Operational Procedures

The minimum equipment list (MEL) gives the equipment which can be inoperative when undertaking a flight and the additional procedures to be observed accordingl ! This list is prepared b " the operator# and it is inserted in the operations manual The time of useful consciousness in case of an e$plosive decompression at an altitude of %& &&& ft is" '( seconds! )hile approaching the outer*marker# the tower informs ou about the presence of a +microburst+! ,ou will e$pect to encounter" wind shears (vertical and hori-ontal)! .!%!( /rake and wheel fires The overheating of brake and wheel assemblies usuall follows e$cessive braking! This can happen on landing when a h draulic failure reduces the abilit of the pilot to utili-e control surfaces (flaps) and he feels the aircraft ma over run the runwa or more often# on an aborted take*off! 0uite often tires will burst or# as the aircraft comes to a standstill# ignite b transference of heat from the brakes! To avoid metal failure# fire*fighters attending overheated brake and wheel assemblies should usuall refrain from appl ing water and allow natural cooling! 1f there is fire however# a fine water fog applied from fore and aft of the undercarriage assembl is generall used! 2!2!' )heel 3ssembl 4ires! 5! The following warnings# caution# and note pertain to all aspects of wheel assembl fire fighting operations" 6apid cooling ma cause an e$plosive failure of a wheel assembl ! )hen water fog is used on a wheel assembl fire# an intermittent application of short bursts (. to '& seconds) ever 5& seconds should be used! The 147T3 3ircraft 6escue and 4ire 4ighting manual have similar information! The 433 3ircraft 6escue and 4ire*fighter Training 8/T states that +9ot brakes should be allowed to cool naturall ! 1f the tires start to catch fire# use water spra from a safe distance+! 1n case of a fire due to the heating of the brakes# ou fight the fire using" '! a dr powder fire e$tinguisher (! 3 water spra atomi-er! The information concerning dangerous goods that passengers ma carr # are listed in the" 183O document titled +Technical safet instructions for the air transportation of dangerous products+ The Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) defines the equipment which can be inoperative when undertaking a flight and the conditions under which this allowance can be accepted! This MMEL is drawn up b " the manufacturer and approved b the certification authorit 4ire fighting in the toilets must be performed with" all available e$tinguishers simultaneousl !

 The general information# instructions and recommendations on the transport of ha-ardous materials are specified in the" operations manual! )hen an aircraft flies into a hori-ontal tail wind gust the aircraft tends" to descend :iscous h droplaning occurs primaril if the runwa is covered with a thin film of water and" the runwa is ver smooth and dirt ! 1n regards to 183O 3nne$ ';# when offering dangerous goods for transportation b air# who initiall is responsible for compliance with the regulations< The shipper! The Minimum Equipment List (MEL) defines the equipment which can be inoperative when undertaking a flight and the additional procedures under which this allowance can be accepted! The Mel is drawn up b " the operator and ma be more restrictive than the Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) 3eroplane wake turbulence during take off starts when" the nose wheel lifts off the runwa ! 1f smoke appears in the air conditioning# the first action to take is to" Put on the mask and goggles! 1n accordance with =36*OP7# the take*off climb procedures for noise abatement to be specified b the operator should be" for an one aeroplane t pe# the same for all aerodromes! Malfunctioning of the automatic pressuri-ation s stem is indicated b " '! 3 change in environmental sounds! (! The cabin altitude gauge indicates an abnormal rate of climb! 5! The differential pressure between the e$terior and the interior of the aircraft decreases! 3 hand water fire*e$tinguisher should be used on a fire of" paper# fabric# carpet To avoid wake turbulence# when departing behind a larger aircraft# the pilot should manoeuvre" 3bove and upwind from the larger aircraft 1n icing conditions# if ou have e$ceeded the holdover time# the correct procedure is to" de*ice the aircraft again# and then appl anti*icing fluid! ,ou will use a powder fire*e$tinguisher for" '! a paper fire (! 3 plastic fire 5! 3 h drocarbon fire %! an electrical fire 8ontaminated when (.> of the surface covered in more than 5mm of water or equivalent in wet snow or slush! (3 )ET runwa has a reflective surface? a @3MP runwa has moisture# but is not reflective) 3ccording with @O8 %%%% (183O)# a wake turbulence radar separation minima of A!5 km (.!& BM) shall be applied when a" L1C9T aircraft is crossing behind a ME@1DM aircraft# at the same altitude or less than 5&& m (' &&& ft) 3ccording to 183O @oc ;'2;# a noise abatement departure procedure is BOT to be initiated at less than" ;&& ft above aerodrome elevation The reference document ou shall use when a piece of equipment on our aeroplane fails during ta$i is" the Operations Manual under the heading +3bnormal and Emergenc Procedures+!

