Waste Management

Presented to: Maam Amani Moazzam

Presented By: Zain Ali Zafar Maham Wasim Maham Badar Saliha Zain 72 106 107 111

Haider Zulqernain 121

Date: 28th, January 2013

Table of context:

No 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10.

Name Of Topics
Acknowledgment Introduction Definition of Waste Management and its types Significance and Objectives Hypothesis 3 Rs Research Methodology Questionaries Dimensions and Sampling Technique Bibliography

Page #
4 5 5&6

7 8 8, 9, 10, 11 & 12 12 & 13 14, 15 & 16 16 16

Acknowledgment
Starting with the name of ALLAH ALMIGHTY who is, most Gracious, and most Compassionate". Special thanks to our respected teacher Maam Amani Moazzam who helped us whenever we needed her. She guided us through this project thoroughly and was very cooperative. Her sole purpose during her teaching is to enable us to work hard and be able to hold our own. In the end I would also like to thank my group members for their cooperation and support throughout the completion of this project.

 Introduction: In October 1347 when 12 Genoese trading ships docked at the Sicilian port of Messina after a long journey through the black sea, the people who gathered on the dock to greet the ships were met with a horrifying surprise. Most of the sailors abroad the ship was dead and those who were still alive were gravely ill. Strangest of all, they were covered in mysterious black boils that ooze and pus and gave their illness its name THE BLACK DEATH. The Sicilian officials ordered the fleet of death ships out of the harbor but it was too late. Over the next five years, the mysterious BLACK DEATH would kill more than 20 million people just in Europe almost one third of the continent population. Today, scientists understand that the BLACK DEATH was caused by bacteria called YERSINA PESTIS. This bacterium travels from person to person through contact, air as well as through the bite of infected fleas and rats. But the main reason for THE BLACK DEATH was improper disposal of waste. There was no certain method to overcome the problem of waste management which resulted in the form of BLACK DEATH.

Research Question:
Can efficiency of society or organization be improved by 3 Rs?

Waste Management:
Waste management refers to the collection, transportation, processing, recycling, and disposal of waste materials. These waste materials are solid, liquid, gaseous and even radioactive substances. To manage these human generated wastes requires reducing their effect on health and environment as well as recovering resources from it.

Types of Waste Management:

Following are the few types of waste management which we are going to address in our report and also in our presentation. We will explain some of the types: Solid Waste Management Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste Hazardous Waste Hospital Waste Construction and Demolition Waste Agricultural Waste

Solid Waste Management:

Solid waste management includes all activities that seek to minimize the health, environmental and aesthetic impacts of solid wastes. It can also be defined as any waste excluding human extra.

Municipal Solid Waste:

Such waste comprises household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue and waste from the street. The consumer market has grown rapidly leading to products being packed in cans, aluminum foils, plastics and other such non-biodegradable components which cause immeasurable harm to the environment.

Industrial Waste:
Some of the largest waste generated by industrial sector includes the production of basic metals, food, beverage, tobacco products, wood products and paper products. Waste from manufacturing sector continuous to rise despite national and international declaration to reduce waste form manufacturing industries.

Hospital Waste:
Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals and also in the research activities in these fields as well as in the production and testing of biological.

Agricultural Waste:
It is composed of organic wastes and wastes such as plastic, scrapped machinery, fencing, pesticides, waste oils and veterinary medicines.

Hazardous Waste:
Hazardous waste could be highly toxic to humans, animals and plants; are corrosive, highly inflammable, or explosive and react when exposed to certain things such as gases. Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous. In addition, certain types of household waste are also considered as hazardous. The main disposal route of hazardous waste is landfill, incineration (burning) or chemical treatment.

Construction and Demolition Waste:

Such waste arises from activities such as a construction of buildings and civil infrastructures, total or partial demolition of buildings and civil infrastructure, road planning and maintenance, It is made up of numerous materials including concrete, bricks, wood, glass, asbestos and plastic, many of which can be recycled in one way or another.

 Significance: Waste management constitutes a serious problem in many third world countries. Most cities dont collect the totality of wastes generated, and of the wastes collected, only a fraction receives proper disposal. The insufficient collection and inappropriate disposal of solid wastes represents a source of water, land and air pollution, and pose risks to human health and the environment. Over the next several decades, globalization, rapid urbanization and economic growth in the developing world tend to further deteriorate this situation. With so much concern recently about being greener and economically friendly waste management has become a very important topic. People and companies are starting to realize the significance of waste management because of the big impact caused by waste on our world. Waste management can involve many things. It encompasses collecting waste material and processing it in some way of trying to recycle it or to reduce it or to reuse it.

