Technical

Reroort 'on "Regenaration of Babaco Carica pentagona Heilborn, Badillo via Tissue Culture" Project 7.340

According to the- subcontract University of Delaware and AMDE through out the AID Grant No. DPE-5542-G-SS-B045-00 the following activities have been completed. 1.- Training on tissue culture to Ing. Darberan from August 1988 to March 1189 at' the University of Delaware Tissue Culture Lab, directed by Dr. S.L, Kitto and colaboration of Vega de Rojair Rebeca on bab.co research. 2.- Stablishment 17f techniques and protocols for production of somatic embryos oai'-,abaco, that is reported in Master of Scienc. Theses of Vega de Rojas Rebeca, University of Delaware Dec.1989. 3.Participation on the PSTC conference on Biotechnology for Health ind Anricu *ture developed in Washington June, 1988. Babaco Reaserch Presentation. 4.Par ticipation on the Indiantiopolis November, 1903. First New Crops conference [Mbaco Poster exhitit. in

5.-- Stablishmont uf b3baco germplasm collection in Ambato, UTA consisting on 6 ac:cesions from different areas. Collaboration of Ing. Jorgc, Fibari jcard fel1ow Students J. Snchez and B. Mina, as research projccts. 6.-- Development of mass propagation system of babaco regenerants at the University of D(:'laware, transport of plant material to Ambato, for pathocion evaluation, March 1909. 7.Equipment ard Supplies adcliisition, storage, shipping with the collaboration of Purchasing Dep. University of Delaware, January 1909. 0.Recic'veinq, customs and inventory of lab equipment and supplies. Set up of laboratory facilities in Ambatin a ' a temporary site, until July, 1989. Responsable administra'tive personnel of "AMDE_, Ecuador. 9.Babaco regenerants stablishment on field condition for further evaluation, related to fruit quality, and general productivity factors, to be established at the Tecnical Univorsitiy of Ambato, Samanga and Las Viflas, tnitiation May, 1989. 10.Under the cooperation with the U.T.A two students are working on their research theses on babaco, "Physical and Chemical analysis of Babaco Cuttings with 3 times of aging, to select the best for rooting", Becquer Mina and "Babaco Grafting Systems evaluation upon Chamburo rootstock", Jose S~nchez.

/
* C - , ,- ,,

11,- Tisue culture laboratory practices are conducted in AMDE laboratory for senior stuijents of the University of Ambato. 12.- Selected plant, Jaterial have been provided to a commercial nursery in Californ ' , National Repository Hilo Hawai; and public exhibits as Longwoo,, Gardens, Kenett Square PA; National Aquarium, Baltimore, MA; private gardens in Delaware and Pensylvania, and IRMA tropical research station in Dominica. 13.- Increasing interest in production of babaco for exportation has created nterest in Colombia as well in Ecuador, AMDE is leading r6search amd promotion in cooperation with FEDEXPOR and ANDE. 14.- BzK initiatco pathogens screaning and are indentified and J. R. Velastegui will testing the summer 1989.

15.- The first Tissue Culture sominar was conducted on July 22 1989, with the participation of Dr. S. L. Kitto, international consultant University of Delaware. There was a participation of more than 60 scientists representing different institutions and universities. Agenda is attached. 16.-- Dr. Sherry Kitto, International consultant advised in her area of expertise to the representants of University of Cuenca, University of Machala and INEXA. 17.Dr. Kitto also participated actively in the germplasm collection from Loja, in order to complete the accesions of C. stipulata from that parte of the country. 18.- A Spanish - English publication "Bahaco an Exotic Fruit" was edited with the cooperation of the Techrical Ui.,,vorsity of Ambato. 0 c:opy is attached. This document w.5 distributed to participants in the tissue culture sem ,,ar.

We rreatfully acknowledge Plant Science Authorities of the Universities of Ambato and Delaware and specially our principal consultant Dr. S. L. Kitto for their collaboratic.l.

Sincerelly,

Ing. Ja e jas P, EXECUTI E -IRECTOR

MSc.

I -ecavee'cr RESEARCH DIRECTOR

Rojas

Cotr rcI6

mbbInte y DewrrcIlo

-.

FINANCIAL STATUS REPORT

AUGUST 10, 1989

ECUADOR

SuOcontract

$94.630

ORIGINAL 3.1 E.2 S.3 Salaries in Ecuador 52.600 21.450 3.600 6.200 5.500 5.2Bn

EXPENSES 20.454.49 13.021,91 920,oo 910,oo 2.89jo 1.156,13

BALANCE 32.145,51 8.428,09 2.680,oc 5.290,oo 2.601,2o 4.123,87

Equipment and Supplies Supplies

TC.4 Training and Consultation LT.5 Locxal M.6 travn] and per dvem

Miselancous

T 0 T A L

EXPENF7 ^5 Tr ALGUST 10

30.851,33

55.779,67

T 0 T A L PAL)NCE AS TO AUGUST 10

55.268,67

~Co

THE

BA BA C 0

AN

E X O T I C

FRU

I T

BY

Rebeca Vega de Rojas Jaime E. Rojas P.

