Scuba Diving 1) An object is positively buoyant if: it displaces a volume of water weighing more than its own weight.

2) hat two pieces of e!uipment do you use to control your buoyancy" a. #$D b. %ead eight

&) #uoyancy control is one of the most important s'ills you can master because it allows you to control where you are in the water. a. (rue )) An object will be more buoyant in ******** then it would be in ********. a. Salt water+ freshwater ,) hen you e-hale+ your lung volume decreases. (his means you have ******** buoyancy. a. %ess buoyancy .) hat are the three major air spaces affected by pressure" a. Sinus / 0atural b. 1ar / 0atural c. 2as' / Artificial Air Space 3) hat is a 4s!uee5e6" a. A s!uee5e is a pressure imbalance in which the pressure outside an airspace e-ceeds the pressure inside. i. 7ressure outside airspace is greater than pressure inside 8) hat is 4e!uali5ation6" a. Add air to your air spaces as you descend b. 9eep the air space pressure e!ual to the water pressure i. 1!uali5e the airspace in your mas' through your nose. :) hat are three ways you can e!uali5e air spaces during descent"

a. 7inch your nose and gently blow against it b. Swallow and wiggle jaw c. $ombine both / pinch and blow while swallowing and wiggling jaw d. e!uali5e mas': i. e-hale into mas' through your nose 1. ascend a few feet a. e!uali5e 2. continue a slow descent e!uali5ing more fre!uently 1;)<ow often should you e!uali5e during descent" 11) 12) hat three steps should you ta'e if you feel discomfort in an airspace while descending" hat is the most important rule in scuba diving" a. #reath continuously and never+ never hold your breath 1&) hat are the conse!uences of brea'ing the most important rule in scuba diving" a. %ung overe-pansion injuries b. %ung over pressuri5ation i. %ung over e-pansion can force air into bloodstream and chest cavity 1. 7aralysis 2. Death c. when your regulator is out of your mouth+ blow a small steady bubble stream 1)) hat is a 4reverse bloc'6" a. 1-panding air cannot escape during ascent i. =sually caused by diving with cold>allergy 1,) hat should you do if you feel discomfort during ascent due to air e-pansion in the ears+ sinuses+ stomach+ intestines or teeth"

a. Stomach>intestines i. Avoid gas?producing foods before diving ii. 7ay attention to your breathing habits b. (eeth i. @nade!uate filling ii. Aegular dental chec'ups c. Slow or stop your ascent d. Descend a few feet e. Bive the trapped air time to wor' its way out i. Aesume ascent at slower rate f. Severe or fre!uent reverse bloc's+ see a physician 1.)<ow does increasing depth affect how long your air supply lasts" a. Deeper C faster air use b. Shallower C slower air use c. Denser air harder to breath 13) hatDs the most efficient way to breathe dense air underwater" a. #reathe slowly and deeply while diving b. 7ace yourself to dive rela-ed c. DonDt over e-ert Summary 7oints hether an object sin's+ floats or does neither in water depends on its weight and its displacement EouDll use lead weight and a #$D+ as well as lung volume+ to control your buoyancy (he body is made up mostly of incompressible li!uid+ so you only feel pressure on the air spaces+ which hold compressible air.

(hereDs a proportional relationship between pressure+ air volume+ and density Eou can use one of three techni!ues ever few meter>feet to e!uali5e your ears to prevent a s!uee5e while descending o Eou e-hale into your mas' through your nose to prevent a s!uee5e.

(he most important rule in scuba diving is to never hold your breath DonDt dive with a cold or allergy congestion+ even with decongestant (he deeper you go+ the faster you use up your air supply hen scuba diving+ breathe slowly and deeply+ and avoid getting out of breath.

