Dielectrics

Dielectrics

Outline I. Polarizability: From atom to bulk; linear dielectrics II. Electric potential of a polarized object, bound volume and surface c ar!e densities III. Electric field inside a dielectric and electric displacement, boundary conditions in electrostatics I". #pplications

Dielectrics

$earnin! Objectives I. %o learn about polarizability. II. %o learn about potential due to a polarized object, bound surface and volume c ar!e densities. III. %o learn about electric field inside a dielectric and t e boundary conditions in electrostatics

Dielectrics

$earnin! Outcomes I. %o be able to calculate t e potential due to a polarized object !iven t e polarization or t e bound volume and surface c ar!e densities. II. %o be able to calculate t e electric field inside a dielectric. III. %o be able to apply t e electrostatics boundary conditions in t e presence of dielectrics.

Dielectrics
The kinds of material based on their conducting properties are:
&aterial ,ilver 2opper 4old Iron ,ea 7ater Polyet ylene 4lass Fused 8uartz 'esistivity ()*m+ -../-0*1 -.3/-0*1 5.6/-0*1 -.0/-0*3 0.5 5.0/-0-~-0-5 3.9/-0-3

Solids such as wood, plastic, glass, rubber etc. are insulators.

Dielectrics
A Neutral Atom

~ ext = 0 E

p ~=0

Dielectrics
Atomic Polarizability: A Neutral Atom in an !ternal lectric "ield

~ ext = 0 E

~ ext = E0x E ^

p ~=0
Atomic polarizabilities
: :e $i 56.> ;e 9..0 2 -.3. <e 0.>?. <a 56.-

~ ext p ~ = E

#r -..6

= 6>.6

2s 9?..

0...3 0.509

Dielectrics
Atomic Polarizability: A Neutral Atom in an !ternal lectric "ield jp j Coulomb meters Coulombs2 = ) = jEextj N ewtons=Coulomb N ewtons=m
Coulombs2 1 3 ) = m 40 N ewtons=m Coulombs2=N ewton m2

Dielectrics
#olecular Polarizability: A #olecule in an !ternal lectric "ield

CO2

Non$Polar #olecules

z ^

H2 O
H+ H+

Polar #olecules

Dielectrics

Dielectrics

Linear Dielectrics
"or an ideal, linear, homogeneous and isotropic dielectric ~ is related to the electric field E ~ through the polarization P ~ = 0eE ~ P where e is the electric susceptibility. &e also define the permitti%ity of a dielectric material as
0(1 + e)

The relati%e permitti%ity or the dielectric constant is gi%en by r 1 + e = 0

Linear Dielectrics
'ielectric constants
"acuum :elium :ydro!en #ir (dry+ @ater vapour Aiamond ,alt @ater

(1 atm; 200C )
-.0000.9 -.00059 -.0096 -.00913 9.3 9.? 10.-

Dielectrics: Potential of a Polarized Object

~ r

~ : &hat is (onsider a polarized material with polarization P r due to the polarized material) . the potential at a point ~

Dielectrics: Potential of a Polarized Object

r due to a single dipole is &e know that the potential at ~ 1 r ^ ~ p ! (~ r) = 40 r2

Applying it to the dipole moment we get,

in %olume
z
~d P
0

at

*sing

, we get
~ r0 ~ r

r ~ r ~
0

Dielectrics: Potential of a Polarized Object

Since +dentifying potential , we can rewrite the

as

The first term can be rewritten as a surface integral using the di%ergence theorem,

Dielectrics: Potential of a Polarized Object

,ence, the potential due to a polarized material reduces to

-n the .,S, the first term looks like the potential due to a surface charge density while the second term is the potential due to a %olume charge density Thus, the potential due to a polarized ob/ect is

Visualizing Bound Surface Charge Density in a Dielectric

Electric Field nside a Dielectric

~ r

~ : &hat is (onsider a polarized material with polarization P r inside the polarized dielectric) the potential at a point ~

Electric Field nside Dielectrics

~ r

Electric Field nside Dielectrics

r , the dipole e!pression doesn1t work. (lose to point ~ Therefore, we surround the point by a sphere of radius R, r consists of the a%erage field o%er the then the field at ~ sphere due to all the charges outside, and the a%erage field due to charges inside,

Since the a%erage field o%er the sphere due to charges outside the sphere is e0ual to the field they produce at the center of the sphere, it is correctly gi%en by

The dipoles inside produce an a%erage field gi%en by

Electric Field nside Dielectrics

The total dipole moment can be written in terms of polarization,

So that,

As R is small, the polarization is uniform within the sphere. &e ha%e seen that the electric field is uniform inside the sphere and it is gi%en by

,ence, the field is correctly gi%en by the full integral

Dielectrics: !auss"s La#

&e need to re%isit 2auss1s law in case dielectrics are present. 3et us denote by subscripts f and b the free charges and the bound charges, respecti%ely. The total charge density inside the dielectric can be written as Applying 2auss1s law,

~ as, 'efining electric displacement "

&e get, in the presence of dielectrics,

Dielectrics: !auss"s La#

+ntegrating o%er %olume V bounded by surface S, we get,

Now applying the di%ergence theorem, we ha%e the integral form of the 2auss1s law

Since
~ P ~ is not always zero. note that r

Dielectrics: Boundary Conditions

,ow do the following boundary conditions on the electric field change in the presence of dielectrics) &e get,

~ are continuous That is, the tangential components of E while the perpendicular component is discontinuous across a charged surface.

The abo%e boundary conditions for the electric field across the charged surface can be written as

Dielectrics: Boundary Conditions

~ in the presence of a *sing electric displacement " ~ , dielectric with polarization P

we get,

+n the presence of dielectrics, the abo%e two boundary conditions are more useful than the pre%ious ones.

Dielectrics

#pplications I. &icro7ave oven Ar. Percy ,pencer invented micro7ave oven in -?6.

# sc ematic dia!ram of a micro7ave oven @olfram2AFPlayer &icro7aveOven.cdf

Dielectrics

,ummary
~ is +. The potential due to a polarized ob/ect with polarization P

where the bound surface charge density and the bound %olume charge density ++. The electric displacement is defined as +++. +n the presence of dielectrics, the two boundary conditions of electrostatics can be written as