Universidad T~cnica de Ambato - Ecuador University of Delaware - U.S.A

July 1989

First Edition, November 1985 English Version Universidad Ticnica de Ambato Ecuador University of Delaware - U.S.A. Second EdItion, July 1989 English and Spanish Version Unive sidad ticnica de Ambato Ecuador AMDE - Priect Bahaco USAID 7.340 P.U. Box 632 Ambato - Ecuador Credit of the source must be given for reproduction. Copies printed 300

TABLE

OF CONTENTS

Introduction I

General Ch.racteristics 3 i - origin and Distribution 2- Ecological Conditions

3 Agronomic Practices

3 6
7

4 -

[hr ,esting and Storage

10

Delaware Experience 13
1 2 3 4 Plant material Greenhouse Conditions The Plant The Fruit

13
14 14

21

Characteristics of the Fruit

COrMPstion Met~olaoic Aspects Proc:essng 4 - Ecuadorien Recipes 5 - Australian Recipes I-

23 23
24 25 26 27

Fruture Prospects 31

References 33

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

1:

A Six Month Old Sabaco Plant the University of Delaware. Female Flowers

Growing a.

15

Figure 2:

Produced or

a Babaco Plant.

16

Figure 3:

Fruits

Representing a Number of Developmental Stages on the Dabaco Plant. Ripening Babaco Fruit After Being

17

'igure

4:

Stored

18

for One Week. Figure 5: Fully Ripe Babaco Fruit After Being Stored Approximately Two Weeks. A Babaco Plant, Laden with Fruit Supported with a Wooden Stake. A "Dunch" of Fruit' Plant in Chamber Five, with Four Fruits Harvested on November 27.

18

Figure 6:

19

Figure 7:

20

INTRODUCTION

it

is

very At be

amazing the same

how

plants is

can also

adapt

to different how the

environments. enviroment can

time, in the

amazing

influenced

transformation of

diverse

species, varieties, and hybrid cultivars.

Scientists expeditions promising America

and

botanists

have

devoted and as

many

years

in

for searching,

collecting, such New

transporting Carica, from

the most tropical been

and exotic to other

species, continents. America

plants

ha\e

also

introduced

to tropical

from other

latitudes.

The Caricas have

demonstrated in

in

the

past some excellent industries. as a food

characteristics and uses Actually source, fruit of there and

therapeutic and cosmetic interest babaco, in these of plants

exists more the

a Carica,

is oane

the best

"eotir

the 20th century."

Babaco more than economic in th,

's a hybrid

that

has

been growing

in Ecuador plant.

for An

a century, interest

as a

cash crop and ornamental in the last 30 years

has developeo of small to New

resulting 1973 the as

establishment introduced

commercial Zealand,

orchards. and it

In

babaco was "the most

is mentionod

expensive crop developed"

(Endt,

1981).

Introducing

new

crop

can

be

problem.

There are

enormous evaluate,

scientific cultivation

challenges, techniques

specimens to adapt,
Eut,

to and

collect

and

storage and

handling procedures to be developed.

these problems Lan be over the world

integration of worlwide, from

worked out, and researchers 3nd entorprenours all

are 'producing is many new food occurring to North the Pacific in new crops. in many The global lands as

horticulture SOuthpast Asia

America, as well Islands. technologies

from South America

to Europe and

Our interest culture .nd

including to

tissue and cell bring was the babaco grown in a

genetic For

engineering, the first

caused us time,

to Delaware.

babaco

completely different

environment under

controlled conditions.

This the

is

probably a Andes.

neK beginning Potato and

for a new variety corn were

from

south-amerlcan

once new

discoverips

that have spread around

the world

in past centuries,

Carica

and

Amarantha food sources

can

also

do

the

same

today.

These

strategic

will

provide better nutrition for the

hungry world

in the 20th century.

The role of "green immigrants"

Morrow freedom man s Wilson, "who declared in the that

is
the

summed

up

by Charles
of American plants and (Morrow)*

essence of new

is epitomized

introduction the land as

freedom

to own and plant

he pleases"

* Charles Morrow Wilson. A 20th century writer quoted by Claire Shaver Houghton in "Green Immigrants". Copyr. H. B. Jarenovich, 1978, 2. N.Y. New York.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS I - Origin and Distribution

The

ba aco

(Carica

pentagona,

Heilborn, Badillo) is a It is a natural

periennial shrub of

the papaya

family (Carica).

hybrid, indiqenous to the subtropical mountains of Ecuador.

The 9,000 feet.

plant It

grows

at

an

altitude ranging from 6,000 to from

is widely distributed in the Andean valleys

Imbabura in the north to Loja in the south.

This

species

was

mentioned

by

the

Swedish

botanist

Heilborn in 1921

for the first time (Requena, 1972; Endt, 1978).

