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Automotive Fuels

Objectives (1 of 5)
Explain the refining process of petroleumbased fuels. escribe the combustion process of an internal combustion engine. escribe the four performance characteristics of gasoline.

Objectives (! of 5)
Explain ho" #eid vapor pressure is measured. Explain the difference bet"een "inter and summer blend gasoline. Explain ho" octane ratings are determined.

Objectives ($ of 5)
Explain "hat the octane rating represents. escribe the common methods of determining the octane number. etermine the differences bet"een regular and premium gasoline. escribe the various t%pes of gasoline and additives.

Objectives (& of 5)
Explain the purpose of ox%genated fuels. 'ist and describe the common ox%genated fuel blends. escribe the different alternative fuels. escribe the properties of diesel fuel.

Objectives (5 of 5)
Explain the differences bet"een diesel fuel grades. Explain the cetane rating of diesel fuel. escribe ho" cetane ratings affect po"er output. Explain "hat ()* gravit% is and ho" it affects po"er output.

*ntroduction
+his chapter describes the composition and ,ualities of. /asoline . iesel fuel . (lternative fuels

/asoline 0omposition (1 of !)
0rude oil is a combination of light and heav% h%drocarbon compounds. #efining crude %ields oils1 greases1 gasoline1 diesel fuel1 and other compounds.

/asoline 0omposition (! of !)
/asoline components are custom blended from refined crude oil for proper. Octane . Emissions . 2torage life . 3olatilit%

0ombustion 0hemistr%
0ombustion is the process of burning air and h%drocarbons (40) in the engine.
. 405O!56!5spar7 8 4!O50O!50O54056Ox5other chemicals

2toichiometric
*f combustion "ere complete1 then all of the fuel (40) "ould be combined "ith the available O!. +his mixture of 1&.9 parts air to 1 part of ox%gen is called the stoichiometric ratio1 or stoichiometr%.

/asoline 0haracteristics
*mportant characteristics "e "ill consider. 3olatilit% . 2ulfur content . (dditives . Octane rating

3olatilit%
3olatilit% is the measure of a fuel:s abilit% to vapori;e. Onl% vapori;ed fuel supports complete combustion. 'i,uid fuel in the combustion chamber dilutes engine oil and prevents lubrication.

'o" 3olatilit% )roblems


( fuel "ith lo" volatilit% causes. 4ard cold starts . )oor cold driveabilit% . *ncreased plug and combustion chamber deposits

4igh 3olatilit% )roblems


4igh evaporative emissions )oor hot driveabilit% )oor fuel econom%

<inter =lend
*n the "inter (in cold areas of the countr%)1 fuel must be more volatile in order to provide good cold starts and driveabilit%. +his fuel is speciall% blended for "inter use onl%1 and "ould be too volatile for summer.

2ummer =lend
>uel used in the summer must be less volatile to prevent high volatilit% problems because of higher temperatures. >uel is also blended for the altitude "here it is used.

#eid 3apor )ressure


( measure of a fuels volatilit% is called #eid vapor pressure.

2ulfur 0ontent
2ulfur is contained in crude oil and some remains in the gasoline. +oo much sulfur causes corrosion in the engine and exhaust s%stem1 and a rotten egg smell. 2ulfur is limited to .?1@ b% regulation.

>uel (dditives (1 of !)
+etraeth%l lead "as added at one time to improve octane ratings of fuel. Anleaded fuel is re,uired b% the catal%tic converter1 so leaded fuel is no longer available.

>uel (dditives (! of !)
etergents
. Ased to 7eep fuel injectors clean

(nti-icing
. )revents gas line free;e up

Betal deactivators and rust inhibitors


. )revent reactions bet"een fuel s%stem metals and fuel

/um or oxidation inhibitors


. 4elps prevent formation of gum "hen gasoline is stored.

Octane #atings (1 of !)
( higher compression ratio ma7es an engine more efficient. ( higher compression ratio also ma7es an engine more li7el% to experience detonation. Octane rating is a measure of the fuel:s abilit% to resist detonation.

Octane #atings (! of !)
( test engine is used to determine the octane of a fuel sample b% comparing its anti-7noc7 capabilit% against a test fuel mixture.

Octane
>uel burns "ithin a fe" milliseconds1 but is considered a controlled burn1 not an explosion. +he flame front moves at about 5? to !5? meters per second.

etonation (1 of !)
<hen detonation is occurring1 the flame front moves at about the speed of sound. <hen detonation occurs1 the pressure inside the engine builds too ,uic7l%1 "hich can damage the engine1 and produce spar7 7noc7.

etonation (! of !)
+he spar7-7noc7 %ou hear "hen detonation is occurring is the result of the engine structure ringing due to the pressure spi7e. Engine design and computer-controlled timing1 along "ith fuel of the proper octane all help control detonation.