 )hat class of dangerous goods is represented b the label shown in the anne$< O$ides and Pero$ides 4ollowing an e$plosive decompression# if ou are using an o$ gen diluter demand s stem# the regulator controls the amount of air that is mi$ed with pure o$ gen when the suppl selector is at the +normal+ position! 3t what appro$imate altitude will the regulator suppl to the mask become pure o$ gen onl < 5(&&& ft 4or an aeroplane with a t re pressure of '2 bars# there is a risk of d namic h droplaning as soon as" 7peed is greater than '5; kt! )hat class of dangerous goods is represented b the label shown in the anne$< 8orrosive 9alon or equivalent fire e$tinguishers can be used in case of fire fighting in an aeroplane" in the cockpit and cargo holds! @ue to a risk of t re e$plosions when the brakes are ver hot# the landing gear should be approached" either from the front or the rear! )ake turbulence is created b " The wingtips of heav aircraft during the takeoff and landing! @uring a de*icing E anti*icing procedure carried out in two stages# the holdover time starts" at the beginning of the second stage (anti*icing stage)! 4uel Fettisoning is co*ordinated with 3T8 so that the aircraft can be routed awa from built*up areas# preferabl over water and awa from thunderstorm activit ! 1t should not occur below 2#&&&G! 3n aircraft must be able to Fettison the required amount of fuel such that it can safel land '. minutes after take*off! 1n icing conditions and after the application of an anti*icing fluid on an aeroplane# the commander should" '! avoid positioning the aeroplane in the engine Fet blast of the preceding aeroplane (! avoid positioning the aeroplane in the turbo*prop wash of the preceding aircraft! 9ow is the uncleared part of a contaminated runwa reported in a 7BO)T3M< 1n plain language at item T (the final paragraph) of a 7BO)T3M! To fight a fire in an air*conditioned class E cargo hold# the correct initial action is to" shut off the ventilating airflow within the affected compartment! )hen taking*off behind a heav aircraft# with the wind coming from the right side# ou adopt# whenever possible" a different flight path from the preceding aircraft# b remaining to the right of and above its path! )hich of the following statements is correct concerning a take off from a contaminated runwa < 1n general the performance data for take off has been determined b means of calculation and has not been verified b flight tests! ,our flight manual does not include specific supplementar information on landing distances on wet runwa s and the service bulletins or weather reports indicate that the runwa ma be wet at the estimated time of arrival! The required landing distance on a dr runwa must be increased b " '. >

 )indshear ma be described as a change in wind direction andEor speed in space# including updraughts and downdraughts! To counter the effects of windshear the amount of control action that is required is" substantial 1n case of an une$pected encounter with windshear# ou will" '! set the ma$imum take*off thrust (! 1ncrease the pitch*up attitude up to the limit actuating the stick shaker %! keep gear# flaps and slats in current configuration and retract the speed brakes 1n case of landing on a flooded runwa and in heav rain" '! ou increase our approach speed# (! ou land firml in order to obtain a firm contact of the wheels with the runwa and immediatel land our nose gear! %! ou use s stematicall all the lift dumper devices# 3 dr *chemical t pe fire e$tinguisher could be used to fight the fire of" '* paper# fabric# carpet (* flammable liquids 5* electrical equipment %* metals# flammable gases# chemicals! 9eav (9) 8ategor # are all aircraft t pes of" '52 &&& Hg or more )hile approaching a mountainous airfield# the captain of a transport aircraft notices a fast and high increase in the indicated airspeed without an change in the preselected engine and attitude parameters! The preceding crews had reported the occurrence of windshears in final phase! ,ou must" maintain the aircraft on the glide path accept a positive speed deviation# monitor the speed evolution! 1n a light crosswind (appro$imatel . kt) from the right behind an aeroplane taking off" The right wake vorte$ remains appro$imatel on the runwa ! 1n accordance with 183O and P3B7*3TM procedures# which letter should be entered into a flight plan to denote an aeroplane which has a weight of less than '52&&& kg but greater than I&&& kg" M 1n compliance with ED*OP7# unless otherwise specified# when carr ing dangerous goods on board a public transport aircraft# the must be accompanied b " 3 dangerous goods transport document! 4or a given ambient temperature and t pe of de*icing fluid# in which of the following conditions will the holdover (protection) time be the shortest< 4ree-ing rain =ust after take*off an aircraft encounters a +microburst+ situated directl ahead! The initial indications will be" ' * an increase in head wind 5 * better climb performance @uring a manual approach# the aeroplane is subFected to windshear with a decreasing tail wind! 1n the absence of a pilot action# the aeroplane" '* flies above the intended approach path 5* has an increasing true airspeed 3ssuming that the operator is approved b his national authorit # carriage of dangerous goods is allowed# provided that" the operator complies with the technical instructions (183O @O8 A(;%)! )hich 3nne$ to the 8hicago 8onvention covers dangerous goods carried in aircraft< 3nne$ ';

 )hat class of dangerous goods is represented b the label shown in the anne$< 4lammable 7olids The formula for d namic h droplaning J AKP for a rotating t re E J I!IKP for a non rotating t re! P is the t re pressure in P71!!!!!the questions ma give ou t re pressure in /367# to convert!!!! /367 $ '%!. J P71 1n a microburst combined with a violent storm the winds at " low altitude diverge from the center of the phenomenon and the atmospheric pressure increases b a few hectopascals! )hat class of dangerous goods is represented b the label shown in the anne$< 4lammable Liquids 1n :M8# a runwa should not be chosen as preferential for noise abatement procedures when" 1t has no 1L7 or visual approach slope guidance )hen there is a risk of h droplaning the pilot of an aeroplane" should make a positive landing and appl ma$imum reverse thrust and brakes as quickl as possible 9(O e$tinguishers are fit to fight fires on" carbonaceous materials 3n aircraft having undergone an anti*icing procedure must be anti*icing fluid free at the latest when" it is rotating (before taking*off)! 3 runwa is considered damp when the surface is not dr # but when the moisture on it does not give it a shin appearance! The fire e$tinguisher t pes which ma be used to fight fire on flammable liquids are" ( * 8O( 5 * dr *chemical % L halon 4or the purpose of wake turbulence separation# what is the 183O minimum radar separation distance if a heav aeroplane is following directl behind another heav aeroplane on the approach to the same runwa < I!% km (% BM) The fire e$tinguisher t pes which ma be used to fight fire on carbonaceous materials are" ' * 9(O ( * 8O( 5 * dr *chemical % * halon! The minimum requirements for 7upplemental O$ gen to be supplied in pressuri-ed aeroplanes during and following an emergenc descent are that for pilots it shall be available for the entire flight time that the cabin pressure altitude e$ceeds a minimum of '5&&& ft! Dnder the Mnoise abatement take*off and climb procedure /N an aircraft must climb at :( O '& to (& kt# until reaching ' &&&ft 3CL ,ou will use a halon e$tinguisher for a fire of" ' * solids (fabric# plastic# !!!) ( * liquids (alcohol# gasoline# !!!) 5 * gas 3 list of dangerous goods# which ma not be transported b air# can be found in" the technical instructions for the safe transport of dangerous goods b air! The 183O procedure designed to collect and disseminate information on bird strikes to aircraft is called" 1/17 (183O /ird 7trike 1nformation 7 stem)!