The

principal

areas

of

cultivation

are

located

in

ecuadorian andean free climate. including

valleys that grows on

have volcanic soils and a frost 1 N to 5 S latitude Tumbaco and

Babaco areas

between the

these

equator:

Puembo,

Guayllabamba valley.

Other Ambato, Ba~ros,

important

areas

for

babaco

cultivation

are:

Ibarra, and Loja (Requena, 1972)

The babaco

has been growing in New Zealand since 1973 in Auckland, and Bay

the regions of Northland, in the provinces of of Plenty (Endt, 1981).

4 The babacos
(Nietzel,

Rare

Fruit in

Growers Yearboo CaliTornia

(1981) and

reported in Los

potted Angeles

growing
1981'.

Vista,

Plant Botany. cf C. pubescens, the

Probably babaco originated C.

by the crossing

(Chihualcan) with notomorphic and

stipulata, Badillo, which (noto = new, morphic name =

maintains genetic

category the

segregated) as:

complete

botanical

was

established Heilborn, mentioned kingdom" hybrid,

"Carica

: heilbornii, 1981; as

Badillo n.m. 2entaqona, Fabara, 1984). in It is

Badillo," in an Tropic

(Hofman, Life

in 1920 author*

" a mule "an

the vegetable

anonymous

reports

apparent natural bananas growing bunch of

between

banana and to a small

pawpaw. pawpaw

A clump of tree

in close proximity fruit which they were looked

produced a but on

like

small

plantains,

being opened,

found

to contain

seeds resembling

pawpaw seeds."

The complete botanical (Requena, 1972). Class: Subclass: Order: Family: Genus: Species: Common names:

classification is:

Dicothyledonea Archylamidae Parietales Caricaceae Carica pentaqona babaco, chamburo,

toronchi

* Anonymous Botanical

Abstracts

1921, April

(7) 738.

5 The plant is a slender single-stemmed one to two perennial The by the

herbaceous shrub reaching a height of quick growing old leaves. and soft it wood stem is

meters. scarred

hollow and but

Generally citting

is unbranched

it can be

induced to Requena,

tbranch by 1972

back

fo,- propagation

(Hofman, 1981;

The palmmate and are bright green

leaves are five-lobed, in color. They

have prominent in latex

veins, long

are rich

with

hollow petioles radiating cycle flowers

from the

trunk

and during The leaf the

each growth lamina area tree. pistil The is an a

are produced in

in each axil.

is variable depending flowers enlarged central 1976; are

the age and "ith five by

position on stepales.

pistilate

The

5-angled ovoid cavity with

terminated numerous

5 stigmas. The ovary has

ovules

(Martinhood and Jativa, long, 10-13 tip. cm in The

Nofman,

1981).

The fruits are 30-35 cm to a soft point skin

diameter and babaco fruit

gently tapered has a It very

at the

smooth

thin

and is

golden-yellow cm thick end a be

when ripe. seedless found).

has a soft, creamy, (on rare occasions

juicy pulp 1-2 3-4 sterile pulp, Hofman,

cavity The

seeds very

will

fruit

is almost entirely edible (Requena, 1972;

fragrant,

and neither

sweet nor acid

1981).

One plant can produce an The is

average of 25-35 fruits per kg. The total in

year.

fruits weight an average of 1-1.5 reported as 40-45 Endt,

production New Zealand

ton/ha/annum in Ecuador and 1981).

(Fabara, 1984;

6 There is only one variety of babaco, however, characteristics. there There exists other species is some confusion

that about

have similar botanical

classification

of Andean*s

caricaceas

(Endt, 1979)

Most of are apparently L.

the caricaceas are known 4 different its crosses species (Nietzel, in

by of

local

names.

There C.

mountain There C.

i paya

Dtib scens, relera Hei!born shape, 1967?; variety Ecuador of

and

1981).

is another crs;opetala,

subtropical fruit seedy. and the that

Carica

Ecuador,

with and

are five angled, common name 1976; is

10-15 cm

long,

oval

in

Its

"chamburo"

(Cardenas, Another

Martinhood found in

Jativa,

Fabara, of

1984).

south mountains cundina were from

Colombia and north of J. Linden or C.

classified

as C. f.

marcencis, from to

Landamarcencis Yasncellea

Hook.

developed Colombia

the com. on genera Bolivia (Cardenas,

that

grows

1969).

Ecological

Conditions

The babaco can be grown on a wide range of soil types that are friable and have good depth and drainage. The plant prefers calcareous soils containing a good balance of chemical nutrients. The climatic conditions for babaco are: Average temperature Precipitation Humidity Luminosity 13.e-16- 750 mm approx. 83% max. 50% max.

7 In volcanic tude, Ecuador soils in babac~o gr-ows in alluvial river to basins or in 3,000 m altishelter. babaco in

the mountains at around 2,000 Is a frost-free provided by

most

important

climate, and growing,

Originally

babaco shelter was

combination with avocados or citrus

(Requena, 1972).

