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In bus reservation system buses seats can be booked online by the customer by giving them information on the available routes and departure date of the bus. rental details, and timing details and so on. In the tour detail there is information about the available routes , dates ,timing and seats . In Bus no category it contains the details of buses which are old/new. New buses are added with the details with bus no, from city to the city, type of the bus, rent of a single seat, if the bus has sleeper than the cost of sleeper, if the cabin has the facility for sitting than the cost of cabin seats, tour timings of the new bus has . How many available in seats? In seats specification, it gives the list of given issued and currently available seats and contain the information about seats location. The main objective of this project is to provide the better work efficiency, security, accuracy, reliability, feasibility. The error occurred could be reduced to nil and working conditions can be improved.
Figure 1
3. Design
Software design is actually a multi-step process that focuses on for distinct attributes of a program: data structure, software architecture, interfaces representation and procedural detail. The design process translates requirements into a representation of the software that can be accessed for quality before coding begins.
4. Code Generation
Code-Generation phase translates the design into a machine-readable form.
5. Testing
Once code has been generated, program testing begins. The testing focuses on the logical internals of the software, ensuring that all statement have been tested, and on the functional externals; that is, conducting test to uncover errors and ensure that define input will produce actual results that agree with required results.
6. Support
Software will undoubtedly undergo change after it is delivered to the customer. Change will occur because errors have been encountered, because the software must be adapted to accommodate changes in its external environment or because the customer requires functional or performance enhancements.
2.System Study
Before the project can begin, it becomes necessary to estimate the work to be done, the resource that will be required, and the time that will elapse from start to finish. During making such a plan we visited site many more times and revised many books .
2.2.2 Feasibility
Not everything imaginable is feasible, not even in software. Software feasibility has four dimensions: Technologyis a project technically feasible? Is it within the state of the art? Finance Is it financially feasible? Timewill the project be completed within specified time? Resourcesdoes the organization have the resources needed to succeed? After taking into consideration of above said dimensions, we found it could be feasible for us to develop this project.
can be transformed a black art to a series of systematic steps that provide estimates with acceptable risk. To achieve reliable cost and effort estimates, a number of options arise: 1. Delay estimation until late in the project (since, we can achieve 100% accurate estimates after the project is complete!) 2. Base estimates on similar projects that have already been completed. 3. Use relatively simple decomposition techniques to generate project cost and effort estimates. 4. Use one or more empirical models for software cost and effort estimation. Unfortunately, the first option, however attractive, is not practical. Cost estimates must be provided Up fron. However, we should recognize that the longer we wait, the more we know, and the more we know, the less likely we are to make serious errors in our estimates. The second option can work reasonably well, if the current project is quite similar to past efforts and other project influences (e.g., the customer, business conditions, the SEE, deadlines) are equivalent. Unfortunately past experience has not always been a good indicator of future results. The remaining options are viable approaches the software project estimation. Ideally, the techniques noted for each option be applied in tandem; each used as cross check for the other. Decomposition techniques take a divide and conquer approach to software project estimation. By decomposing a project into major functions and related software engineering activities, cost and effort estimation can be performed in the stepwise fashion. Empirical estimation models can be used to complement decomposition techniques and offer a potentially valuable estimation approach in their own right.
Decomposition of tasks PERT chart for this application software is illustrated in figure 2. The critical Path for this Project is Design, Code generation and Integration and testing.
Figure 2
System Analysis
Software requirements analysis is a process of discovery, refinement, modeling, and specification. Requirement analysis proves the software designer with a representation of information, function, and behavior that can be translated to data, architectural interface, and component -level designs. To perform the job properly we need to follow as set of underlying concepts and principles of Analysis.
3. The behavior of the software (as a consequence of external events) must be represented. 4. The models that depict information function and behavior must be partitioned in a manner that uncovers detail in layered (or hierarchical) fashion. 5. The analysis process should move from essential information toward implementation detail. By applying these principles, we approach the problem systematically. The information domain is examined so that function may be understood more completely. Models are used so that the characteristics of function and behavior can be communicated in a compact fashion. Partitioning is applied to reduce complexity. Essential and implementation vies of the software are necessary to accommodate the logical constraints imposed any processing requirements and the physical constraints imposed by other system elements .
Figure 3
3.2.2 Modeling
The second and third operational analysis principles require that we build models of function and behavior.
project to act in desired manner as per need. A behavioral model creates a representation of the states of the software and the events that cause software to change state.
