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wealth in the service of the Young Turks. It was Parvus who, in common counsel with the Kaiser s government, arranged Lenin s transfer in a sealed railroad car from e!ile into "ussia in order to #ring down the detested c$arist regime at an% &rice, l.ater on, however, Lenin contem&tuousl% s&urned his advice to install a socialist market econom% in 'oviet "ussia. (ne ma% sa% that Parvus foresaw the economic destruction of the 'oviet )nion and the &rice that the *olshevik venture would claim. + , Tre#itsch was a different case- a la&sed Hungarian .ew from a ra##inical home who had converted, emigrated to /anada as a missionar%, and made his wa% to 0ngland, where he was elected to Parliament as a mem#er of the Li#eral faction under the name of Lincoln. He was 1uickl% e!&osed as a charlatan. 2fterwards, he hired himself out to the Kaiser and la#ored in 2merica to thwart the latter s entr% into 3orld 3ar I in su&&ort of the *ritish, there#% causing the *ritish a great deal of harm. In due course, *ritain had him e!tradited and &laced in &rison for several %ears. In the +,45s, he acted on #ehalf of the 3hite International 6an organi$ation of unseated 0uro&ean no#ilit%7. He died in 'hanghai in the earl% +,85s while serving as a 9erman intelligence agent in the guise of a *uddhist monk. The archives of the 3estern securit% services are &acked with material a#out Tre#itsch. 'everal leading officials in these services, at the time and in the future, were e!cessivel% sus&icion a#out .ews and develo&ed the idea that the% had had a lot to do with the ascendanc% of *olshevism. 4 5 2 'maller Than 2verage *rain 0ven though the head of 2merican militar% intelligence, /olonel :unn, dis missed the Protocols of the Elders of Zion as a forger% that &ro#a#l% originated in 9erman%, at the same time he said that a similar .ewish world cons&irac% was true in &rinci&le. Thus, the allegations that the Protocols had ins&ired refused to die. In1uirers who turned to 2merican intelligence, as stated, com&ared e!cer&ts of the Protocols with e!cer&ts of the writings of Theodor Her$l, the founding father of ;ionism, and concluded that ;ionism e!uded an antidemocratic and an anti</hristian s&irit. The% attri#uted enormous &olitical &ower to ;ionism, #laming it for having #rought on the surrender of Lord *alfour, the *ritish aristocrat who had sealed his own countr% s #orders to the .ews #ut had given them the *alfour :eclaration, that is, &ermission to steal the Hol% Land from /hristendom. 2lthough the ostensi#le theft of Palestine from the 2ra#s had not #ecome the main &ro#lem < not %et, at an% rate < the ).'. :e&artments of 'tate and 3ar 1uickl% #egan to s&eak in a conflated anti<;ionist and antisemitic tone of voice, viewing the 2ra# &ro#lem and the =uslim res&onse to ;ionism as an issue that was onl% growing worse and worse. (n >ovem#er +?, +,45, &ursuant to the anti<.ewish 2ra# violence in Palestine that %ear, the 2merican consul in .erusalem warned of the menace of *olshevism in Palestine. The gods, he said, had #lindsided the *ritish @oreign (ffice 6whose minister had given