Dive 1!uipment 18) hy does a diver need a mas'" a. A diver needs a mas' to see underwater. 1:) hy does the mas' need to enclose your nose" a. A mas' must enclose your nose so you can e!uali5e it and avoid a mas' s!uee5e. 2;) hat si- features should you loo' for in a mas'" a. (empered glass lens b. $omfortable fit c. 0ose>finger poc'ets for e!uali5ing d. %ow profile e. Adjustable loc'ing strap f. 21) ide field of vision

hen buying a mas'+ what are the two most important factors" a. Bit and $omfort i. Sniff (est: 1. 7lace against face without strap

2. @nhale through nose &. Should stay in place through suction 22)<ow do you prepare a new mas' for use" a. =se a soft cloth to gently scour the glass inside and out with a low abrasion cleaner Ftoothpaste wor's) b. Adjust strap across crown of head 2&) hat three general maintenance procedures apply to mas' care" a. Ainse thoroughly with fresh water after use b. 9eep out of direct sunlight c. Store in a cool+ dry place i. 9eep silicone out of contact with neoprene 2)) hy does a diver need a snor'el" a. %ets you rest your face in the water b. 1asier breathing in rough surface conditions c. %ess tiring to swim on the surface d. @n case you have a long swim with an empty tan' 2,) hat three features does an easy?breathing snor'el have" a. Beatures: i. %arge #ore ii. 0ot e-cessively long iii. Smooth round bends b. Gptional Beatures: i. Self?drain value ii. Ble-ible tube iii. Splash guard

2.)

hen purchasing a snor'el+ how do you chec' it for fit and comfort" a. <old snor'el over your left ear with the mouthpiece in place. Should be able to adjust the snor'el so it fits comfortably in your mouth without twisting+ chaffing+ or causing jaw fatigue.

23) <ow do you prepare a new snor'el for use" a. 7reparation for =se: i. Attaches to left side of mas' ii. Gpening at crown of head b. 2aintenance: i. Ainse in fresh water after use ii. Store cool+ dry place out of sun 28) hy does a diver need fins" a. Allows you to use your leg muscles to move through the water. 2:) hat are the two basic fin styles" a. Adjustable Strap: i. Gpen heel foot poc'ets ii. Adjustable heel straps b. Bull?Boot: i. 1nclosed heel ii. Bit li'e slippers &;) hat blade design features may enhance a finDs performance" a. Beatures i. Aibs 1. Act as vertical stabili5ers ii. Hents 1. Aeduces resistance

iii. $hannels 1. Iuides water over fins iv. Split Bins 1. (hrusts water straight bac' b. 2aterials i. $omposite $onstruction 1. Aubber and plastic ii. All neoprene &1) <ow do you prepare new fins for use" a. 7repare i. Adjust Straps ii. ipe any preservative off

b. 2aintenance: i. Ainse after use ii. @nspect straps for wear &2) hat three considerations do you have when buying a specific type of fin" a. Eour si5e b. Eour physical ability c. &&) here you plan to dive

hy does a diver need a #$D Fbuoyancy control devices)" a. (o regulate buoyancy underwater b. (o provide buoyancy at the surface i. Eour #$D allows you to control your buoyancy by putting air in it or releasing air from it at any time during the dive ii. Eou use the low pressure inflator to inflate your #$D

&))

hy do divers need a bac'pac'" a.

&,)Gf the three styles of #$D+ which is the most commonly used by recreational divers" a. Styles: i. Bront?mounted ii. #ac'?mounted iii. Jac'et?style: 2odern jac'et?style #$Ds integrate the bac'pac' to hold your scuba cylinder on your bac'. &.) hat five features do #$Ds have in common" a. 7roper si5e for ample buoyancy b. %arge diameter inflation>deflation hose or valve system c. %ow pressure inflation system d. Gver pressure relief valve e. Adjustable for a proper fit &3)<ow do you prepare a #$D for use" a. Bit and comfort primary considerations b. 7oc'et / handy for carrying things c. histle>surface signaling devices / always carry a whistle so you can get attention at the surface

d. <ose retainers / attach hoses and accessories so they donDt dangle e. @ntegrated weight system / eliminates a separate weight belt &8) hat two special maintenance procedures apply to caring for a #$D" a. (oo loose / rotates aw'wardly around body b. (oo tight / restricts breathing c. ith deflated #$D+ adjust to fit snuggly but comfortably

d.