Objective:
In Pakistan generation of waste have been increasing due to population growth life style changes and economic development. On the other hand waste management responses have not kept pace with the increasing quantities of waste resulting in: a) A high proportion of uncollected waste b) Poor standards of transportation, storage, treatment and disposal c) Growth in population and increasing garbage generation d) Waste collection system e) Scientific processing of the waste material depending on their nature f) Developing infrastructure for solid waste disposal and processing g) Developing information collection and processing system The insanitary methods adopted for disposal of solid waste is a serious health concern with significant environmental, social and health costs associated with it. Open dumping of garbage facilities, the breeding of disease vectors such as flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, rats and other pests. The poorly maintained land filled sites further, are prone to ground water contamination because of leach ate production. Residents and companies are constantly looking for the best and least expensive ways to handle the ever growing problem. The best possible solution in our opinion is the efficient and effective use of 3 Rs. Reduce Reuse Recycle

 Hypothesis:
If organizations and society adapt the model of 3 Rs, then waste management problem can be handled with more precision.

Reduce of waste:

To make something smaller or use less, resulting in a smaller amount of waste. Source reduction is reducing waste before you purchase it, or by purchasing products that are not wasteful in their packaging or use. You can reduce the amount of waste you create by choosing what rubbish you throw away. Waste collection is the component of waste management which results in the passage of a waste material from the source of production to either the point of treatment final disposal, waste collection also includes the collection of recyclable materials that technically are not waste, as part of a municipal landfill diversion program. Buy products that can be reduced Buy only what you need Buy all-purpose household cleaner Reduce paper waste by cancelling unwanted mails Buy products with little packaging Sell or give away unwanted items

What to buy and how to use it?

1. Crush Shopping: Waste reduction starts at the super market. By making slight alternations to your shopping list you can significantly reduce the amount of waste created in and around the home. 2. Goods: Buy only what you need: Reduce unnecessary waste by avoiding those pointless purchased. Items that rarely get used can be borrowed or shared with others. 3. Plastic bottles: Buy products that can be reused: Buy bottles instead of cans. Items such as this create very little waste, as they dont have to be thrown away after they have been used just once.

Buy all-purpose household cleaner:

Instead of buying many different ones for each cleaning role buy only on cleaner thats includes all the features of other cleaners. 3. Packaging: Buy products with little packaging: So that less packaging ends up in your rubbish bin. For those items you use regularly, buy them in bulk instead of in smaller amounts. This will save your money as well as reduce waste. Sell or give away unwanted items: Reduce waste by donating unwanted items to family, friends or neighbors or to nonprofit organizations like NGOS. 4. Unwanted mails: Reduce paper waste by cancelling unwanted mails.

Reuse of waste:
Reuse is using an item more than once. This includes conventional reuse where the item is used again for the same function and new life reuse where it is used for a new function. Reuse materials and items so that they have longer life spans and dont get thrown away after the first use. Many items found around the home can be used for different purposes. So before you throw those items away, think about how they can be used.

How to reuse those everyday bits and pieces?

Carrier bags and twist ties: Carrier bags can be reused in the shops or as bin bags around the house. Paper bags make useful wrapping paper and twist ties can be used to secure loose items together, such as computer wires. Envelopes: By sticking labels over the address you can reuse envelopes. Alternatively, old envelopes can be used as scrap paper to make notes on. Jars and pots:

Jars and pots can be used as small containers to store odds and ends. Newspaper, cardboard and bubble wrap: Make useful packing material when moving house or to store items. Tyres:

Old tyres can be given to your local petrol station where they will be recycled or you could make a tyre-swing by tying a strong rope around a tyre and attaching it to a tree. Used wood: Can be used in woodcrafts for making objects such as a spice rack or a bird table. Alternatively it could be used as firewood.

Recycling of waste:
Recycling involves processing used materials into new products in order to prevent the waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, and reduce air (from incineration) and water (from land filling) pollution by reducing the need for conventional waste disposal and lower greenhouse gas submissions, as compared to virgin production. Some products, such as glass, can be recycled or reused over and over again. What is the process? Recycling is a lengthy circular process which has to include transportation collected materials to a processing facility where they are cleaned and sorted. The new materials that have been converted must comply with the same safety legislation and health and hygiene as products made from virgin materials. How to recycle different materials? Recycling is an important factor in conserving natural resources and greatly contributes towards improving the environment. There is an example given below that how you can do recycling in and around the home: Recycling in and around home can be easy when you know how. Electronic rubbish, and computer equipment in particular, is a rapidly expanding problem now a days. Low prices allow consumers to replace gadgets often, and rapid technological change means there are always newer, better, more powerful products on the market. This results in increasing waste of gadgets. Also known as e-waste, discarded computer equipment comprises monitors, printers, hard drives and circuit boards. Such items should on no account be thrown out with your household rubbish because they contain toxic substances, and are effectively hazardous waste. The following table has shown those materials which in future converts into toxic material and causes problem for the environment.
Material Plastic Ferrous metals Non-ferrous metals Electronic boards Proportion 23% 32% 18% 12%

Glass

15%

Disposal Option:
You can dispose of computer waste by returning the product to the manufacturer, taking the item to a professional waste disposal facility or donating the goods to a non-profit organization.

reduce of the volume of waste which ends up in landfill sites cut down on the amount of raw materials needed for the manufacture of new products make recycling convenient for the consumer Materials like steel and aluminum are then re-cycled to make new products, from car parts to plastic toys.

How does recycling help save our planet?