Figure 4
A master password is programmed for getting in to the software system. After this step only user can work in the environments ( naming operation, administration and maintenance) only. Vertical partitioning of SOFT SONIC BUS function:
Figure 5
4. Operating Environment
4.1 Hardware Specification:
Server Side: Core 2 Due 2.4GHz and Above 2 GB of Random Access Memory and Above 160 GB Hard Disk Client Side: Pentium-IV 1.5MHs and Above 512 MB of Random Access Memory and Above 80 GB Hard Disk
Software: Visual Studio 2008, Notepad ++ OS: Windows server 2003 R2, Windows XP SP2 Browser: IE7, IE8, FF 3.5 a. Front-end Environment (.NET Framework) The Internet revolution of the late 1990s represented a dramatic shift in the way individuals and organizations communicate with each other. Traditional applications, such as word processors and accounting packages, are modeled as stand-alone applications: they offer users the capability to perform tasks using data stored on the system the application resides and executes on. Most new software, in contrast, is modeled based on a distributed computing model where applications collaborate to provide services and expose functionality to each other. As a result, the primary role of most new software is changing into supporting information exchange (through Web servers and browsers), collaboration (through e-mail and instant messaging), and individual expression (through Web logs, also known as Blogs, and e-zines Web based magazines). Essentially, the basic role of software is changing from providing discrete functionality to providing services. The .NET Framework represents a unified, object-oriented set of services and libraries that embrace the changing role of new network-centric and network software. In fact, the .NET Framework is the first platform designed from the ground up with the Internet in mind. Microsoft .NET Framework is a software component that is a part of several Microsoft Windows operating systems. It has a large library of pre-coded solutions to common programming problems and manages the execution of programs written specifically for the framework. The .NET Framework is a key Microsoft offering and is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform. Benefits of the .NET Framework The .NET Framework offers a number of benefits to developers:
application deployment and maintenance The .NET Class Library is a key component of the .NET Framework it is sometimes referred to as the Base Class Library (BCL). The .NET Class Library contains hundreds of classes you can use for tasks such as the following: Processing XML Working with data from multiple data sources Debugging your code and working with event logs Working with data streams and files
Managing the run-time environment Developing Web services, components, and standard Windows applications Working with application security Working with directory services The functionality that the .NET Class Library provides is available to all .NET languages, resulting in a consistent object model regardless of the programming language developers use.
4.5.Unifying components
Until this point, this chapter has covered the low-level components of the .NET Framework. The unifying components, listed next, are the means by which you can access the services the .NET Framework provides:
ASP.NET
After the release of Internet Information Services 4.0 in 1997, Microsoft began researching possibilities for a new web application model that would solve common complaints about ASP. . ASP.NET introduces two major features: Web Forms and Web Services.
Flexibility:
The entire .NET class library can be accessed by ASP.NET applications. You can use the language that best applies to the type of functionality you want to implement, because ASP.NET is language independent.
Configuration settings:
The application-level configuration settings are stored in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) format. The XML format is a hierarchical text format, which is easy to read and write. This format makes it easy to apply new settings to applications without the aid of any local administration tools.
Security:
ASP.NET applications are secure and use a set of default authorization and authentication schemes. However, you can modify these schemes according to the security needs of an application. In addition to this list of advantages, the ASP.NET framework makes it easy to migrate from ASP applications.
4.5.6 Characteristics
Pages
ASP.NET pages, known officially as "web forms", are the main building block for application development. Web forms are contained in files with an ASPX extension; in programming jargon, these files typically contain static (X)HTML markup, as well as markup defining server-side Web Controls and User Controls where the developers place all the required static and dynamic content for the web page. Additionally, dynamic code which runs on the server can be placed in a page within a block <% -- dynamic code -- %> which is similar to other web development technologies such as PHP, JSP, and ASP, but this practice is generally discouraged except for the purposes of data binding since it requires more calls when rendering the page. Note that this sample uses code "inline", as opposed to code behind.