2 'maller Than 2verage *rain

+5A

the .ews the *alfour :eclaration7, which was willing to #ring on a war of two million .ews against a hundred million =uslims. 2merican .ews, the consul o&ined, were not a#out to go to PalestineB the% were living well in 2merica. Palestine would #e settled #% "ussian, Polish, and "omanian .ews, the scum, as he &ut it, of the .ewish race. /onse1uentl%, the .ewish *olsheviks were creating a *olshevik state with 0ngland s unwitting com&licit%. "ussian .ews were accustomed to revolution, and their willingness to endure an% hardshi& made them good soldiers, the consul averred. The onl% wa% to kee& them from transforming their .ewish state into a *olshevik one, he counseled, was to destro% *olshevism from the root. (therwise, .ewish *olshevism would Coin forces with local national movements and s&read to 0g%&t, India, and so forth. 4 + These remarks contained 1uite a few &oints of &ro&hec%. Indeed, the left flank of the radical ;ionist faction known as the 'tern 9ang, Lehi in He#rew, which included .ews of Polish origin such as >athan @riedman<Yellin, would eventuall% dream of linking ;ionism and radical li#eration movements in the 2ra# world into an anti<3estern nationalist endeavor. The :e&artment of 3ar also turned its attention to a ca#le from 'wit$er land, dated :ecem#er D,+, 45, which mentioned indications of #latantl% hostile .ewish activit% against non<.ewish economic s%stems around the world and a .ewish intention of destro%ing /hristian &ro&ert% ever%where. Three organi$ations were s&ecificall% accused of this- 6+7 the ;ionists, that is, the general ;ionists or the non<'ocialist maCorit% in the ;ionist =ovement at the time, led #% :r. /haim 3ei$mann among othersB 647 Po alei ;ion, the variegated 'ocialist<;ionist organi$ation to which *en<9urion #elonged, a few of whose mem#ers had em#raced =ar!ist ideolog%B and 6E7 the *und, a .ewish 'ocialist mass movement that urged the .ewish &roletariat to Coin the various local 'ocialist movements, take their interests into account, and integrate with them wherever the% lived while maintaining their se&arate, .ewish identit%. The ;ionists, the author of the ca#le re&orted, had a &ronouncedl% national and anti<*olshevik outlook. The *ritish government had recentl% forced 3ei$mann, the head of the .ewish government 6i.e., &resident of the 3orld ;ionist (rgani$ation7 in London, to reveal &u#licl% where the ;ionists stood on the 1uestion of *olshevism. Po alei ;ion and the *und confined most of their activities to 0astern 0uro&e. Their &olitical organi$ations, the ca#le contin ued, were much less im&ortant than their numerous economic organi$ations, which &ursued financial interests in the main. The .ews &olitical interests and their economic interests were one and the same. The .ewish idea, the ca#le advised, was to esta#lish worldwide .ewish economic hegemon%B hence the .ews economic institutions should #e considered &olitical, which would s&ell the destruction of /hristian &ro&ert%. The result was a confluence of inter ests #etween the *olsheviks and the .ews, there#% e!&laining wh% the .ewish organi$ations threw their su&&ort #ehind the *olshevik movement. /ollectivel% s&eaking, the .ews neither were nor ever had #een *olsheviksB the% sim&l% used this movement to attain their goals. 4 +

io D

The Holocaust and Its Lessons

2nother =I: document, dated 2&ril +8, +,4E, descri#ed the intense anti< ;ionist feeling among the 2ra#s of Palestine due to &olitical, economic, and cultural reasons, including the .ewish attitude to women, which would unif% the 2ra#s of the whole area to create a )nited 2ra# 'tate. The ;ionists would #e massacred or e!&elled in due course, with all &ossi#le foreign su&&ort. Thus, 2mericans are fre1uentl% asked if it is true that Henr% @ord will &ro#a#l% #e the ne!t President of the )nited 'tates. The ).'. intelligence files from the earl% +,45s reveal a su#stantive<looking research stud% on .ewr% from &s%chologic, environmental, &h%sical, and racial &oints of view. 4 A 3hoever it was that commissioned this re&ort was &ro#a#l% influenced, among other things, #% the co&ious &o&ular literature of the time, as descri#ed #% Leonard :innerstein, which concerned itself with the .ews s&ecial ca&a#ilities and traits. =an% also seem to have #een influenced #% a thesis &u#lished in +,+, 6sometime #efore the stud% at issue7 #% Thorstein Fe#len, one of the founders of modern 2merican social science, claiming that the .ews actuall% were intellectuall% su&erior to others. 'ome in the 2merican defense esta#lishment deemed this thesis worth% of s%stematic e!amination. +8 3e do not know who instigated this stud%, which s&anned some eight% &ages and was #ased in &art on .ewish sources, and how it found its wa% into the files of 2merican militar% intelligence. (ne ma% surmise, however, that =I: itself took an interest in the matter, since no other federal authorit% undertook to de#ate these issues at the time. =I: also a&&eared to #e a convenient and safe &lace to &ro#e so delicate a to&ic, given the slick and sensitive nature of the o#Cect #eing investigated. It is ver% likel% that the results of the investigation served the aims of the 2merican nativists and &oliticians who had long wanted to shut the gates of the )nited 'tates to undesira#le aliens, including .ews. Indeed, in +,4+, shortl% after the stud% was com&leted, /ongress initiated a legislative &rocess that, once concluded in +,48, #anned .ewish, 2sian, and 0astern 0uro&ean immigration altogether. The seal #ecame virtuall% hermetic in +,4,, four %ears #efore Hitler s rise to &ower, when a ver% rigid 1uota of immigration visas was introduced. *% then, however, the de facto inCunction against .ewish immigration had #een in &lace for nearl% a decade. (nce this legislation was enacted, the )nited 'tates had seemingl% washed its hands of the .ewish &ro#lem. However, Hitler s rise #rought it #ack in full fur% and made its victims into a &olitical issue of the highest order. In due course, /ongress threatened to reduce the immigration 1uotas that it itself had a&&roved, which were sting% to #egin with, if "oosevelt were to allow the entrance of .ews in such num#ers as would e!haust the 1uotas. 4' The aforementioned stud% accounts for some of the #ackground of this #ehavior. @irst, its official nature made it a re&resentative document. 'econd, it reflected the ideological thinking of the time and, #% so doing, reveals the #oundaries of what official circles considered acce&ta#le. @inall%, it was highl% confidential and therefore was written with unusual candor.