 )hich one of the following sets of conditions is the least likel to attract flocks of birds< long grass )hat class of dangerous goods is represented b the label shown in the anne$< E$plosives Boise abatement shall not be a determining factor in nominating a runwa when" a) The runwa surface conditions are adversel affected! b) The ceiling and visibilit are low (for e$act criteria ou can read 183O @oc ;'2;)! c) )hen windshear has been reported or forecast! d) 1f thunderstorms are e$pected to affect the approach! e) )hen the wind component# including gusts# e$ceeds '.kts crosswind or .kts tailwind! 3ccording to 183O @oc %%%%# wake turbulence non*radar separation minima of ( minutes shall be applied to" ME@1DM aircraft landing behind a 9E3:, aircraft! The field of application of the Minimum Equipment List (MEL) is defined b a phase of flight! 1n the event of an aircraft serviceabilit problem# the commander must use the limitations provided b the MEL" 3t the parking area prior to the aircraft ta$iing! Mist in the cabin# pressure and temperature drop characteri-e" a rapid depressuri-ation! 8O( t pe e$tinguishers are suitable to fight fire on" ' * carbonaceous materials ( * flammable liquids 5 * electrical equipment 3ccording to ED*OP7# an operator shall not operate an aircraft in e$pected or actual icing conditions unless" the aircraft is certificated and equipped to operate in icing conditions! )hen fl ing in straight and level flight at 4L (A& for some considerable time a small leak develops in the cabin which causes a slow depressuri-ation# this can be seen on the cabin rate of climb indicator which will indicate" a rate of climb The application of a t pe 11 anti*icing fluid on an aircraft on the ground will provide a" limited holdover time! 3ccording to ED*OP7# if a piece of equipment on our aircraft becomes inoperative while ou are still parked# before making the decision to proceed the reference document used is" the Operations Manual under the heading +MEL+! 3 %& kt headwind component ma well become a %& kt tailwind component as the aircraft crosses the microburst! 9ence a windshear of ;& kt! The greatest wake turbulence occurs when the generating aircraft is" Large# heav # at low speed in clean configuration )hat class of dangerous goods is represented b the label shown in the anne$< To$ic or 1nfectious

 1n addition to informing each 7tate# whose citi-ens are known to be on board an aircraft# the 7tate of the countr in which an aircraft has landed after an act of unlawful interference must immediatel notif the" 7tate of 6egistr of the aircraft# the 7tate of the operator and 183O )hen taking*off after a widebod aircraft which has Fust landed# ou should take* off" be ond the point where the aircraftGs wheels have touched down! 1n case of an engine tail pipe fire during start while on the ground ou should abort the starting procedure and" carr out a dr motoring c cle! 3ccording to 183O noise abatement procedures during landing" shall not prohibit the use of reverse thrust! The highest risk of bird strikes occurs" under .&& m 1n the +worst case+ scenario of recover from the effects of a microburst# having increased to full go*around power# in co*ordinating power and pitch it ma be necessar to" increase the pitch angle until the stick shaker is felt and hold at slightl below this angle 8ockpit fires are fought with 9alon e$tinguishers which leave no residue! On the ground 8O( e$tinguishers ma also be used! The permanent approval for the transport of dangerous goods is specified in the" air operator certificate! The operator shall include in the operations manual a minimum equipment list which shall be approved b the authorit of" The countr of the operator! 9alon is an effective e$tinguishing agent for use in aeroplanes! 3ccording to the recommended +noise abatement take*off and climb procedure+ B3@P(# established in 183O @oc ;'2;# acceleration and flapsEslats retraction is initiated" not below ;&& ft! 4ollowing an act of unlawful interference on board an aircraft# the commander should submit a report to" both the local authorit and the 3uthorit in the 7tate of the operator! The t pe of h droplaning that is most likel to occur at the touch down area located at both ends of the runwa is called" viscous! 3 fire occurs in a wheel and immediate action is required to e$tinguish it! The safest e$tinguishing to use is" dr powder 3t an ambient temperature up to O 5&P 8 and with a relative humidit as low as %& ># in clear air# free of fog and precipitation# serious carburetor icing" can occur# but onl at a low power setting )hat class of dangerous goods is represented b the label shown in the anne$< To$ic or 1nfectious )ho has the responsibilit for establishing operating procedures for noise abatement purposes during instrument flight in compliance with 183O P3B7 OP7 ;'2; the" operator The protection time of an anti*icing fluid depends on"