When you recycle, you Reduce Landfill Reduce energy consumption Decrease pollution Lowers cost of the goods

Type of research methodology:

The research methodology which we are going to use is Sectional Research Design. Basically Cross Sectional Research Design means collection of data from more than one case at a single time in order to collect a body of quantifiable or quantitative data in connection with two or more which are then examined to detect patterns of association for example structure interview. It also variation between individuals, families, groups or nation and organizations. Cross

that point in variables, shows

We did survey of a well-known organization, which is having an excellent performance in past as well as in present. The organization which we studied for our project in the light of cross sectional design is DESCON Engineering. DESCON Engineering was established in 1977. It has three major businesses that are: Engineering Chemical Power We basically focused on its chemical and construction side that how they manage their waste by using the basic model of 3 Rs i.e. (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle).

Reduce:
During our survey we came to know that DESCON Company only produces that amount of chemicals that are demanded and required in the market. They dont produce more than the consumption. As they are producing eco-friendly chemicals, so we can say that these chemicals are less harmful for the environment and society and they are not producing that much toxic chemical as compared to other organizations. If by mistake more than required chemical is produce, DESCON Company reduces its production and sells the preciously made chemical to the retailers, and when the entire chemical which was left is sold out they start again their chemical production process.

Reuse:
DESCON Company has its two main workshops in all over Pakistan by the name of LMW (Lahore Manufacturing Workshop) one in Lahore and the other in Sadkabaad. These two workshops are considered one of the largest workshops in all over Asia. In LMW boilers, containers, wind pipes etc are made. If a small mistake is made in any of the boilers or wind pipes DESCON Company uses those defected boilers and wind pipes in the making of new pipes (sewerage pipes) and cutters and then sell it in the market where they are required.

Recycle:
DESCON Company also does recycling. After construction of any building if any construction material is left, they use that material in making of anything new which can be used in any organization, homes or education institutions. If any construction material is fetched more than the required need, the DESCON company uses that material in some other sector where it can be used effectively and efficiently and through which a new thing can be reformed. DESCON Company handles or does many projects at the same time, so if any material is fetched more than required at any place, they transfer that extra material to other project in which it can be used and make a new product.

After doing the analysis of DESCON Company we came on this conclusion that they effectively and efficiently use the model of 3 Rs. There are few wastes which cannot be reduced, reused and recycled; DESCON Company has a factory in Mureedke where they dump all their extra waste which they cannot use. So we can say that they are playing a key role in keeping our environment and society healthy and free from toxic chemicals and gases. They are eco-friendly, and they are also trying to control their waste which can cause many dangerous diseases.

Research questions:
1) Do you have ever heard about the concept of 3rs? a) Yes b) No If yes than, 3rs stands for? ____________________________________________________________ 2) How efficiently you act upon throwing the garbage in dustbins? a) Never b) Occasionally c) Always d) Rarely e) Mostly 3) Do you ever think of reusing the products that you use daily? a) Never b) Occasionally c) Always d) Rarely e) Mostly 4) Do you give your home waste for recycling? a) Never b) Occasionally c) Always d) Rarely e) Mostly 5) Are you satisfied with the cleanness of your society? a) Unsatisfied b) Satisfied c) Less satisfied d) Fully satisfied 6) Are you aware of specific colors given to dustbins? a) Yes b) No If yes than specify the colors _________________________________________________________-

7) Do you keep in mind the recycling process for a product when you buy it a) Never b) Occasionally c) Always d) Rarely e) Mostly 8) How much are you satisfied with the statement that the recycling process helps save your planet? a) Unsatisfied b) Satisfied c) Less satisfied d) Fully satisfied 9) What kind of packaging you prefer while buying household products? a) Polythene bags b) Paper bags c) Plastic bags 10) Do you think that our government is playing a fair role in managing the waste? a) Agree b) Strongly agree c) Disagree d) Strongly disagree 11) Should dustbins be placed at small distances to make the specific area more clear? a) Agree b) Strongly agree c) Disagree d) Strongly disagree 12) Do you prefer using glass bottles instead using plastic bottles as glass bottles are more easily recycled and reused? a) Agree b) Strongly agree c) Disagree d) Strongly disagree 13) By using signs of 3rs at public place can give awareness to people? a) Agree b) Strongly agree

c) Disagree d) Strongly disagree

14) Recycling or reusing is better than burning the waste? a) Agree b) Strongly agree c) Disagree d) Strongly disagree

Dimensions:
Our dimensions for this project revolves around three concepts a) Recycling b) Reusing c) Reducing

Sampling:
We will use simple random sampling. We will conduct our survey in the city of Lahore and the other specifications are given below: Area: Model town Total blocks: 10 Each block has almost 105 houses. But we will conduct our survey in 5 blocks only. We will give 2 questionnaires in each house. So our total number of sample is n=1025 while number of houses in 5 blocks is N=525.

Bibliography:
http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2010/03/solid-waste-management-researchproposal-paper.html http://dl.dropbox.com/u/21130258/resources/InformationSheets/computer%20recyclers%20and %20refurbishers-111011.html http://www.slideshare.net/rebina/reduce-reuse-and-recycle-3r#btnNext http://www.wasteonline.org.uk/