G>ot Trul% a >ation and the Huestion of /hosenness

+5?

The stud% #egins #% e!&ressing truths that an% 'ocialist ;ionist from the 'ccond 2li%ah < raised on criticism of :ias&ora .ewr% as voiccd #% the writer =endele =ocher 'eforim, *erd%c$ewski, and *ialik < could agree with in some &arts and dis&ute angril% in others. It takes onl% a su&erficial o#servation, the author of the stud% said, to show that the .ew seems to have su&erior and, in an% event, a#ove<average intellectual ca&a#ilities. However, he continued, &ainstaking stud% and e!amination has elicited the interesting fact that, when all is said and done, this e!ce&tional ca&acit% might not originate in hereditar% intellectual develo&ment, racial singularit%, or uncommon talent, #ut rather in the e!&erience of o&&ression and discrimination, which forced .ews to live #% their wits for generations .26 9hetto life in the =iddle 2ges and the s&ecial restrictions that had #een im&osed on .ewish education, cou&led with the hos tile environment, had fostered among .ews an ineradica#le &redis&osition to commerce, financial legerdemain, s&eculation, and so on. 'ince the .ew had #een forced to concentrate on these domains, he was assured of develo&ing for his race the intellectual a#ilit%, cleverness, and enter&rise that the% re1uired. However, &h%siological e!amination of his #rain revealed no e!ce&tional &ro&erties, in contrast to the legend of his e!ce&tional #rain si$e. In fact, the .ewish #rain was found to #e slightl% lighter in weight than the average 0uro&ean #rain .27 The authors of the stud% were loath to endorse #iological antisemitism. However, their contention a#out the .ews led them in a ver% grave direction. 2s the% &ut it, .ews were o#livious to the limits and dangers of &owerB the% lacked the #asic tools to understand 2nglo<2merican civili$ation and its overarching conce&ts < the rules of fair &la% and the need to a&&l% self< restraint and caution in the use of social and economic &ower. The .ews, the authors said, are a singular grou& with ver% high &retensions that alwa%s revolve around their own utilit% < a radical element that stirs ferment, a revolutionar% collective that demands of others what it never honors itself.

>ot Trul% a >ation and the Huestion of /hosenness

@rom the national stand&oint, according to the authors of the 2merican stud%, the .ews efforts to maintain racial unit% have met with immense difficulties due to the lack of a national language. @or this reason, the% do not have a national mind. *% im&lication, the .ews are not a nation in the &ositive modern sense of the word. The% are not a state that lives #% dint of its hard work and a natural division of la#or among its mem#ers. The% amount to a race, a religion, a historical culture that has multilingual manifestations, a culture whose language is the ancient dead language of the *i#le in which &ra%ers are inter&reted and understood in Yiddish and other cultures national vernaculars. This, however, ca&tured the ver% revolution that *erd%c$ewski, 2had Ha am, *ialik, and the other s&iritual &atriarchs of ;ionism had long wished to #ring a#out, each in his own wa%. It also &ointed to the &rocess that their