'! The t pe and intensit of the showers (! The ambient temperature 5! The relative humidit %! The direction and speed of the wind .! The temperature of the airplane skin 2! The t pe of fluid# its concentration and temperature )ind shear is" a large variation in vertical or hori-ontal wind velocit and E or wind direction over a short distance! The anti*icing fluid protecting film can wear off and reduce the holdover time considerabl " during strong winds or as a result of other aircraft engines Fet blast! The time needed for the dissipation of a turbulent wake created b a wide*bod aircraft during take*off is about" 5 minutes! 1f obliged to Fettison part of the fuel in flight# it would be better to do so" in a straight line and at a relativel high flight level! 1n the case of overheating of the brakes following the landing# the appropriate action at the parking position is" (! set parking brake off# with chocks in position %! ventilate the brakes 3 runwa is considered to be contaminated when its surface is covered more than" (. > with compacted snow 1n accordance with 183O P3B7 OP7 ;'2;# noise preferential routes are established to ensure that departing and arriving aeroplanes avoid overfl ing noise*sensitive areas in the vicinit of the aerodrome as far as practicable! 1n establishing noise preferential routes" no turns should be required coincident with a reduction of power associated with a noise abatement procedure! 1f cabin altitude increases during level flight# the differential pressure" decreases

6eference shall be made to the Minimum Equipment List (MEL) for equipment found unserviceable at an time" prior to the flight time stage! The ma$imum validit of a 7BO)T3M is" (% hours One of the main characteristics of windshear is that it" can occur at an altitude in both the vertical and hori-ontal planes 1n calm wind conditions# an aircraft at take*off creates tip vortices that" separate outwards on each side of the runwa ! 3 flight is to depart from an airport with runwa s &A and (I! 7urface wind is (I&E&.? an inversion is reported at 5&& feet with turbulence and wind shear! The wind Fust above the inversion is &A&E5&! )hat is the safest departure procedure< @epart runwa &A with a tailwind! 3ccording to =36*OP7# Gpre*flight inspectionG is the inspection carried out" before flight to ensure that the aircraft is fit for the intended flight! 1t does not include defect rectification!

 1n accordance with ED*OP7# where no outer marker or equivalent position e$ists# if the reported 6:6E:isibilit is less than the applicable minima# the approach shall not be continued be ond" '&&& ft above the aerodrome E heliport! 3ccording to =36*OP7 '# an operator must select a take*off alternate" if it would not be possible to return to the aerodrome of departure for meteorological or performance reasons! 1n accordance with ED*OP7 '# for a pressuri-ed aircraft# the definition of supplemental o$ gen is" o$ gen supplied to the aeroplane occupants in the case of cabin pressuri-ation failure! 3ir traffic services ma require an aircraft to report position when fl ing east* west# south of I&PB between .P) and 2.P)# ever " '&P of longitude! 3ccording to =36*OP7 '# the minimum number of crash a$es or crowbars on board an aeroplane# whose ma$imum approved passenger seating configuration is more than (&&# is" ( The minimum navigation equipment required for an aircraft fl ing without restriction in MBP7 airspace can be at the ver least" Two inertial navigation s stems! 3ccording to ED*OP7# the minimum number of hand fire*e$tinguishers to be located in the passenger compartment of an aircraft with a ma$imum approved passenger seating configuration of 5' is" ( 3ccording to ED*OP7 '# o$ gen masks for use b flight crew members shall be a quick donning t pe of mask# in pressuri-ed aeroplanes operating at pressure altitudes above" (.&&& ft! 3ccording to ED*OP7# which of the following is the correct definition of +wet lease+< The aircraft is operated under the 3O8 of the lessor! The required number of e$tinguishers in the passenger compartments is calculated based on the seating configuration * not the number of passengers actuall on board! (ED OP '!IA&) 3n aeroplane which has a ma$imum certificated take*off mass over .I&& kg# shall be equipped with a cockpit voice recorder capable of retaining information recorded during at least the last" 5& minutes or ( hours of its operation# depending upon the date of the first issue of its individual 8ertificate of 3irworthiness! 3ccording to =36*OP7# on an 146 flight a commander shall not commence take* off unless the e$pected weather conditions at the destination andEor required alternate aerodrome(s) are at or above" the planning minima# during a period from ' hour before to ' hour after the estimated time of arrival at the aerodrome! 1n accordance with =36*OP7 ' and if required# the number of life rafts to be carried on board an aeroplane must allow the transportation of the entire aeroplane occupants" in the case of a loss of one raft of the largest rated capacit ! 3n aeroplane whose ma$imum approved passenger seating configuration is greater than 2&& seats must be equipped with at least" ; hand fire*e$tinguishers convenientl located in the passenger compartment!

 3stronomic precession" causes the g ro a$is to spin to the left in the southern hemisphere 1n accordance with ED*OP7# an operator must ensure that the M@9 for a :O6 approach is not lower than" 5&& ft 4or a pressuri-ed aircraft# the first*aid o$ gen is designed to" provide undiluted o$ gen for passengers who# for ph siological reasons# might require o$ gen following a cabin depressuri-ation! 3ccording to =36*OP7# an aircraft must be equipped with an audio selector panel accessible to each required flight crew member" when operating under 146! 3ccording to ED*OP7 '# a windshield wiper or equivalent means to maintain a clear portion of the windshield during precipitation is required at each pilot station to operate an aeroplane with a" ma$imum certificated take*off mass is greater than .#I&& kg 1n accordance with the =36*OP7# a single deck aeroplane# equipped with an approved seating capacit of 2' seats and carr ing passengers# must be equipped with at least" ' megaphone! 3ccording to ED*OP7 '# the recent e$perience conditions of a commander assigned to a flight on an aeroplane b an operator must not be less than" 5 take* offs and 5 landings as pilot fl ing on the same t pe of aeroplane or approved simulator# of the aeroplane t pe to be used# in the preceding A& da s @uring a transoceanic and polar flight# the chart precession is a rotation in degrees# for a moving aircraft# of the g ro Borth with respect to the" grid Borth for a given chart 3ccording to ED*OP7# for a non pressuri-ed aircraft# the supplemental o$ gen is" required to operate at pressure altitudes above '& &&& ft @uring a flight to Europe# scheduled in MBP7 (Minimum Bavigation Performance 7pecification) airspace# ou e$pect to cross the 5&P) meridian at &5&& DT8? ou will normall be" in a night*time organi-ed track s stem! 3n operator must ensure that for the duration of each flight# be kept on the ground# if required" mass and balance documentation! 1n accordance with ED*OP7 an operator must ensure that the lowest M@9 for a B@/ approach is" 5.&ft! 1f all long range navigation s stems of an aircraft become unserviceable during a flight in MBP7 airspace# and if no instructions are received from the air traffic control# ou must consider" climbing or descending .&& feet )hat is the lowest possible M@9 for a :O6E@ME non*precision approach< (.&ft! 3 83T 11 operation is a precision instrument approach and landing using 1L7 or ML7 with a decision height below (&&ft but not lower than '&&ft? and a runwa visual range of not less than 5&&m!