<%@ Page Language="C#" %> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <script runat="server"> protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { Label1.Text = DateTime.Now.ToLongDateString(); } For more details please visit http://techbrij.com </script> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head runat="server"> <title>Sample page</title> </head> <body> <form id="form1" runat="server"> <div> The current time is: <asp:Label runat="server" id="Label1" /> </div> </form> </body> </html>
Example
<%@ Page Language="C#" CodeFile="SampleCodeBehind.aspx.cs" Inherits="Website.SampleCodeBehind" AutoEventWireup="true" %>
The above tag is placed at the beginning of the ASPX file. The CodeFile property of the @ Page directive specifies the file (.cs or .vb) acting as the code-behind while the Inherits property specifies the Class the Page derives from. In this example, the @ Page directive is included in SamplePage.aspx, then SampleCodeBehind.aspx.cs acts as the code-behind for this page:
using System; namespace Website { public partial class SampleCodeBehind : System.Web.UI.Page { protected override void Page_Load(EventArgs e) { base.OnLoad(e); } } }
In this case, the Page_Load () method is called every time the ASPX page is requested. The programmer can implement event handlers at several stages of the page execution process to perform processing. User controls ASP.NET supports creating reusable components through the creation of User Controls. A User Control follows the same structure as a Web Form, except that such controls are derived from the System.Web.UI.UserControl class, and are stored in ASCX files. Like ASPX files, a ASCX contains static HTML or XHTML markup, as well as markup defining web control and other User Controls. The code-behind model can be used. Programmers can add their own properties, methods, and event handlers. An event bubbling mechanism provides the ability to pass an event fired by a user control up to its containing page. Template engine When first released, ASP.NET lacked a template engine. Because the .NET framework is object-oriented and allows for inheritance, many developers would define a new base class that inherits from "System.Web.UI.Page", write methods here that render HTML, and then make the pages in their application inherit from this new class. While this allows for common elements to be reused across a site, it adds complexity and mixes source code with markup. Furthermore, this method can only be visually tested by running the application - not while designing it. Other developers have used include files and other tricks to avoid having to implement the same navigation and other elements in every page. ASP.NET 2.0 introduced the concept of "master pages", which allow for template based page development. A web application can have one or more master pages,
which can be nested. Master templates have place-holder controls, called ContentPlaceHolders to denote where the dynamic content goes, as well as HTML and JavaScript shared across child pages. Child pages use those ContentPlaceHolder controls, which must be mapped to the place-holder of the master page that the content page is populating. The rest of the page is defined by the shared parts of the master page, much like a mail merge in a word processor. All markup and server controls in the content page must be placed within the ContentPlaceHolder control. When a request is made for a content page, ASP.NET merges the output of the content page with the output of the master page, and sends the output to the user. The master page remains fully accessible to the content page. This means that the content page may still manipulate headers, change title, configure caching etc. If the master page exposes public properties or methods (e.g. for setting copyright notices) the content page can use these as well.
4.5.8 Performance
ASP.NET aims for performance benefits over other script-based technologies (including Classic ASP) by compiling the server-side code to one or more DLL files on the web server. This compilation happens automatically the first time a page is requested (which means the developer need not perform a separate compilation step for pages). This feature provides the ease of development offered by scripting languages with the performance benefits of a compiled binary. However, the compilation might cause a noticeable but short delay to the web user when the newly-edited page is first requested from the web server, but won't again unless the page requested is updated further. The ASPX and other resource files are placed in a virtual host on an Internet Information Services server (or other compatible ASP.NET servers; see Other Implementations, below). The first time a client requests a page, the .NET framework parses and compiles the file(s) into a .NET assembly and sends the response; subsequent requests are served from the DLL files. By default ASP.NET will compile the entire site in batches of 1000 files upon first request. If the compilation delay is causing problems, the batch size or the compilation strategy may be tweaked.
Developers can also choose to pre-compile their code before deployment, eliminating the need for just-in-time compilation in a production environment.
title. The asterisk (*) in the select list indicates that all columns of the Book table should be included in the result set.
SELECT * FROM Book WHERE price > 100.00 ORDER BY title;
The example below demonstrates the use of multiple tables in a join, grouping, and aggregation in an SQL query, by returning a list of books and the number of authors associated with each book.
SELECT Book.title, count (*) AS Authors FROM Book JOIN Book_author ON Book.isbn = Book_author.isbn GROUP BY Book.title;
Example output might resemble the following: Title Authors ---------------------- ------SQL Examples and Guide 3 The Joy of SQL 1 How to use Wikipedia 2 Pitfalls of SQL 1 How SQL Saved my Dog 1 (The underscore character "_" is often used as part of table and column names to separate descriptive words because other punctuation tends to conflict with SQL syntax. For example, a dash "-" would be interpreted as a minus sign.) Under the precondition that isbn is the only common column name of the two tables and that a column named title only exists in the Books table, the above query could be rewritten in the following form: SELECT title, count (*) AS Authors FROM Book NATURAL JOIN Book_author GROUP BY title; However, many vendors either do not support this approach, or it requires certain column naming conventions. Thus, it is less common in practice. Data retrieval is very often combined with data projection when the user is looking for calculated values and not just the verbatim data stored in primitive data types, or when the data needs to be expressed in a form that is different from how it's stored. SQL allows the use of expressions in the select list to project data, as in the following example which returns a list of books that cost more than 100.00 with an additional sales_tax column containing a sales tax figure calculated at 6% of the price.
SELECT isbn, title, price, price * 0.06 AS sales_tax FROM Book WHERE price > 100.00 ORDER BY title; Some modern day SQL queries may include extra WHERE statements that are conditional to each other. They may look like this example: SELECT isbn, title, price, date FROM Book WHERE price > 100.00 AND (date = '16042004' OR date = '16042005') ORDER BY title;
5.System Design
In our project we used the following tables : 1. States tables : it stores all the required information about the date, timing , route and seats for the bus . It also shows the availability of seats.