io I

The Holocaust and Its Lessons

disci&les < Kat$nelson, *en<9urion, and the other leaders of the La#or =ove ment < had #egun to #ring a#out in the decade &receding the 2merican stud%, which &laced such strong em&hasis on the #i$arre, threatening, and menacing situation of the stateless .ews for the ver% reason of their statelessness. Indeed, .ews knew nothing a#out the essence and meaning of a statehood of their own. 0ven though its researchers were #asing their evaluation on =endele =ocher 'eforim and *erd%c$ewki, the 2merican =I: at the time knew nothing a#out *ialik, 3ei$mann and his modus o&erandi, and .a#otinsk%, not to mention *en< 9urion and Kat$nelson. However, 'ocialist ;ionism was indeed an attem&t to return the .ews to their &lace in histor% as a sovereign &eo&le. Instead of surrendering the singularit% and &retensions of .ewishness, it sought to fill them with real content as reflected in the outlook of its various factions < content that had a connection with universal values. The envisioned unit% was no longer a matter of race, religion, or historical culture, #ut rather a &roduct of the latter two and of contri#utions from the non<.ewish surroundings that com#ined with the crisis that had struck nineteenth<centur% traditional 0ast 0uro&ean .ewish societ% like a #olt of lightning. 'ince 9entiles continued to view .ews monolithicall%, the authors of the 2merican stud% descri#ed the .ew s characteristics in a s&ecific wa% after con cluding their discussion of the volume of the .ewish #rain. Ph%siologicall%, the% said, .ews dis&la% horrific concern and an!iet% over trifling illnesses and indulge in h%sterical so##ing and e!cessive grief when death occurs. These, however, are ac1uired traits that can #e modified #% adCusting the surroundings. In that case, .ews will take on characteristics of the local race. In other words, .ews can #e changed and fi!ed. (nce the% learn the customs of fair &la% that 2merican culture ostensi#l% &ractices, as well as other 2merican values such as the a#ilit% to suffer and sacrifice a son for the homeland and the maturit% to assume the #urdens that originate in mem#ershi& in a real nation 6and, within this generalit%, to endure wartime losses in a manner worth% of a societ% that had lost 4 &ercent of its &o&ulation in a civil war7, the% will #e acce&ted. The &ro#lem of the .ews, however, was not onl% a matter of #ehavioral &s%cholog% that could #e ameliorated #% enrolling them in the host culture s school. It was a &ro#lem of #ehavioral &hiloso&h%, anchored in the idea of chosenness and a covenant with 9od. The authors continued- 'ince the .ews had created a theocratic state at the dawn of histor%, and since the% had #een forci#l% dislodged from their &lace of origin and hurled into the wide world, reCecting an% other affiliation and seeking onl% a &lace to la% their heads, the% continued to #elieve that the% would &roliferate like the &rover#ial sand on the shore and rise to world domination. This argument against .ewish chosenness was widel% held among 3estern li#eral circles, of all &laces, and had #een a fundamental tenet of secular antisemitism since Foltaire s time. Foltaire was the first among li#erals to have e!&ressed this claim against chosenness and against the covenant #etween the chosen &eo&le and its e!clusive 9od in secular li#eral terms. 2fter all, the deit% &romised his children s&ecial #enefits and made them, in Foltaire s

ZIONISM VERSUS BOLSHEVISM

great countr !or "e#$% a&'ice an& gui&ance ( !or "e#$ in )en an& )one .70 *ei+)ann ,a- a.#e to turn t"e !act t"at /0e,i-"1 Bo#-"e'i-) "a& co)e to $o,er in Ru--ia to "i- -"ort(ter) a&'antage. It )ig"t "a'e .een t"oug"t t"at t"i- 'er circu)-tance $ro'e& t"e ,"o#e $o#ic o! /Zioni-) 'er-u- Bo#-"e'i-)1 .an2ru$t% .ot" a- !ar a- t"e Briti-" an& t"e Zioni-t- ,ere concerne&. On t"e contrar t"e notion .eca)e e'en )ore entrenc"e&. 3"urc"i##1- artic#e on t"e -u.4ect a$$eare& at t"e .eginning o! 1520% in t"e )i&-t o! t"e 3i'i# *ar. E6act# a ear ear#ier% *ei+)ann "a& )a&e t"i- -tate)ent to t"e 7ari- $eace con!erence8 9"e -o#ution $ro$o-e& . t"e Zioni-t Organi-ation :i.e. t"e creation o! a 0e,i-" Nationa# Ho)e in 7a#e-tine; ,a- t"e on# one ,"ic" ,ou#& in t"e #ong(run ... tran-!or) 0e,i-" energ into a con-tructi'e !orce in-tea& o! it- .eing &i--i$ate& in &e-tructi'e ten&encie-.71 Suc" re)ar2- antici$ate&% to a re)ar2a.#e &egree% t"e ,or&- e)$#o e& . 3"urc"i##. Later% .e!ore t"e 9,e#!t" Zioni-t 3ongre-- in 1521% *ei+)ann in'o2e& a -i)i#ar )eta$"or8 Britain ,it" "er $o#itica# !ar-ig"te&ne--% un&er-too& -ooner an& .etter t"an an ot"er nation ... t"at t"e 0e,i-" <ue-tion% ,"ic" "ang- #i2e a -"a&o, o'er t"e ,or#&% )a .eco)e a gigantic !orce o! con-truction or a )ig"t in-tru)ent o! &e-truction.72 In co))on ,it" t"e Briti-" go'ern)ent% "e -ti## genuine# .e#ie'e& t"at "e cou#& in!#uence e'ent- in Ru--ia t"roug" t"e Zioni-t )o'e)ent t"ere. Not on# in Ru--ia% in&ee&% .ut in 7o#an& too8 7o#i-" 0e,r i! &ri'en to &e-$air )ig"t !or) a .ri&ge .et,een =er)ani-) an& Bo#-"e'i-) ,"ic" ,ere at $re-ent -e$arate& . it an& t"i- ,ou#& .e a &anger to t"e ,"o#e ,or#&8 Mr Ba#!our -ee)e& to -ee t"e !orce o! t"i- argu)ent an& e6$re--e& t"e o$inion t"at t"e Zioni-t -o#ution )u-t .e -u$$orte& i! on# to a'oi& t"i- gra'e &anger ,"ic" ,ou#& ot"er,i-e t"reaten. *ei+)ann a&&e& an NB to t"i- )e)o8 Ma&e a $oint o! t"i-.7>