The mate in

babaco

has

been

adapted

in

a cool

subtropical with

cli-

New Ze aland, free of

areas where

tamarillos thrive

fertile and

soils and

frosts.

Babaco also needs wind protection ideal (Endt, 1979, 1981).

bamboo shelter

was considered

Agronomic Propagation.

Practices Being a hybrid without seeds, the babaco is the

propogated

vegetatively

by cuttings. of the

This helps (Ibarra,

to maintain

botanic charazteristics 1981). The technique they have 30 cm

plant

1978; Hofman,

developed come into from the

in

Ecuador uses production. The

three-year-old trunk is cuL new

pla:-s after

off diagoDnally plants.

ground and

used

to produce in

The trunk

pcrtion

remaining

refruits

8-10 months

(Hofman, 1981;

Fabara 1984).

The stem

'-hat has been

removed

from the in

field

plant

is cut

into 30 cm sections. These should be dipped and treated with a rooting hormone

a fungicide broth Ibarra, 1978). via

(Hofman, 1981; have )een

In New

Zealand new propagation methods

developed

I,

tissue culture

using

9 soft shoot tips (Cohen and Cooper, to that used 1978; for 1?01).

The method consists culture of 1977). C.

in some variation (Litz and is

in vitro

na__ay.

Conover,

Also '.nder investigation to improve the

Yie aid Liaw,

a system of

crySetala

graftiny upon C. (Nietzel,

resistence

to nematodes

1901;

Fabara

1904).

Husbandr-. draining

Babaco requires a moisture-retaining least 25-60 cm deep. The cuttings are level. They plants

but

free-

soil for

that is at planting. ground

recommended stem below

Organic matter
1

is

placed with

0 cm of at a

the

are usually planted and rows

sPacing Fabara,

of 1.5 m distance between 1984).

(Hofman, 1981;

The occur,

provision

of

shelter be

is most by

the orchard must Endt, i81).

important where winds windbreaks (Requena,

protected

1972;

The planting

field must

rapid establishment of lizer growing and mulch or

weeds to allow young plants. Also, an orchard mix ferticompost should or chicken be incorporated during the

be

kept

free of

manure are designated to hold as much water as possible and prevent the ill effects of dry and rainy seasons (600-1000 mm/year) that can lead to the death of plants (Fabara, 1984; Endt, 1991).

season. Compost

y\A

9
Tha amount of water and soil to be type. supplied depends Too much water on rainfall, is just as but not evapotranspiration, harm.ul wet. In as too

little, for

the soil

should

be kept moist, agricultural

general

babaco the

most usual The

practices period of

and mairitenance latency the stem after the

are recommended. fruiting. No

tree has a short

pruning

is necessary except after

is cut

for propagation.

Diseases probably because However, some areas,

and it

Pests.

Babaco and

is has

very resistent crop, the ability been found to adapt. in certain

is a hybrid

nematodes

infestations have is cultured

especially

when babaco

in association with

other crops.

Three pathogens F Ecuador:

have

been

identified in :auLUG cause

the central

zone and

Mycosphaereila and Asperosporium,

anthracnose leaf brown

Deutheromycete, Cupric

spots. studies

products are recommended

for control

and lurther

are suggested

to complete the investigation

(Velastequi, 1982).

In

New Zealand,

babaco has been shown

to

be susceptible to

powdery mildew. Sphaerotheca symptoms tunately

The Qidium caricae, Erysiphe cicharacearum, and were identified with a wide range of leaf drop. For-

fuliginea spots, very

as leaf it is

leaf malformations, and easy to control

with suitable

fungicides

(Boesewinkel, 1979;

1981).

10
Viruses are another and stunted spread reported plant growth. problem that results The main danger is in mottled that leaves

viruses can it was

by cuttings from that some mites spide-

infected plants. attack

In New

Zealand

the babaco, Letranychus

urticae, has

and strawberry been difficult (Endt, 1901).

mite, Tetranychus atlanticus. Control

as most miticides are phytotoxic

to babaco leaves

It gation, general strength 1981).

is

fundamental

to

select soil as crop

healthy

plants

for propaIn

and use disinfected babaco is a

a preventive with

practice.

prolific

the fleyibility and maintenance (Endt,

to adapt and

requires easy

cultural

Harvesting and Storage In Ecuador the babaco is harvested the green by hand, using the stem

two or

three workers.