hen fully inflated+ #$D shouldnDt feel restricted

e. 2aintenance: i. Ainse inside as well as outside 1. Bill 1>& with water through inflator hose and the rest of the way with air 2. Swish and drain ii. Store #$D partially inflated 1. 9eeps bladder from stic'ing &:) hy does a diver need a scuba tan'" a. (o safely store high pressure air to use while diving. );) hat does a tan' valve do" a. $ontrols air flow to and from the cylinder )1) hat are the three common si5es and the two materials for scuba tan's" a. Si5e i. 2etric: 8+ 1;+ 12+ 1, liters ii. @mperial: ,;+ 31.2+ 8; cubic feet b. 7ressure Aatings i. 2etric: 13; to 2;; bar ii. @mperial: 22,; to &;;; psi c. 2aterials: i. Aluminum: resists corrosion ii. Steel: holds same amount of air in smaller cylinder )2) hat five mar'ings do you commonly find on the nec' of a scuba tan'" a. Ae!uired 2ar'ings i. 2aterial

ii.

or'ing 7ressure

iii. Serial 0umber iv. 7ressure (est Date v. 2anufacturer )&) hat are the two basic types of tan' valves" a. Halve (ypes i. 9?Halve: simple on>off valve ii. J?Halve: built?in mechanism that signals when you run low on air b. Aegulator $onnection i. Eo'e Halves Fcylinder valves): attach the regulator via a yo'e assembly ii. D@0 valves: screw the regulator into the valve ))) hat does a J?valve do+ and why is its use declining" a. (hey were standard e!uipment in the 1:.;s before the use of gauges that tell you how much air you have during the dive. (hey are not seen as much because they are not useful as pressure gauges and they are prone to accidental tripping so they donDt hold the reserve. ),) ).) hatDs the difference between a D@0 valve and a yo'e valve" hat is the purpose of an o?ring" a. 2a'es air?tight seal. )3) hat is the purpose of a burst disc" a. @ntentionally fails if cylinder is over?pressuri5ed. )8) hat three safety precautions for handling scuba tan's should you follow going to and at a dive site" a. Depends on: i. Eour si5e ii. Eour type of diving

iii.

here youDll use it

b. 7reparation for =se: i. Bill with air c. <andling: i. Always bloc' or secure so they canDt roll ii. DonDt leave standing unattended 1. Secure tan' if you must leave it standing unattended iii. =se special rac's on dive boats iv. @n your car+ lay them down and bloc' or tie them ):)<ow do you turn a tan' valve on and off" a. 2aintenance i. Ainse in fresh water ii. Store out of sun iii. Halve operation / open and close all the way+ slowly 1. DonDt over tighten open or closed iv. Always 'eep tan' pressuri5ed with a few bar> few 1;; psi 1. Always open and close your cylinder valve slowly. (urn it all the way open or closed but you donDt need to open or close it with much force. v. 0ever fill with o-ygen vi. 0ever fill beyond rated pressure vii. Annual visual inspection viii. Ae!uired periodic pressure tests? hydrostatic tests i-. Store standing up 1. @n a cool place 2. Secure them if necessary

-. 1-tended storage 1. Store them 1; to 2; bar> 1;; to &;; psi in it -i. @f stored longer than si- months 1. Aefill to replace stale air ,;) hatDs the best way to 'eep water out of a scuba tan'" a. DonDt let it drain of air completely ,1) hy do you need scuba tan' visual inspections and pressure tests" a. $hec' for internal corrosion ,2) hat does a regulator do" a. Aeduces tan'Ds high pressure to match surrounding pressure b. Delivers air only on demand i. @n some areas+ it is called a 4demand valve6 ,&) hen loo'ing at a regulator+ which are the following parts: a. Birst stage" i. Attaches to the valve reducing high?pressure air from an intermediate pressure of 3?1; bar> 1;; to 1,; psi above the surrounding water pressure 1. #rass 2. titanium b. Second stages" i. Aeduces this intermediate pressure to the water pressure surrounding you+ which is what you need for comfortable breathing 1. 1asy breathing is the most important feature of a regulator. ii. #asically a cup covered with a fle-ible diaphragm inward+ which pushes the inlet valve lever to release air. hen you stop inhaling+ air pressure inside the second stage rises and the diaphragm returns to its rela-ed position+ releasing the lever and allowing the inlet valve to close. Eou can manually control air flow of air with the