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BOLSHEVI?S @NA BRI9ISH 0E*S

Har& on t"e "ee#- o! t"e Aec#aration ( an& o! t"e Bo#-"e'i2 Re'o#ution "e ,ire& to Ro-o' in 7etrogra&8 /Bour -acre& &ut no, to -trengt"en $ro(Briti-" - )$at"iein Ru--ian 0e,r an& counteract $o,er!u## a## a&'er-e in!#uence-. Re)e).er $ro'i&entia# coinci&ence o! Briti-" an& 0e,i-" intere-t-.1C He inten&e& to !o##o, t"iu$ ,it" t"e &e-$atc" o! a &e#egation con-i-ting o! So2o#o'% 9-c"#eno' an& 0a.otin-2 to Ru--ia /to $ro)ote t"e 4oint ai)- o! t"e Zioni-t Organi-ation an& t"e @##ie& 7o,er-1.7D @ -i)i#ar )i--ion% "ea&e& . @aron @aron-o"n% ,a- to go to t"e Unite& State-. 9"i- $#an% ,it" regar& to Ru--ia at #ea-t% $ro'e& i)$ractica.#e% o,ing to t"e Octo.er coup detat. B Ee.ruar 151F% *ei+)ann ,a- .eginning to rea#i-e t"e #i)itation- o! "i- $o#ic ( an& t"at% $er"a$-% "i- e6$ectation- "a& .een too great8 9"e tota# e!!ect o! t"i- :Zioni-t; $ro$agan&a in Ru--ia "a- .een con-i&era.#e t"oug" $er"a$- "ar&# a- )uc" a- "a& .een "o$e&. 9"e Re'o#ution occu$ie& )o-t o! t"e attention o! t"e Ru--ian 0e,- an& t"e con-o#i&ation o! t"eir ne,# ( ,on #i.ert ,a- t"eir )ain o.4ect. 9"e genera# !ee#ing a)ong t"e) ,a- !ar !ro) !rien&# to =reat Britain. He ne'ert"e#e-- arri'e& at t"e -a)e conc#u-ion a- -o)e Eoreign O!!ice o!!icia#- /t"at "a& t"e Aec#aration co)e -ooner t"e cour-e o! t"e Re'o#ution )ig"t "a'e .een a!!ecte&1.7G *ei+)ann certain# &i& not -"are t"e i##u-or .e#ie! entertaine& . #e-- ,e##( in!or)e& e#e)ent- in t"e Eoreign O!!ice t"at -o)e"o, t"e /0e,i-"1 Bo#-"e'i2cou#& .e )a&e )ore a)ena.#e to t"e @##ie& cau-e t"roug" t"e )ac"ination- o! t"e Ru--ian Zioni-t-. In&ee&% "e "a& -cant - )$at" !or Bo#-"e'i-) to ,"ic" /55 $er cent o! t"e 0e,i-" $eo$#e1 ,ere /&ea&# ene)ie-1. 77 Nor &i& "e -u.-cri.e to t"e o$$o-ite notion t"at Ru--ian Zioni-t- ,ere ca$a.#e o! )o.i#i-ing t"e ,"o#e o! Ru--ian 0e,r again-t t"e Bo#-"e'i2- in con4unction ,it" t"e anti-e)itic *"ite Ru--ian genera#-. He &i&% "o,e'er% -"are t"e Eoreign O!!ice1- !ait" in t"e e!!icac o! Zioni-) a- an anti&ote to t"e -$rea& o! =er)an in!#uence in t"e U2raine. 9"e =er)an a&'ance in t"e ea-t an& t"e conco)itant $o--i.i#it o! a -e$arate $eace t"ere ,a- t"e $ri)ar &anger to Briti-" ( an& t"ere!ore to 0e,i-" ( intere-t- in t"e ,inter o! 15171F. *ei+)ann t"ere!ore ga'e *"ite"a## "i- !u## coo$eration in t"eir atte)$t- to a'oi& -uc" an e'entua#it . He te#egra$"e& Bran&ei- in *a-"ington t"u-8