One worker cuts the base of

fruits from

and deposits them at ply on the soil.

the tree upon

the grass or simof the latex from

This permits

the exudation

the peduncle. and brings them

The second to the

worker collects packing place at

the the

fruit down a row border of the is

orchard. For 25 x 60 x

packing,

wooden and 3

boxes are commonly used the fruits are packed

(a box

40 cm

approx.) and 2 with or

10 to 12

units vertically fruits are wrapped transportaion. The

horizontally by other worker. Thp papers in to avoid storage damage during rooms (at 15 = -

packing

boxes are

placed

11
18C and 30% humidity) for 1984). 1 or 2 weeks before being sent to

the market

(Fabara,

In New signs of off

Zealand, a

harvesting in

time

is selected at

the

first

yellow coloration

fruits. The fruit can

be snipped But the is a

using citrus clippers or in the

simply pulled off is that injury rotting. the

by the stalk. may occur there to

a danger abscision problem of top of and

latter method in of

zone resulting the exudation

latter

Also,

latex when

fruits are placeo on drips on the fruits

others in a picker them up

container,

latex

messes

(Endt, 1981).

better

type

of the

picker farmers

container

has still not

been

developed. and in New

In Ecuador, Zealand

are using reed

brass baskets fruit

plastic

trays.

The weight of each or 15

makes it difficult time using (Fabara,1984;

to handle Endt, (6-

more 1981).

than 12 In New

fruits at one

Zealand, growers are results (Hartman, in the

low temperature

C)

for

storage which for 5 weeks

maintenance of babaco

fruit quality

v83).

Some fungus cause reduces rotting the

spores present storage. infestions. A

in

the

skin of

the

fruit may fungicides care of is

during fungal

treatment Furthermore In of

with

special 30%

necessary to occur in handling

avoid expensive

losses.

Ecuador

losses

the market

place because

the decay caused by poor

(Fabara, 1984).

12 Fully ripened sell the fruit the not fruit is cheaper. Generally it completely ripened for keeping is common to

at home and is

enjoying

aromatic smell traditional

for a while. The meal

big consumption on November

in October

for a

(colada morada)

The correct harvest maturity of babaco mo.,st of the procedures utilized are

is not

known,

and

those recommended

for papaya

(Endt, 1981).

DELAWARE EXPERIENCE

These

are a a

few

facts collected for

during 16 months, the end in

from the of the

time of sticking fiast fruiting

cutting, from

rooting until growing

season

one plant

the University

of Delaware greenhouse.

Plant Material Four stem pieces were provided by "Huachi" Experimental (UTA). 30 cm These were long and Ith

Station of

the

"Universidad Tecnica from The

de Ambato" and were

probably 2 months old, 2.5 cm in diameter.

planting,

stem was partially

desiccated in

epidermis and was

a color

between gray and brown.

The material 1984. 2 kg grew sally Two of pots, and

arrived

in

Newark,

Delaware potted

on

August

24, in

the stem pieces were simply placed in the tropical

in peat-moss (these

greenhouse

sections transverplaced

into plants). in

The other two stem pieces were cut treated with hormodin

5 sections each;

power and

in sandy media

(these sections did

not produce plants).

Both

plants

produced of

the

first

leaf

between

25-28 days

after planting. Selection resulted in losing one of

inappropiate greenhouse conditions to excess humidity. The one

plants due

that grew proved

to be adaptable and strong.

13

14 2 Greenhouse Conditions Paul Dennison, the manager of that the the University of Delaware's

greenhouse, reported upon the seasons.

temperature was variable depending are:

The average temperatures

Winter:

60757090

F lights F days F nights F days winter is

Summer:

The average humidity in wito some fluctuation greenhouses by were

35% and

in summer

is 75%

the

environmental

conditions. Four These

different

provided

for babaco growing.

have different

conditions:

Chamber I - Tropical conditions with high humidity provided by automatic mister and indirect light. Chamber 4 - Chamber with full sunlight and permanent ventilation system to reduce humidity. Chamber 5 - Greenhouse with mechanical system for ventilation during days, full sunlight and 75% humidity in the winter and 75% in the summer months. uomset - Plastic quonset with electrical system of ventilation and propane gas for heating system.

--

The Plant After the first month the the surviving plant was placed in

chamber

4,

to avoid

high humidity.

It was

transplanted

in a

biqger pot and

fertilized with

a complete commercial

formula.

Apparently during summer chamber months I, anc

te

plant

V as

nOt

affcte-d by the plant

the photoperiod was placed in

fall.

During wi-inter

but w'Ith had

certain grown

-estrictions two green time, leaves in

in watering. size and

After 6

the plant

presented

abundant

foliage with bright

(Figure 1).

\ 77

1/

Figure 1:

fA Six Month Old Babaco Plant Growing at the University of Delaware

In top of

the

middle of Each oe

Febr-ua-V,

the

first to

flowers appeared on terminal into leaves. fruit

the

treE..

para!!el

tile

After openi -n, (Figure 2).

the

pistil Ias

visible and it grew

the

IrI

Figure 2:

Female Flowers Produced on

a Babaco Plant.

Durinq obtain on won more , strnq In

MIarch

the

babaco for the

plant was growing

moved

to

chamber 5

to

sunliqht

fruits. These were growing The fructification period

Pedncles

(Figure 3).

resulted

the production of

27 fruits.