 3 pilot whose aircraft does not have MBP7 certification has to fl via the 793BBOB*C3B@E6 great circle! The flight can be planned" at 4L (;& or less! )hich =36 prescribes requirements for approved maintenance organi-ations< =36*'%. 3ccording to ED*OP7 '# an aeroplane whose ma$imum approved passenger seating configuration is (&& must be equipped with" 5 hand fire e$tinguishers in the passenger compartment! 1n accordance with ED*OP7# a commander shall ensure that the amount of usable fuel remaining in flight is not less than the fuel required to proceed to an aerodrome where a safe landing can be made with" final reserve fuel remaining! 3stronomic precession is" e$isting whether the aircraft is on the ground or fl ing 4or a twin*engine aeroplane# the standard operational take*off minimums ma be used provided an alternate aerodrome is accessible at less than" 2& minutes at cruising speed with one engine unserviceable! The MBP7 airspace e$tends from" (IP Borth to A&P Borth! )hat is a low visibilit take*off< 3 take*off on a runwa where the 6:6 is less than %&&m! The commander of a public transport aircraft must ensure that passenger seat belts are secure for" Take*off# landing# ta$iing# turbulence and during emergencies! 1f the last remaining L6B7 fails within MBP7 airspace the pilot should" a) 1mmediatel notif 3T8 b) Make best use of procedures relating to attempting visual sightings and establishing contact on :94 with adFacent aircraft for useful information c) Heep a special look*out for possible conflicting aircraft# and make ma$imum use of e$terior lights d) 1f no instructions are received from 3T8 within a reasonable period consider climbing or descending .&& feet# broadcasting action on '('!. M9- and advising 3T8 as soon as possible! 1n accordance with ED*OP7 '# the cockpit voice recorder# when required# must start to record automaticall " prior to the aeroplane moving under its own power until the termination of the flight when the aeroplane is no longer capable of moving under its own power! 3 categor 1 precision approach (83T 1) is an approach which ma be carried out with a runwa visual range of at least" ..& m and (&&G @9! 3 minimum time track is a" track determined according to wind conditions 1n accordance with =36*OP7 '# the commander of a turboFet engine aeroplane should have a final reserve fuel for" 5& minutes of flight at holding speed at '.&& ft above aerodrome elevation in standard conditions! 1n order to operate an airplane at night# the airplane must be equipped with an airborne weather radar when the airplane is" ' * pressuri-ed ( * non*pressuri-ed#

and ma$imum take*off mass is more than .#I&& kg 5 * non*pressuri-ed# and ma$imum approved seating configuration is more than A seats

1L7 8ategories for precision instrument approach and landing

3pproach categor

@ecision height or alert height (minimum above runwa threshold or touchdown -one)

6unwa visual range (6:6)

:isibilit minimum

Botes

Either visibilit not less than ;&& m or (#%&& ft or a runwa visual range (6:6) not less than ..& meters ('#;&& ft) on runwa with touchdown -one and centerline lighting! ..& m or (#%&& ft ('#(&& ft is approved at some airportsQ;R)# increased to ;&& m for single crew operations ;&& m ('#2&& ft or '#(&& ft in 8anada)QAR 433 Order ;%&&!'5@ allows for special authori-ation of 83T 1 1L7 approaches to a decision height of '.& feet (%2 m) with 6:6 S '#%&& feet (%5& m)!Q'&R The aircraft and crew must be approved for 83T 11 operations and a heads*up displa in 83T 11 or 111 mode must be used to the decision height! 83T 11E111 missed approach criteria appl !Q'&R

(&& ft (2' m)

11 111a

'&& ft (5& m) .&L'&& ft ('.L5& m)

5&& m or '#&&& ft

BE3

183O and 433" 5.& meters ('#'.& ft) or =33" 5&& meters (A;& ft)!QIR

(&& meters (22& ft) BE3

111b

&L.& ft (&L'. m)

I. meters ((%2 ft) (=33)QIR T 6:6 T BE3 (&& meters (22& ft)

6:6 U .& meters ('2& ft) (183O and 433)! This is currentl the best in operation!QIR 3s of (&'( this categor is not et in operation an where in the world as it requires guidance to ta$i in -ero visibilit as well! 8ategor 111c is not mentioned in ED*OP7!