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In!or)ation recei'e& t"at =er)an- conte)$#ate &uring @r)i-tice to e-ta.#i-" $urc"a-ing co)$anie- Sout" Ru--ia ... an& to o.tain $ro&uce an& $etro# ,"ic" ,ou#& ren&er our .#oc2a&e ine!!ecti'e ... ,e t"in2 t"at 0e,- o! Sout" Ru--ia ,"o contro# tra&e cou#& e!!ecti'e# counteract =er)an an& Bo#-"e'i2 )anoeu're- in a##iance ,it" U2raine. *e "a'e te#egra$"e& to our !rien&7etrogra&% Ro-to'% ?ie'% O&e--a% an& .eg ou to &o t"e -a)e% a$$ea#ing to t"e) on .e"a#! o! @##ie& an& 7a#e-tinian cau-e ... 0e,- "a'e no, -$#en&i& o$$ortunit to -"o, t"eir gratitu&e Eng#an& an& @)erica.7G *ei+)ann counte& not )ere# on t"e coo$eration o! t"e internationa# Zioni-t /net,or21% .ut on 0e,i-" !inancia# $o,er H/0e,- o! Sout" Ru--ia ,"o contro# tra&e1I. So)e,"at $re)ature# in Ee.ruar 151F% "e ga'e guar&e& te-ti)on to ,"at "e con-i&ere& to .e t"e -ucce-- o! t"i- $o#ic 8 E'en no, in t"e <ue-tion:-; o! econo)ic contro# t"e -u$$ort o! t"e 0e,- o! Sout" Ru--ia i- o! !un&a)enta# i)$ortance an& t"i- un&ou.te&# a$$ear- to "a'e .een -ecure&. 9"e connection- .et,een Ru--ian an& =er)an 0e,- )a2et"e 0e,- t"e natura# c"anne# !or t"e e6$#oitation o! Ru--ian re-ource- . t"e 3entra# 7o,er-. 9"i- c"anne# "a- no, .een to -o)e e6tent interru$te& an& t"inegati'e re-u#t )a co)$en-ate !or t"e -)a## in!#uence ,"ic" "a- "it"erto .een o.taine& in t"e $o#itica# -$"ere.C It i- certain# t"e ca-e t"at 0e,- $#a e& a )a4or ro#e in U2rainian co))erce. *ei+)ann ,a- none t"e #e--% #i2e -o)e Eoreign O!!ice o!!icia#-% gui#t o! e6aggerating t"e -trengt" o! 0e,i-" !inancia# $o,er in Ru--ia. 9"e !act re)ain- t"at t"e 0e, i- a-u-ce$ti.#e to ) t"- a.out t"e c"aracter o! "i- o,n co))unit a- an =enti#e. 9"e =er)an- an& t"e Bo#-"e'i2- -igne& t"e 9reat o! Bre-t(Lito'-2 in Marc" 151F% an& t"i- o$ene& t"e ,a !or =er)an econo)ic e6$#oitation o! t"e U2raine.

J0>9LI'H ;I(>I'T' F0"')' *"ITI'H .03' - TH0 I=P2/T (@ TH0 ")''I2> "0F(L)TI(> )P(> TH0 :0*2T0 3ITHI> 2>9L(<.03"Y

*"at ,a- t"e !uture !or Zioni-) in t"e ne, Ru--iaJ *ou#& t"e cau-e o! 0e,i-" nationa#i-) .e -trengt"ene& in a !ree -ociet ,"ic"% !or t"e