-VL(

Figure 3:

Fruits Representing a Number of Developmental on the Babaco Plant.

Stages

On

Auguist

7th,

two

fruits at room

were

harvested.

Both were a piece of to be-

completely green and kept styrofoam in a carton.

temperature over

After one week

the fruit started

come fragrant and 4). In another pale yellow color

the half skin color changed

to yellow (Figure

week or

more it was completely ripe and had a

(Figure 5).

-1?

6
T i
4,,

u ... ..

,, ,ocD ,.u ,... , 1

08 -14-85

i .l

Ui I85

':' '"9 1

081Z8

Figure 4: Ripening Babaco Fruit After Being Stored for One Week.

Figure 5: Fully Ripe Babaco After Being Stored Approximately Two Weeks

The plant was supported fruits. The plant was

to counteract to

the weight

of the At this

repotted

a large container. fruits every

time the plant was producing one the plant

or two

week and Tt is

itself resembled a big bunch of fruit fruit weight resulted in the deformation of (curved downward) .

(Figure 6). the

main stalk

Figure

6:

A Babaco Plant, Laden with Fruit Supported w~ith a Wooden Stake. A "Bunch" of Fruit'

In which has

Oc tober , full

tne

PlIarnt

wias

moved

to th~e

plastic

quonset

sunlight in or,-e-

to ,=orect

the curved deforma-

tion of

its main stem. After tnree Lwee~s the plant had some detrie -,m ,; 1 fruits gas 3 Vja ,, ere forced of to to mature.
This

fCI Lation, and caused to h-eat by

LaE

the ethyl,,eme It

by-forod-.tct necessar,

burning move

propan-e used t he plant to

the quonset. 5.

chamber

The Some

tota]

rocjion i ri-:, p sre. -).

s altered the
T h

due

to this circumstance.

fruits were 2cs g

e

repcttr.;

the

relocation and

the e thy lene November- 27th

e l ast

4 fr u t hwe re harvest ed on

(Piqur e

The total

harvesting

time was

fOr a

period of g in the

three months. first year.

The

production was

apPro <jmatelv 19

Vjv,

Figure 7:

Plant on

in Chamber Five,

with Four Fruits Harvested

November 27th

The Fruit

The Equaorian damage,

fruits

proved They

to

be

as good

as

those grown

in

the

highlands.

had the

correct shape

without any

bright colors and

characteristic

aromatic scent.

The babaco professors,

fruit was

tasted

by a wide range of people from and families with

high school

and college students,

children.

The spwri'ic e~otic

amount tasting

of

fruit

tasted

was only

Ymall and

there was no for a new the

pattern. But as

There was

a curiosity

jruit.

the experience was interesting. follows:

Some of

expressions were

It It

is a looks

funny

fruit. banana. ... different. flavor.

like a big

- The -

taste

is something

It is really special is possible to is

with a citric

- It The is -

eat with skin

too. this

consistency diffpront. it I iS

like a cantaloupe.. I don't know,

RFall,,

an e-otic it

flavor.

Where can
T

buy

like

that

babaco ice cream, can kind of fruit, I like

I have more? it.

It's a new
-

Really,

it's wonderful

fruit.

The babaco "I don't like it., with skin,

22 tasting experience The fruit was

was finished.

Nobody said

peeled or without sugar, in the golden yellow, yellow or half yellow stages. Also, the fruit was prepared as babaco preserves and babaco ice cream. with or

presented natural,

In

DNA

Plant

Technology Corporation session".

in Cinnaminson, New The scientists were

Jersey, we had a "babaco tasting irnpressed for

these positive characteristics of babaco: bright and smooth skin; creamy pulp without oxidation problems, the juicy condition, no seeds, the whole fruit could be eaten or blended, and low calories too.

That everywhere.

proves

that

babaco

suits

the

people's

palates

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FRUIT

The quality vigor and age of associated with

and the size of the plant. The

the fruits are related to the thickness of the trunk is

vigor and one thrunk should be allowed to grow. size two months before is unknown maturity. The exact

The fruit reach full degree of

(Endt, 1982). However, the growers harvest the fruit when it displays certain conditions including color, consistency, and appearance. Those characteristi-s are known as a result of the growers own

garvest maturity

precisely

experience (Requena, 1978; Fabara, 1904).

Composition

The nutrient analysis was done by the Ecuadorian Institute of Nutrition (INN) in 1978. These are values in miligrams corresponding to 100 grams of babaco and papaya as fresh fruit.

Babaco Water Calories Proteins Ether Extract Total Carbohydrates Fiber Ashes Calcium Phosphorus Iron Carotens Thiamine Riboflavine Niacine Ascorbic Acid 93.20 23.00 0.90 0.10 5.40 0.50 0.40 11.00 14.00 0.40 0.07 0.02 0.06 1.00 29.00

Papaya 89.70 36.00 0.90 0.10 3.30 0.70 0.40 25.00 11.00 0.50 0.16 0.02 0.03 1.32 63.00

23

,24 The exquisite flavor is unique with acidic, such as a blend (Endt, 1901). of strawberry,

low sugar and slightly pineapple, and pawpaw

The

content

of

solutie 20 C.

solid3 The

has

examined in

fruits

during 7 and 1a days at about 5. to 0% when

content increase slightly

the fruit changes from green to golden-

yellow (Hartman, 1982).

