the are invariant to space and time, and such
natural processes. A by now famous graffiti of invariance couldn’t be founded just on those
the mythology of physics says “Time is the way behaviors assuring the validity of physical laws
how God prevents things from happening at and the “regularity” of the Nature, in particular
the same time”. Actually without time –or space the working of clocks! It was so necessary to
– things cannot happen in any way! On the introduce a fundamental “fabric” on which to
other hand it is difficult to give sense to space write the laws of the Nature.
and time without considering any kind of
matter or energy. The problem of the In modern language, we can say that the
whole physics is based on a fundamental
symmetry, the isotropy and homogeneity of
Corresponding author: Ignazio Licata
Address: ISEM, Institute for Scientific Methodology, Palermo, Italy & space time with respect to physical laws (Dalla
School of Advanced International Studies on Theoretical and non Linear Chiara & Toraldo di Francia, 1973). In other
Methodologies of Physics Bari, Italy words, all the space points and time instants are
e-mail ignazio.licata@ejtp.info
Relevant conflicts of interest/financial disclosures: The authors
equivalent in physical sense, and that’s why a
declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any physical law has a universal value. For example,
commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a the conservation laws patently depend on such
potential conflict of interest. basic symmetry, and the possibility itself to use
Received: Oct 29, 2013; Revised: Noc 12, 2013; Accepted: Feb 8, 2014
the principle of induction in physics can be
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Licata I., Origin of time in archaic universe
justified in the same way. That is also the most oscillators; there are no more waves and
correct way to describe the class of inertial particles, but field modes ruled by Heisenberg
observers. Making a space time physics means uncertainty principle, and the non-local and
to review the various space time models we use non-linear coupling modes determine the
in studying the different physical processes to known forms of matter and energy [Licata,
express the fundamental symmetries which 1994; 2013]. The Wheeler de Witt equation is
guarantee the physical laws’ universality and the cosmological equivalent of the Schrodinger
the “modalities” by which things “happen”. equation, but considering the Universe is a
unique event, and not a class of event, the
2. Troubles with the Cosmos problem is – once again – to find the “right”
If the form of physical laws is invariant for time boundary conditions. As Geroch and Hartle
translations, the time inversion t → –t showed, the possible choices are infinite and
obviously represents a different kind of affairs. uncountable (Geroch & Hartle, 1986). The
The time arrow connected to the entropy essential feature of quantum cosmology is it has
increasing and the Universe expansion introduced a stricter link with particle physics,
remembers us the peculiarity of the time but – because of the concept of vacuum
parameter as well as that it doesn’t exist a fluctuations – it has paid the price to change the
complete physical description without laws and singularity with a multi-verse cosmic landscape.
boundary conditions too (Davies, 1974). If in The problem is to set constraints to quantum
the “local” physics it is possible to distinguish vacuum. An important idea is that of the
clearly between laws and conditions, there Hartle-Hawking Universe without boundary, in
exists at least a physical system for which laws 1983. By using a geometric metaphor, we can
and conditions mix together and complete each say that Hartle-Hawking substitute the
other: this is the Universe in its totality. The singularity with a semi-cone which
role of cosmology is often underestimated in characterizes a solution at curved and
physics: it is impossible a satisfying description imaginary time linked to the Universe wave-
of space, time and matter without their history. function. Such solution describes a phase
And furthermore this theory must provide us transition from a hyper-spheric De Sitter
with the structural reasons of such history! It is Universe at imaginary time to a Universe in
so necessary a theory able to give us a inflationary expansion at real time (Hartle &
geometrical language to describe space and Hawking, 1983) The De Sitter geometry has
time globally. The general theory of Relativity been found at Einstein times, but it was soon
uses space-time to describe gravitational discarded because at that time an “empty”
processes, and it is the first theory which makes (vacuum) Universe didn’t hold the appeal it has
possible to build a modern scientific cosmology. today thanks to quantum physics. In spite of its
The great number of solutions compatible with deserved luck, the Hartle-Hawking proposal -
Einstein equations dramatically arises again the and Vilenkin later – of a Universe born by
question of boundary conditions. In particular, tunnel effect is not free from criticism. It is a
the unavoidable initial singularity fixed by solution ad hoc, not justified by any
Hawking-Penrose theorem (1975) – beyond its fundamental theory. It is a weird mix between
technical language – means exactly that GR quantum vacuum a-temporality and the Big-
already includes its own crisis, id est that the Bang dynamical description. Once again it
initial and boundary conditions of the Universe shifts the problem from the “origin” to an
remain inaccessible. It is an important clue undefined quantum phase. An approach based
about the limits of the traditional “dynamic” on general principles and able to better
explanations of the local physics when they are investigate the De Sitter Universe appearing
applied to an exceptional system like the and its relationships with the known Big-Bang
Universe is (Hawking & Ellis, 1973). scenario is necessary. This is the aim of the
Archaic Universe theory, developed by the
The application of quantum theory to the author with Chiatti since 2006 and based on
Universe is not made necessary – as it is group methods of the projective relativity
wrongly thought - by the fact it was “very tiny” (Licata, 2006; Licata & Chiatti, 2009; 2010;
at its beginning, but because the matter’s Chiatti, 2012).