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ti)e .eing at #ea-t% in'ite& o$en $o#itica# &e.ateJ Or ,ou#& it% . contra-t% -uccu). to t"e co)$eting #ure o! a--i)i#ationJ *"at a.out t"e ot"er a#ternati'e- con!ronting Ru--ian 0e,r % -uc" a- t"e Bun&i-t -o#ution o! /Nationa# 3u#tura# @utono) 1 ,it"in t"e .or&er- o! t"e tran-!or)e& -tate% or rene,e& e)igration to t"e ,e-tJ In&ee&% ,a- Zioni-) -ti## re#e'ant no, t"at Ru--ian 0e,r "a& gaine& t"eir e)an ( ci$ationJ 9"e-e ,ere 4u-t -o)e o! t"e <ue-tion- ,"ic" $ro$onent- an& o$$onent- o! Zioni-) ,it"in t"e @ng#o(0e,i-" co))unit "a& to a&&re-- in t"e a!ter)at" o! t"e Ru--ian Re'o#ution. Auring 1517% a $a)$"#et ,ar ,a- ,age& ,it"in ( an& ,it"out ( t"at co))unit % in ,"ic" t"e-e i--ue- ,ere centra# to t"e argu)ent- o! .ot" -i&e-. 9"i- $u.#ic ,ar )irrore& t"e $ara##e# ( a#)o-t - ).o#ic ( -trugg#e ta2ing $#ace ,it"in t"e go'ern)ent ( .et,een t"e Zioni-t Her.ert Sa)ue# an& "i- anti(Zioni-t cou-in E&,in Montagu. 2nti<;ionists and the "evolution I regar& ,it" $er!ect e<uani)it Ru--ia. E&,in Montagu to Sir Eric Aru))on&% Ear# o! 7ert"% > @ugu-t 1516KL I! Ru--ian 0e,- o.taine& !ree&o) in No'e).er% t"ere ,ou#& .e no )ore Zioni-t- in Aece).er. attri.ute& to Lucien *o#!% c. 1516 Zioni-)% *o#! )aintaine&% ,a- !oun&e& u$on anti-e)iti-). It en4o e& no in&e$en&ent e6i-tence o! it- o,nM it ,a- rat"er a ,"o## negati'e reaction to anti-e)iti-)% an& one ,"ic" "e#& out an entire# i##u-or "o$e o! e-ca$e !ro) $er-ecution in ea-tern Euro$e. It ,a-% in -"ort% )ere# a !or)u#a ari-ing out o! /t"e $o#itica# e6igencie- o! t"e ti)e-1.N 7roo! o! t"i- #a in t"e !act t"at 0e,i-" nationa#i-) &re, it- #ea&er-"i$ an& $o$u#ar -u$$ort $rinci$a## !ro) t"e 7a#e o! Sett#e)ent an& not !ro) ,e-t Euro$ean an& @)erican 0e,r % ,"o "a& a#rea& ac"ie'e& ci'i# an& $o#itica# e)anci$ation. It !o##o,e&% t"ere!ore% t"at t"e ca-e !or Zioni-) co##a$-e& ,it" t"e &a,n o! e)anci$ation in t"e ea-t ( t"at i-% ,it" t"e co)ing o! t"e Ru--ian Re'o#ution. No, Ru--ian 0e,r ,ou#& trea& t"e -a)e $at" to,ar&- in&i'i&ua# !ree&o) an& #ega# e<ua#it in a ,"ate'er treat)ent t"e 0e,- recei'e in

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$ar#ia)entar -on% $ut it8

&e)ocrac

a- it- counter$art- in t"e ,e-t. @- Laurie Magnu-% 7"i#i$1-

9"e -tar o! !ree&o) "a- ri-en in Ne, Ru--ia% an& 7ru--ian kultur, ,"ic" rein'ente& anti-e)iti-)% i- -etting in .at"- o! .#oo&. 9"e 0e,i-" $ro.#e) to 0e,i-" e e- in 1502 ,a- "o, to e-ca$e $er-ecution. 9"eo&ore Her+# ,a- a &e-$erate )an. 0e,i-" con&ition- un&er Eranci- 0o-e$" ,ere into#era.#e% an& t"e -ituation ,a- e'en ,or-e in Rou)ania an& Ru--ia. 9o&a t"i- &e-$air i#i!te& ... I)$eria# Ru--ia i- !in&ing "er o,n -ou#. 9"e re)e&ie- &e'i-e& . t"e ne, Zioni-t- to cure t"e e'i#- t"e cou#& not .ear% &i-a$$ear ,it" t"e e'i#- t"at engen&ere& t"e).G2 9"e 0e,i-" anti(Zioni-t- ,ere irre$re--i.# con!i&ent t"at e)anci$ation cou#& u#ti)ate# .e ac"ie'e& e'er ,"ere. Ba-ing t"e)-e#'e- on t"e $re)i--% !or)u#ate& . t"e =er)an Re!or) Sc"oo#% t"at /0e,i-"1 i&entit ,a- a $ure# re#igiou- an& not a nationa# c"aracteri-tic% t"e re4ecte& t"e Zioni-t argu)ent t"at t"e 0e,- !or)e& a &i-tinct $o#itica# an& nationa# entit ,"ic" re<uire& a territoria# centre. 9"e -trugg#e !or e<ua# rig"t- ,a- t"u- a car&ina# $rinci$#e o! t"e anti(Zioni-t cree&. 9"e /0e,i-" #i.era# co)$ro)i-e1 ,a- a$$#ica.#e to .ot" ,e-t an& ea-t. 9"e 0e,i-" -trugg#e ,a- $art o! t"e genera# .att#e !or #i.ert ta2ing $#ace in Euro$e an&% a- -uc"% ,a- .oun& u$ ,it" uni'er-a#i-t ten&encie- in t"e 0e,i-" re#igion. 9o e).race Zioni-) ,a- a &enia# o! t"e 0e,i-" Mi--ion to Man2in& in !a'our o! a narro, nationa#i-). In re#ation to Ru--ia it )eant an a.&ication o! $o#itica# re-$on-i.i#it . 7"i#i$ Magnu- ,rote8 In t"e recent Re'o#ution ... t"e 0e,- are 2no,n to "a'e ta2en an acti'e $art8 .ut t"e &i& -o% not ,it" a 'ie, to t"e re-toration o! 0e,i-" nationa#it in 7a#e-tine% .ut in t"e en&ea'our to -ecure !or t"e Ru--ian $eo$#e% a- a ,"o#e... !ree&o)... It "a- .een -ai& t"at t"e Re'o#ution ,i## $ro'e to .e t"e &eat".#o, to t"e genera# acce$tance . Ru--ian 0e,- o! t"e i&ea o! Nationa# Zioni-)% an& -o it -"ou#& .e% !or t"e 0e,- in Ru--ia% a- #o a# -u.4ect- o! t"e $re-ent 7ro'i-iona# =o'ern)ent% -"ou#& &e'ote t"eir energie-% t"eir ,e##(2no,n organi-ing a.i#itie-% an& t"eir inte##ectua# e!!ort- to t"e .ui#&ing u$ o! a ne, an& !ree Ru--ia% occu$ ing a !ore)o-t $#ace a)ong t"e ci'i#i-ing nation- o! t"e ,or#&.1>