Metabolic Aspects

In Hartman's study the color of the babaco skin was graded as follow: Grade 1 3 4 5 6 7 The Color 0% yellow, 100% green 10-20% yellow 20-30% yellow 30-50% yellow 50-70% yellow 90-101)% pale yellow 100% deep, golden yellow results of respiration and ethylene production of

increased as ripened from color grade I to 7. The respiration rate remained the same from the grade I to 4 and the rate increased as the fruiL colored. Ethylene production remained below 0.5 ml/kg/hour until the fruits were over 50% yellow and then rose to a maximum when the fruits were 90-100% yellow. Fruits are ripe enough for eating 7-10 days after initial rise in the fruit

babaco at 18-

C were:

carbon dioxide and ethylene

25 respiration and ethylene volatile production. Ripe fruits gases are produced that of babaco are aromatic

indicating that CO=

.

with ethylene and fruit the

This pattern 1982). good below 3 and

inclcate storage ,Ms

is a climate-ic 6C

Hartman, fruit in

Cool

babaco at weeps.

maintains

cor-.Cit C, and

for

Fruits

are chilling abnormal

sensitive ripening,

present sunken areas of skin, to fungal rots

suceptibility

(Hartman, 1982).

Processing

In general, also presents of the most

the

babaco not.only serves as possibilities in the is

fresh

fruit

but One

excellent

food long

industry.

attractive

characteristic storage, the

postharvest

quality. of 4 weeks

Even without cool (Endt, 1982).

babaco has a shelf-live

The most fruit salad, and for

common

uses in Ecuador syrup.

are:

babaco juice,

fresh

preserved in

These products quantity for

are mainly marketing

the internal consumption

and in small

to Colombia and Peru.

Reing seedless with smooth skin, eaten. Serve chilled or cooked in

the

whole

fruit

can be

the most sophisticated forms or "dulce de babaco".

as "babacolova", or All are the finest.

"babaco

ice cream",

26 4
Ecuadorian Recipes

Natural ILabaco I golden yellow babaco 1/2 cup of sugar

The

peeled

babaco

can

be

cut horizontally into star-shaped evenly over the pieces.

slices or in cubes. Store under refrigerator.

Then Spread sugar for 1-2

plastic wrap

hours in a cool place or the

Can be served with fresh cheese or cream.

Babaco Juice I yellow babaco sugar optional

Peel cubes.

the fruit and cut into pieces. Blend it and serve over ice Add sugar to taste.

Babaco Ice Cream I yellow babaco 3 egg whites I cup of cream The babaco fruit is 1/2 pound of sugar 3 tsp. lemon juice

peeled,

cut into pieces and mixed with

lemon juice and sugar, boil it. In a bowl,

for 10 minutes. After cooling, blend

put the egg whites and cream. Beat at low speed for 10-15 minutes. Add the babaco juice and freeze it. The ice cream needs to be beaten while it is being frozen. It could be served over babaco slices with grated coconut or chocolate syrup.

27 Babaco Preserves 1 green--yellow babaco 1/2 pound sugar After peeling the babaco, and the cut in piece of piece of cinnamon

square pieces

and put in a for 10-20

bowl and add sugar

cinnamon. Boil

minutes. Can and bottle it.

Australian

Recipes

These

recipes

are

from

a pamphlet "Sweet Babaco", with

serving suggestions ideas but neither institution nor author are mentioned. "Sweet Babaco tastes like a mild fruit salad of strawberry, pineapple and pawpaw."

Babaco Fritters I cup S. R. flour 200 ml milk I egg 6 slices of babaco cinnamon sugar or castor sugar

Mix the flour, milk and egg with a beater to make a moderately thick batter. Dip the slices of babaco into the batter and deep fry until golden brown. Drain and sprinkle with sugar and cinnamon.

Babacolova I whole babaco 2 egg whites (more for large babaco) 100 g castor sugar 1/2 tsp. vinegar whipped cream strawberries to decorate

28 Slice babaco lengthwise in half to form a boat and hollow out very stiff ntil and slowly add

moderately. Beat the egg white until the castor sugar and vinegar. Beat

the sugar disolves (no bataco shells and bake

longer gritty). Spoon miture for 2 hours at 110 degrees.

into the When cool,

decorate with whipped

cream, strawberries and sliced kiwi

fruit.