111c

Bo @9

Bo 6:6

BE3

1n accordance with ED*OP7# an operator must ensure that the M@9 for an 1L7 approach without the glidepath (LLV onl ) is not lower than" (.& ft 1n accordance with ED*OP7 '# the minimum required recent e$perience for a pilot engaged in a single*pilot operation under 146 or at night shall be" . 146 flights# including 5 instrument approaches# carried out during the preceding A& da s on the t pe class of aeroplane in the single*pilot role! MBP7 is the abbreviation for" Minimum Bavigation Performance 7pecification! 1n airspace where MBP7 is applicable# the minimum vertical separation between 4L (A& and 4L %'& is" ' &&& ft 4or three* and four*engined aeroplanes# the take*off alternate# if required# shall be located (in still air conditions) within" ( hours flight time at one*engine* inoperative cruising speed! 1n accordance with ED*OP7# for a pressuri-ed aeroplane# the minimum requirement for supplemental o$ gen needed to suppl '&& > of the passengers following a cabin pressuri-ation failure# is" the entire flight time where the cabin pressure altitude e$ceeds '.&&& ft# but in no case less than '& minutes! 3ccording to ED*OP7 '# what is the planning minima for a destination alternate with a 83T 1 approach available< Bon*precision minima (6:6 and the ceiling at or above M@9)! 6emember# aircraft displa a green light on the right# a red light on the left and a white light to the rear! 3n operator shall ensure that information relevant to the flight is preserved on the ground for the duration of each flight or series of flights! This includes" ( * a cop of the operational flight plan and# if required# the mass and balance documentation? 5 * copies of the relevant parts of the aircraft technical log? % * route specific BOT3M documentation if specificall edited b the operator? . * special loads notification? the documents must be retained for 52 months )hen leaving the MBP7 oceanic control area for a domestic controlled area# the pilot has to" maintain the Mach number previousl assigned up to the last position shown in the oceanic clearance! 3ccording to =36*OP7 '# what minimum navigation equipment is required for operations under 146# or under :46 over routes not navigated b reference to visual landmarks< One :O6 receiving s stem# one 3@4 s stem# one @ME!

 @uring a conventional approach# the Minimum @escent 9eight (M@9) is referred to the runwa threshold altitude and not to the aerodrome altitude if the runwa threshold is at more than " ( m (I ft) below the aerodrome altitude 1n accordance with the ED*OP7 ' and with the e$ception of amphibians and seaplanes# the carriage of a life Facket for each person on board is compulsor when the aeroplane is" (! is fl ing over a water surface at more than .& BM off shore! 5! 1s using departure and arrival paths above the water and when a ditching probabilit e$ists in the case of a problem! The white navigation light shines rearwards through an angle of '%&P# I&P either side of the longitudinal a$is of the aircraft! The red and green navigation lights shine through angles of ''&P! )ithout ETOP7 3pproval# an operator shall not operate a two*engined 8lass 3 aeroplane with a ma$imum approved passenger seating configuration of (& or more over a route which contains a point further from an adequate aerodrome# at a distance flown" in 2& minutes at the one*engine*inoperative cruise speed! 3 public transport aircraft shall not take*off unless the following minima for the departure airfield are satisfactor " 8loud ceiling and 6:6 1f a flight is planned to operate along the whole length of one of the organi-ed tracks in the MBP7 airspace# the intended organi-ed track should be defined in items of the flight plan b " the abbreviation +B3T+ followed b the code letter assigned to the track! The frequenc designated for :94 air to air communications when out of range of :94 ground stations in B3T region is" '(5!%. M9-! 3 check on the operation of the 7EL83L equipment during a transatlantic flight using the OT7 (Organi-ed Track 7 stem) must be done" 3t or prior entering the oceanic airspace! 3ccording to 3nne$ 2# G6BP t peG is defined as a containment value e$pressed as a distance in !!!(i)!!! from the intended position within which flights would be for at least !!!(ii)!!! of the total fl ing time! (i) nautical miles (ii) A.> /efore departure the weather forecasts for the destination# destination alternate (if required) and an required en route alternates must be better than planning minima for the period of the relevant ET3 OE* ' hour! 3ccording to ED*OP7 '# what is the planning minima for a destination alternate with a 83T 11 approach available< 6:6 according to 8at 1! 8ategor 3 J 7peed less than A' knots 8ategor / J 7peed UJ A' and less than '(' knots 8ategor 8 J 7peed UJ '(' and less than '%' knots 8ategor @ J 7peed UJ '%' and less than '22 knots 8ategor E J 7peed UJ '22 knots (onl includes certain militar aircraft) )hen establishing an instrument approach procedure# . aircraft categories according to their speed at the threshold (:at) are established! This speed is equal