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Laurie Magnu- concurre&8 *e u-e& to "ear a.out Litt#e Eng#an&er-. Sure# Litt#e 0e,- i- t"e rig"t ter) !or t"e neo(Zioni-t-% .re& in $er-ecution ... :,"o; urge& t"e re)e& o! !#ig"t ... But t"e ... )ora# $ur$o-e :"a-; a#,a - #ain in t"e &irection o! an i)$ro'e)ent o! 0e,i-" con&ition- !ro) ,it"in. Ru--ian 0e,-% . re)aining in Ru--ia ,i## "e#$ Ru--ia to .eco)e a )o&ern -tate.G4 Suc" "ig"()in&e&ne-- a$art% t"e anti(Zioni-t- "a& anot"er% !ar )ore $ro-aic concern8 t"e -$rea& o! 0e,i-" nationa#i-) cou#& un&er)ine t"e $roce-o! e)anci$ation in Ru--ia at 4u-t t"at )o)ent ,"en it ,a- .eing ac"ie'e& . con4uring u$ t"e -$ectre o! /&ua# #o a#tie-1. Lucien *o#! -u))e& u$ t"e &i#e))a8 9"e Zioni-t- -a t"at t"e 0e,- are a nation. Mo-t eager# i- t"i- !a#-e an& !oo#i-" a--ertion #ai& "o#& o! . anti-e)ite- ,"o are a#,a - eager an& - )$at"etic Zioni-t-. Eor% i! t"e 0e,- are a nation% "o, can t"e .e citi+en- o! ot"er nation-J @ )an cannot .e#ong to t,o nation-. I! "e i- a 0e, . nationa#it % "e can1t .e a true Ru--ian or Eng#i-")an. Zioni-) cou#& t"u- in-$ire anti-e)iti-)% rat"er t"an $ro'i&e a -o#ution to it. 9o *o#! t"e Zioni-t $rogra))e a)ounte& to a uni#atera# &ec#aration% . a -ection o! 0e,r % t"at t"e 0e,i-" )a--e- ,ere /in a -tate o! "o)e#e--ne--1 t"roug"out t"e ,or#&. 9"i- ,a- ,it"out &ou.t a /&e$#ora.#e1 &ec#aration ,"ic" /)a .e ca#cu#ate& to ,rec2 ,"ate'er c"ance- o! #i.ert an& "a$$ine-- t"ere )a .e at t"e $re-ent )o)ent !or t"e -e'en )i##ion- o! un"a$$ 0e,- in ea-tern Euro$e1.GD In "i- -er)on !or Shavuos H7enteco-tI 1517% ,"ic" ,a- a$$ro$riate# entit#e& The Mission of the Jew, Re'. E$"rai) Le'ene o! t"e Ne, *e-t En& - nagogue -ai&8 @ !e, ,ee2- ago t"e ,or#& ,a- ringing ,it" t"e g#a& ti&ing- o! t"e Re'o#ution in Ru--ia. 0e,- ,ere &e'out# t"an2!u# t"at t"e era o! #i.eration "a& &a,ne& !or our Ru--ian .ret"ren. 9"e nationa#i-t a-$irant- a#)o-t ,ent .e on& t"e)-e#'e- in t"eir ent"u-ia-). 9"e ,ere c#a)ouring at t"e Boar& o! Ae$utie.ecau-e t"at .o& "a& not .een i)$etuou- enoug" to -en& te#egra)- to Ru--ia an& acc#ai) t"e "a$$ e'ent. /9"e greate-t e'ent in 0e,i-" "i-tor 1% t"e $roc#ai)e&. 9"e e)anci$ation o! )i##ion-

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