“fabric” itself and thus that of space and time is
a quantum one. Einstein space-time comes out
completely transformed into quantum foam of
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Licata I., Origin of time in archaic universe
different (and equivalent) big bangs or, to be on a space-time which each observer represents
more precise, ∞3 different (and equivalent) through his own “private” coordinates,
views of the same big bang, which are pertinent normalized in accordance with Eq. (3). From an
to distinct fundamental (inertial) observers. individual observer’s viewpoint and in
In an individual observer’s coordinates conformity with the private coordinates
the metric is consistent with Eq. (3) and adopted by him, the phase transition appears as
therefore all the observers see a Universe in a spatially extended big bang of finite density.
expansion. At a certain value of cosmic time τ, Starting from this “fire sphere” (which, if cθ0 is
all the observers see the Universe under the interpreted as the classical radius of the
same conditions and the cosmological principle electron, is the same as in the conventional
thus applies, provided that the conditions of theory considered at the end of the hadronic
matter on the equator x0 = 0 are homogeneous. era) an expansion of “private” space develops
that is consistent with a flat Friedmann model
The dimensionless vacuum starting from having a positive cosmological constant. This
which the big bang develops is therefore applies for all fundamental observers and thus
substituted, in this approach, by a pre-existing the cosmological principle is justified. The
space: the equator of the 5-sphere (1). The initial homogeneity is expressed in a public
passage from condition (1) to condition (3) space-time as a non-dynamically generated
takes place at a critical value θ0 of the variable initial condition; it is reflected in the private
x0/c for which processes of quantum space-times of individual fundamental
localization of elementary particles on space- observers.
time become possible. The emergence of all the
elementary particles on the space-time domain
is the true essence of the big bang. Starting 6. Conclusions
from this nucleation by 5-sphere vacuum, the It is so naturally defined the birth of the
propagation of particles is described by Universe as an extended nucleation by vacuum
wavefunctions in which coordinates satisfying (equivalent to the one that relativistic
condition (3) and no longer condition (1) cosmologists call “isotropic singularity”) and
appear as an argument. The “archaic phase” the emergence of a time arrow with a nucleation
governed by condition (1) comes to an end and according to the Penrose hypothesis on Weyl
the actual history of the Universe governed by curvature (as the R processes fill the Universe at
condition (3) begins. real time, the gravitation appears and makes
space-time “wrinkled”). Also the cosmological
It is plausible that cθ0 coincides with the principle appears as a natural consequence. In
classical electron radius (Licata & Chiatti, 2010; fact, it essentially derives from the hyper-sphere
Chiatti, 2011), which also corresponds to the non-locality, and one of the genuinely quantum
range of strong interactions. If this features of this approach is indeed to introduce
identification is correct, the nucleation of non-locality ab initio in the global topology of
matter originates a spatially extended big bang, the Universe. These advantages are connected
corresponding to the condition under which, in to the fact that thanks to PGR there is a great
the conventional big bang model, the Universe amount of constraints which select the plurality
would find itself at the end of the hadronic era. of the solutions in GR. In return, it suggests the
For a comparison with the recent observational need of a radical changing of paradigm: both in
data see Chiatti, 2007; 2011b. relativistic cosmology and in the first quantum
We can therefore recapitulate the idea as attempts the possibility to connect the theory
follows. A public “archaic” space-time exists, free parameters depends on critical hypotheses
whose coordinates satisfy Eq. (1). The on global geometry thought on the basis of the
distribution of matter is homogeneous with observed matter. In a sense, in the archaic
respect to the “public” coordinates x1, x2, x3 and universe theory we have an opposite situation:
depends solely on the coordinate x0; matter is in the geometry fixed since the beginning
a state of virtual quantum processes and this constrains strongly the behavior of matter and
homogeneity is thus nothing other than the energy. The Universe is like a DVD, containing
homogeneity of a sort of pre-cosmic vacuum. the conditions of its projecting. The information
The quantum fluctuations originating at the stored in the archaic vacuum fixes the
equator x0 = 0 and having a size of x0 = cθ0 end emergence of matter and time. It substitutes the
with quantum localization processes of particles traditional chronological problem of cosmology
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Licata I., Origin of time in archaic universe
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