to the stalling speed in the landing configuration at the ma$imum certified landing weight multiplied b a factor of" '!5 The minimum lateral separation in the B3T region is" 2& BM between aircraft meeting minimum navigation performance specifications! ED OP7 (:46 Operating minima)# establishes that# the operator shall ensure about :46 flights# that " special :46 flights are not commenced when visibilit is less than 5 km The term decision height (@9) is used for" a precision approach! Minimum met visibilit for circling approaches are# for categories 3# /# 8 and @ respectivel " '.&&m# '2&&m# (%&&m# and 52&&m! 9igher :is is required for faster aircraft because the have a larger radius of turn and therefore need more distance to circle*to*land! 1n accordance with =36*OP7# all occupants of flight deck seats on flight deck dut in a non*pressuri-ed aircraft shall be supplied with supplemental o$ gen for the entire flight time at pressure altitudes above" '&&&& ft! 4or a twin engine aeroplane# non ETOP7# when the weather conditions require a take*off alternate to be selected# it shall be located# in still air conditions# within" ' hour of flight time at single engine cruising speed 3ccording to ED*OP7# for a non pressuri-ed aircraft# all required cabin crew members shall be supplied with supplemental o$ gen during" the entire flight time at pressure altitudes above '5&&& ft and for an period e$ceeding 5& minutes at pressure altitudes above '&&&& ft but not e$ceeding '5&&& ft 3rriving at the point of entr into MBP7 (Minimum Bavigation Performance 7pecification) airspace (e$cept 7hanwick Oceanic) and not having et received the oceanic clearance# the crew" keeps fl ing in accordance with the current flight plan ED*OP7 ' applies to" the operation b a =33 state member of an civil commercial transport aeroplane! 1n accordance with =36*OP7 '# an aeroplane whose ma$imum take*off mass e$ceeds . I&& kg or whose ma$imum approved passenger seating configuration is greater than A seats and less than (&& seats must be equipped with a" crash a$e or a crow*bar in the flight deck! 3ccording to ED*OP7# a life Facket is mandator for each person on board a land aeroplane# when fl ing over water at a distance from the shore of more than" .& BM @uring the flight of two aircraft in MBP7 airspace with a leading aircraft fl ing at higher speed# the longitudinal separation must not be below" . minutes )hich separation will be provided if 6educed :ertical 7eparation Minimum (6:7M) is used when operating in MBP7 airspace< 2& BM lateral and '&&& ft vertical!

 3n aircraft whose ma$imum approved seating configuration is '& seats must be equipped with" one hand fire*e$tinguisher in the cockpitEflight deck and one hand fire*e$tinguisher in the passengerWs compartment! Minimum Bavigation Performance 7pecification (MBP7) airspace in the applicable areas of the Borth 3tlantic is defined between the following flight levels" 4L (;. and 4L %(& To conduct a special :46 flight# the minimum visibilit required b ED*OP7 ' is" '.&& meters 3fter an accident# the operator of an aircraft equipped with a flight recorder must keep the original recordings for a minimum period of" 2& da s! The Borth 3tlantic airspace is regulated# among other# according to" the 183O document I&5& (additional regional procedures) 1n case of total loss of communications# if an aircraft operating in MBP7 airspace is unable to continue its flight in accordance with its 3T8 clearance# it must offset from the assigned route b '. BM and climb b '&&& ft or descend b .&& ft to a level which differs from those normall used if fl ing" at 4L%'& 3ccording to ED*OP7 '# what is the planning minima for a destination alternate with a non*precision approach available< Bon*precision minima (6:6 and the ceiling at or above M@9) plus (&& ftE'&&& m! @uring a transoceanic and polar flight# the transport precession is the rotation in degrees of the g ro Borth with respect to the" true Borth 3ir traffic services ma require an aircraft to report position when fl ing east* west# north of I&PB between '&P) and .&P)# ever " (&P of longitude! The climb or descent through MBP7 (Minimum Bavigation Performance 7pecification) airspace of a non MBP7 certified aircraft" can be authori-ed under radar control if the pilot is in :94 contact with the controller 7upplemental o$ gen requirements can be confusing!!!!! )e need to distinguish between Pressuri-ed and Bon*pressuri-ed aeroplanes Non-pressurized!!!! Flight crew * entire flight time at pressure altitudes above '& &&&ft Cabin crew * Entire flight time at pressure altitudes above '5 &&& ft and for an period e$ceeding 5& minutes at pressure altitudes above '& &&& ft but not e$ceeding '5 &&& ft! Pressurized... Flight crew!!!! Entire flight time when the cabin pressure altitude e$ceeds '5&&& ft and entire flight time when the cabin pressure altitude e$ceeds '&&&& ft but does not e$ceed '5&&& ft after the first 5& minutes at those altitudes# but in no case less than" (i) 5& minutes for aeroplanes certificated to fl at altitudes not e$ceeding (.&&& ft (ii) two hours for aeroplanes certificated to fl at altitudes more than (.&&&ft

Cabin crew Entire flight time when cabin pressure altitude e$ceeds '5&&& ft but not less than 5& minutes# and entire flight time when cabin pressure altitude is greater than '&&&& ft but does not e$ceed '5&&& ft after the first 5& minutes at these altitudes 1f no meteorological information is available for the destination# the operator must" select two destination alternates! 3ccording to =36*OP7 '# for aeroplanes with a ma$imum certificated take*off mass over .I&& kg# flight data recorders shall be capable of retaining the data recorded during at least the last" (. hours of operation! 3n aeroplane whose ma$imum approved passenger seating configuration is 5&' to %&& seats must be equipped with at least" . hand fire*e$tinguishers convenientl located in the passenger compartment! 3 manual inflation handle" serves to actuate inflation of a slide when automatic inflation fails 3ccording to =36*OP7 '# an operator shall not operate an aeroplane with a ma$imum approved passenger seating configuration of more than !!! (i)!!!!# and when carr ing !!! (ii)!!! or more passengers# unless at least one cabin crew is included! (i) 'A (ii) one 1n accordance with =36*OP7# refueling performed while passengers are embarking or disembarking the aircraft" is acceptable provided that the ground area beneath the e$its intended for emergenc evacuation and slide deplo ment areas must be kept clear! 3 public address s stem is required to operate an aeroplane whose ma$imum approved passenger seating configuration is greater than" 'A The commander is required b the authorit to present the aircraft documents! 9e shall do so# within a reasonable period of time! 1n :46 public transport on an aircraft for which the flight manual indicates a minimum crew of one pilot# when do the regulations require the presence of a second pilot< Bever! 3n aeroplane whose ma$imum approved passenger seating configuration is 5' to 2& seats must be equipped with at least" ( hand fire*e$tinguishers convenientl located in the passenger compartment! On arriving overhead an isolated aerodrome# the commander of a turboFet engine aircraft should have a minimum quantit of fuel (additional reserve including the final reserve) sufficient for fl ing during" ( hours with normal cruise consumption 3ccording to ED*OP7 '# for operations under 146 or at night the minimum flight crew is ( pilots for" all turbo*propeller aeroplanes with a ma$imum approved passenger seating configuration of more than A and for all turbo*Fet aeroplanes The minimum longitudinal separation of two aircraft fl ing in MBP7 airspace at the same 4light Level# on the same track and with the same Mach number is" '& minutes!