4. Feedback : It stores the feedback which users send after using the software.
5. User information : is the main table which store the users information.
Context diagram :
User input
Tickets Booked
Level 0 :
Search PNR
User input
Log in
Display information
Book tickets
Level 1
In our FEEDBACK table we have fields like name, Email, Phon, Subject, Comment, and User_type.
In the table of TIME_LIST we have fields such as Sno, Satation_name, Rate_per_seat, Time, Reach_time and Bus_number.
In the table of TIME_LIST we have fields such as Sno, Satation_name, Rate_per_seat, Time, Reach_time and Bus_number.
PROCESS LOGIC:
As the privatization of buses is increasing thus the need of its smooth management is also increasing the more we could facilitate the customers, the more they are comfortable with us, the more customers we have visiting our reservation unit .the above tables and modules facilitates many logics like:
articular day
2. Status.
As in the above image the Status webpage is displaying:
Accessed by anyone. Information about the booking which seat is booked and which is empty.
4. Feedback
As in the above image Feedback webpage is displaying: This page is access by any user Anyone can give feedback related to the site or services. Links for Terms and Conditions and Policy and Privacy.
Privacy Policy:
As in the above image the Privacy and Policy webpage is displaying: This page is access by any user This page say that when customer using our services, we required information about customer his/her name, age, route and email so that we can inform them to there email also.
8. Login page As in the image Login webpage is displaying: Accessed by the agent. Agent entered its user name and password and click on login. Contain link for Forget Password. Forget Password Page
It required user name who forget its password and then click on Next button. And also provide link for administration and other.
Identity Confirmation.
As in the above image Identify Confirmation for user webpage is displaying: The Question you have select at the time of registration.
You need to enter the answer for that question. After click on Next button. You will get your password on the show password webpage.
Search Ticket.
As in the above image the Ticket Search webpage is displaying: Only accessed by the Agent and Administration. Using PNR number, Agent can search the ticket.
Ticket Cancellation
As in the above image the Ticket cancellation webpage is displaying Only accessed by the Agent and Administration Using PNR number, Agent can see the status ticket.
Change Password
As in the above image the Change password web page is displaying: Only accessed by the Agent Agent can change password by entering the old and new password
6. System Testing
System Testing
Once source code has been generated , software must be tested to uncover (and correct) as many errors as possible before delivery to customer. Our goal is to design a series of test cases that have a high likelihood of finding errors. To
uncover the errors software techniques are used. These techniques provide systematic guidance for designing test that (1) Exercise the internal logic of software components, and (2) Exercise the input and output domains of the program to uncover errors in program function, behavior and performance.
6.1 Steps
Software is tested from two different perspectives: (1) Internal program logic is exercised using White box test case design techniques. (2) Software requirements are exercised using block box test case design techniques. In both cases, the intent is to find the maximum number of errors with the minimum amount of effort and time.
Every time the customer/user executes a compute program, the program is being tested. This sobering fact underlines the importance of other software quality assurance activities. As much time we run our project that is still sort of testing as Musa and Ackerman said. They have suggested a response that is based on statistical criteria: No, we cannot be absolutely certain that the software will never fail, but relative to a theoretically sound and experimentally validated statistical model, we have done sufficient testing to say with 95 percent confidence that the probability of 1000 CPU hours of failure free operation in a probabilistically defined environment is at least 0.995.
7. System Implementation
Specification, regardless of the mode through which we accomplish it, may be viewed as a representation process. Requirements are represented in manner that ultimately leads to successful software implementation.
7.2 Representation
As we know software requirement may be specified in a variety of ways. However, if requirements are committed to paper a simple set of guidelines is well worth following: Representation format and content should be relevant to the problem. A general outline for the contents of a Software Requirements Specification can be developed. However, the representation forms contained within the specification are likely to vary with the application area. For example, for our automation system we used different symbology, diagrams. Information contained within the specification should be nested. Representations should reveal layers of information so that a reader can move to the level of detail required. Paragraph and diagram numbering schemes should indicate the level of detail that is being presented. It is sometimes worthwhile to present the same information at different levels of abstraction to aid in understanding. Similar guidelines are adhered for my project.
8. Conclusion
To conclude, user in SUPERSONIC TRAVELS system can book tickets online and choosing the route , date and timing by one click. He/she can also checks the status and able to cancel the already booked tickets. Different functions are: 1.Register in the system 2.Change password 3.Check status 4.Book tickets 5.Cancel the booked tickets 6.Search according PNR number
All these result in high client-satisfaction, hence, more and more business for the company that will scale the company business to new heights in the forthcoming future.
10.References
Complete Reference of C# Programming in C# - Deitel & Deitel www.w3schools.com http://en.wikipedia.org The principles of Software Engineering Roger S.Pressman Software Engineering Hudson MSDN help provided by Microsoft .NET Object Oriented Programming Deitel & Deitel