#egular and )remium >uel


#egular fuel 8 C9 octane Bid-grade 8 CD octane )remium 8 D$ octane 4igh compression engines re,uire higher octane fuel. Engines designed for regular fuel do not benefit from premium.

Octane *mprovers
2ince lead can no longer be used to improve octane1 several other compounds have been utili;ed.
. (romatic h%drocarbons . Ethanol1 methanol1 tertiar% but%l alcohol (+=() . Betallic compounds such as BB+

Ox%genated >uels
Ox%genated fuels reduce the amount of carbon monoxide emission b% adding compounds such as alcohols and ethers that have ox%gen in their molecular structure. +he molecular ox%gen is released during burning and produces a leaner air fuel mixture.

Bethanol
Bethanol is made from coal1 natural gas1 oil shale1 "ood1 or garbage. *t re,uires a special fuel s%stem because methanol is so corrosive. Bethanol-gasoline mixes do not have as much energ% as gasoline alone.

Ethanol
*t is the most common alcoholEgasoline mixture. *t increases the octane level of fuel. 3ehicles using ethanol mixes need more fre,uent fuel filter changes. /asolineEethanol mix absorbs "ater.

(dvantages of (lcohol (dditives


(bsorbs "ater in fuel tan7 0leans the fuel s%stem #educes 0O emission *ncreases fuel octane b% three points

isadvantages of (lcohol (dditives


0an clog fuel filters due to cleaning action #aises the volatilit% of fuel 'o"ers miles per gallon b% !-$@ (bsorbs "ater then separates from gasoline in cold "eather (lcohol does not vapori;e as easil% as gasoline

#eformulated /as
Bandated b% the E)( for o;one nonattainment areas 0ompared to regular gasoline #)/. 4as lo"er levels of compounds that contribute to air pollution . 4as a lo"er vapor pressure . 0ontains ox%genates

(lternative >uels
+ighter E)( emission regulations have lead to the search for viable alternative fuels.

'i,uid )etroleum /as


Bostl% propane "ith a small amount of butane =urns ver% clean 4as a higher octane rating than gasoline

6atural /as
One of the cleanest burning fuels available 'ighter than air so it dissipates ,uic7l% #educes maintenance on vehicles because it burns so cleanl% 'ac7 of infrastructure to refuel biggest disadvantage

4%drogen
)roduces onl% "ater and carbon dioxide "hen burned One of the most abundant elements in the universe Octane rating of over 1$? 'ac7 of infrastructure for refueling

E-C5
( mixture of C5@ ethanol and 15@ unleaded fuel 4as an octane rating of 1?? #e,uires a flex-fuel option e,uipped vehicle to use

iesel >uel
iesel engines use the heat of compression to ignite the fuel. iesel fuel has its o"n set of standards1 just li7e gasoline.

ensit%
)o"er output of a diesel engine is related to fuel densit%.
. Bore dense fuel has a higher po"er output. . 'ess dense fuels get fe"er miles per gallon.

3iscosit%
iesel fuel must be able to flo" through the fuel s%stem and therefore have lo" viscosit%. 3iscosit% also affects injector spra% pattern. 3iscosit% must be high enough to lubricate fuel injectors1 but not produce large droplets of fuel that are hard to burn.

0loud )oint and )our )oint


(s diesel fuel gets colder1 these points are eventuall% reached. 0loud point is "hen paraffin starts to form in the fuel "hich bloc7s fuel flo". . )our point is "hen the fuel solidifies.
+he higher the fuel ,ualit%1 the lo"er the temperature for both Fpoints.G

3olatilit%
Even though diesel fuel is not as volatile as gasoline1 volatilit% is still important.
. 'o" volatilit% fuels leave too much carbon residue behind for automotive diesels.

0etane #ating
0etane is the measure of diesel fuel ignition ,ualit%. ( sample of fuel is assigned a cetane rating based on its ignition lag time. +he shorter the lag time the higher the cetane rating.

2ulfur 0ontent
'imited to .?5@ sulfur b% la". Excessive sulfur content causes sulfuric acid to form during combustion "hich damages engine components.

iesel >uel /rades


Binimum ,ualit% standards for diesel fuel grades have been set.

/rade 1
'o"-temperature fuel 4as highest volatilit% 'o"est pour and cloud point

/rade !
4igher volatilit%1 pour point1 and cloud point than grade 1 Bost commonl% used diesel fuel grade *n cold climates1 diesel 1 and ! mixed to provide easier starting >uel mileage drops due to the addition of diesel 1

/rade &
6ot an automotive fuel >or lo" speed engines under a constant load

0leanliness
iesel fuel must be free of "ater and debris because diesel fuel lubricates and cools fuel s%stem components.

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