 3n aeroplane whose ma$imum approved passenger seating configuration is %&' to .&& seats must be equipped with at least" 2 hand fire*e$tinguishers convenientl located in the passenger compartment! 3ccording to 3nne$ 2# what is the definition of an 3ir Operator 8ertificate< 3 certificate authori-ing an operator to carr out specified commercial air transport operations! )hich errors in +estimates+ of minutes shall be reported b aircraft overfl ing the Borth 3tlantic< 5 or more! 1n accordance with ED*OP7 '# regarding the first aid o$ gen# the suppl of undiluted o$ gen carried on board a pressuri-ed aeroplane with ; passengers operated at pressure altitude (I&&& ft# shall be sufficient for at least" ' passenger for the remainder of the flight after cabin depressuri-ation when the cabin altitude e$ceeds ;&&& ft but does not e$ceed '.&&& ft! 1n accordance with ED*OP7 '# in an aeroplane in which fuses are used# the number of spare fuses available for use in flight must be at least" '& > of the number of fuses of each rating or 5 of each rating# whichever is the greater 6equired Planning Minima for DESTINATI N" Planning minima for a destination aerodrome with a precision approach is the precision approach required 6:6 at ET3 OE* one hour! Planning minima for a destination aerodrome with a non-precision approach is the required non*precision approach 6:6 and ceiling UM@9 at ET3 OE* one hour! 6equired Planning Minima for A!TE"NATES" Planning minima for a destination alternate aerodrome with a precision approach will be the best available non*precision approach minima (6:6 and ceiling UM@9) at ET3 OE* one hour! Planning minima for a destination alternate aerodrome with a nonprecision approach will be the non*precision approach minima 6:6 O '&&&m and M@9 O (&&ft# O'&&&m at ET3 OE* one hour! 3ccording to Borth 3tlantic MBP73 Operations Manual# what is the transponder code to be selected continuousl 5& min after entr into B3T airspace< 8ode (&&& 1n the event of a contingenc which required an en*route diversion to an alternate aerodrome across the direction of the prevailing +B3T+ traffic flow and if prior 3T8 clearance cannot be obtained# an aircraft not able to maintain its assigned flight level should" minimi-e its rate of descent while acquiring a '. BM offset track! 4lights within B3T region shall be conducted in accordance with 146 when" Operating at or above 4L 2& or (&&& ft above ground whichever is the higher! 3n aircraft flown on a constant g ro heading with no wind and corrected for earth rate (astronomic precession) is fl ing a great circle! 3n aircraft fl ing on a constant trueEmagnetic heading is fl ing a rhumb line!

 4or aeroplanes with reciprocating engines * fuel to fl for %. minutes plus '. > of the flight time planned to be spent at cruising level or two hours# whichever is less? or 4or aeroplanes with turbine engines * fuel to fl for two hours at normal cruise consumption above the destination aerodrome# including final reserve fuel! 3ircraft ma operate in MBP7 airspace along a number of special routes# if the aircraft is equipped with at least" one Long 6ange Bavigation 7 stem (L6B7)! The operator must ensure that the information contained in the aircraft technical log is stored for a minimum period of" 52 months Minimum time route is a route calculated for" a given flight from departure to destination The hours of validit of the two Organi-ed Track 7 stems (OT7) are normall as follows" @a *time (westbound) OT7 ''5& DT8 to 'A&& DT8 at 5&P) Bight*time (eastbound) OT7 &'&& DT8 to &;&& DT8 at 5&P)! 3 polar track is a part of a track which is included in an area where the hori-ontal component of the earth magnetic field is less than" 2 micro*tesla 3ccording to ED OP7 ' and assuming the following circumstances" for a categor 3 airplane and aerodrome equipped with runwa edge lighting and centre line lighting and multiple 6:6 information! 3n acceptable alternate aerodrome is available# the minimum 6:6E:isibilit required for take*off" '.&m! 1f a =33 operator (3) provides an aeroplane and complete crew for lease to another =33 operator (/) (a wet lease*out situation)# who is the operator of the aeroplane< 3 * /ecause it is their crew fl ing the aeroplane! The information to consider for a standard straight*in approach is " ' *6:6E:isibilit 5 * the minimum descent altitudeEheight (M@3E9) The operator must ensure that the mass and balance documentation of a flight is stored for a minimum period of" 5 months 3ccording to 3nne$ 2# what is the definition of 6equired Bavigation Performance (6BP)< 3 statement of the navigation performance necessar for operation within a defined airspace! 1n accordance with ED*OP7# an operator shall ensure that a cop of the operational flight plan is stored in an acceptable form for at least" 5 months 4or two*engined aeroplanes not approved for ETOP7# the take*off alternate# if required# shall be located (in still air conditions) within" one hour flight time at one engine inoperative cruising speed! Evacuation slide normal inflation is achieved b " a pressuri-ed gas canister!

 The crashEfire a$e is part of the safet equipment fitted to passenger aircraft! 1ts function is to" obtain forced access to a fire behind a panel and a general purpose tool during evacuation!