purge button on the front of the second stage which depresses the diaphragm and valve lever. iii. (he e-haust valve remains closed when youDre not e-haling+ 'eeping water out of the regulator. iv. Alternate air source 1. =se to share air with another diver should the need arise v. %ow pressure inflator hose 1. (he low pressure hose on from your regulator attaches to the low pressure inflator on your #$D. c. Dust cover" i. d. 7urge button" i. $an allow the water to flow into the hose ,)) hatDs the most important feature for consideration when purchasing a regulator" a. 1ase of breathing i. 2ost important b. Service availability i. @nvest in alternate air source and pressure gauge at the same time. ,,) <ow do you rinse a regulator after use+ and what three points do you need to 'eep in mind while doing so" a. 0o special preparation needed after purchase b. 2aintenance: i. Ainse or soa' in fresh water 1. Dust cap in place or attached to cylinder 2. =se gentle water flow &. Do not press purge button

ii. @f possible+ pressuri5e and purge after rinse iii. 9eep free of mud+ sand+ debris iv. Store with gentle curves in hoses v. Annual service or as specified by manufacturer c. A regulator does not reduce high pressure tan' air in four stages. ,.) hy do divers need a submersible pressure gauge FS7I+ or $ontents Iauge)" a. 7urpose: i. (ells you how much air you have remaining during a dive ii. 2andatory for safe scuba diving 1. S7Is are passive a. Eou have to loo' at them. b. Styles+ features+ and materials i. Simple gauges ii. @ntegrated instruments iii. <oseless c. Selection+ purchase+ and preparation i. Select your S7I>dive computer with your regulator ii. @nstallation by a professional d. 2aintenance: i. 7rotect from impact 1. DonDt drop or bang it 2. Secure it while diving so @t doesnDt drag or snag ii. Ainse after use iii. Annual servicing ,3) 1!uipment @dentification

a. 7revents frustration and confusion b. Dive e!uipment mar'ers i. =se a permanent gear mar'er to identify your e!uipment. Eou can usually find suitable places that arenDt visible when you are wearing it. ,8) hat are three reasons for diving with a buddy at all times" a. Assistance b. Aeminders c. 1mergencies d. & reasons to dive with a buddy i. 7racticality ii. Safety iii. Bun ,:) Summary 7oints: Dive 1!uipment and the #uddy System a. $omfort and fit are the two most important criteria in purchasing dive gear b. Eou canDt use goggles for scuba diving because they donDt enclose your nose. c. Eou need to rinse your e!uipment in freshwater after each use. d. (he jac'et #$D is by far the most common #$D used by recreational divers. e. Eour scuba tan' needs an annual visual inspection+ and periodic pressure Fhydrostatic) testing. f. Eou never leave scuba tan's standing unattended. Eou bloc'>secure them when transporting so they canDt fall or roll. g. Aegulators reduce tan' pressure in two stages to breathing pressure. h. A regulatorDs the most important feature is ease of breathing.

i. Eou need to have your regulator professionally serviced annually. <ave the dust cap in place and donDt push the purge button when you rinse your regulator. j. Eou need an S7I Fsubmersible pressure or contents gauge) so you can tell how much air you have at any time during the dive. '. Eou always dive with a buddy for safety+ practicality and fun. l. Eou can ma'e all your dive gear match and loo' good without sacrificing comfort+ fit+ or important features.