S iced Babaco Savoury I '3 cup soy bouce 1 clo,.e crushed garlic I tsp. ginger 2top. corn flour Mix
1/2 babaco, sliced

Cold cuts of meat or ham sesame seeds

the soy sauce with the garlic, ginger and corn flour. Place =ilices of babaco separately on a greased baking tray. Stir up the soy sauce mixture and sprinkle some over the slices. Cover each slice carefully with thin 3lice of meat. Sprinkle with more sauce. Add another layer of sprinkle, continue remaining soy sauce to about mixture babaco, 2-3 cm and sprinkle, add more meat,

thick. Top with babaco any sesame seeds. Bake at 150

degrees for 30 minutes.

Babaco Chicken 500 G chicken pieces boned and cooked flour Dip the 2 eggs, beaten 1 cup babaco 2 tsp corn flour

chicken meat in flour, then beaten eggs and cover with puree the

bread crumbs. Deep fry until golden brown. Meanwhile,

29 babaco small in the blender bring and mix to a in the corn flour. Pour unto a continuously until inmediately

saucepan and Pour

boil,

stirring

thickered.

the babaco

sauce over

the chicken

after serving.

Batauo Fried Rice 2 beaten eggs I cui of babaco tbs soy sauce 1 cup boiled rice I handful mixed nuts Worcestershire sauce

Fry

the

beaten eggs

lightly on both sides and strips. Dice the the

leave

on a plate the frying

after cutting pan and begin

into thin

babaco into frys. When

baste with half to brown, (keep

soy sauce as it the eggs into full

the edges the other

return out a

the pan and of the

ingredientes dash or

tablespoon

rice) with a heated little

more of

worchestershire sauce. lightly with

Mix together until rice to add a

through. Sprinkle color variety.

remaining

Caramel

Babaco

Slice babaco onto a greased baking

tray Sprinkle

with orange crumbs. Add

or mandarin juice. Spread with brown sugar and bread a dot of butter on top and bake for 10 minutes.

2abaco Flambe one cup of water pan. Just

Stew

thick babaco slices minutes. ac'd rr-ean. a Brown

in one cup of sugar and in butter in a frying set

for 30

before

serving

tablespoon of

brandy and

alight. Serve with whipped

Marshmellarco

30 Melt marshmallows onto babaco Allow to cool

slices under the before serving.

griller or in a microwave oven.

Babaco Boats cake mix oven.

Cut

a babaco

lengthways and are best).

fill

with prepared

(vanilla or

orange cake

Bake in moderate

Ice when cool.

Babalfa Stack with alfalfa

Slice sprouts

babaco and and a dot

sprinkle with of

soy sauce. Top Serve as a

mayonnaise.

vegetable or side salad.

Cocobarco

Sprinkle

slices

of

babaco

with

coffee

sugar.

Shredded coconut and sesame seed.

Serve as a sweet.

FUTURE PROSPECTS

proved not only to be useful for fruit, but also the fresh-latex contains the proteolytic enzymes papain and chymopapain. In the leave have been found carpain and two macrocylic aj~aloids, dehydrocL-paine I and I. These products have various therepeutical, cosmetic, and industrial uses.

The

caricaceas

have

It is necessary develop botanical plants.

to

protect and

our

indigenous of need

species and tropical and

gardens

collections scientists

subtropical

Ecuadorian

to establish

systematic research in order to

with educational results and

and scientific facilities experiences with similar

exchange

institutions around the world.

The most promising technology for babaco will use in vitro techniques for plant propagation and somaclonal variation in order to improve and create resistenpe to viruses and nematodes. Further studies are recommended.

Due to

its everbearing

characteristics, adaptability and

strength, babaco for

could be a strategic food source and cash crop

third world countries.

The economic cost of

babaco

production

under greenhouse

31

conditions needs

32 to be investigated in order to be developed as

ornamental plant or economic crop in marginal areas.

those who are looking for a new variety of an exotic and aromatic fruit will find the answer in the babaco.

In conclusion,

REFERENCES Boeswinkel, H. J. (1982). The identity of Oidium caricae and the first recording on gagay_, mountain papaya and babaco in New Zealand. Fruit (37):474-476. Boeswinkel, H. J. (1981). Babaco, mountain papaya and papaya all are suceptible to povdery mildew. N. Z. Jour, of Ag. October, 28 Cardenas, M. (1969). Manual de plantas Imprenta !ETHUS, Cochapamba, Bolivia economicas de Bolivia. 220-222

Cohen, D. and Cooper, P. A. (1992). Micropropagation of Babaco. A Carica hybrid from Ecuador. 5th international Congress of Plant Tissue and Cell Culture held at Tokyo on Lake Yamahake, Japan. Plant Tissue Culture. 734-744 Ecuador (1965). INN. Instituto Nacional de Nutricion. Tabla de Composicion de los alimentos Ecuatorianos Ouito. 36. Endt, D. (1978). Fruiting Plants From Ecuador. Orchadist of N. Z. Feb., 18-19 Endt, D. (1979). Observation on fruit growing Chile. The Orchadist of N. Z. 347-355 The Babaco: The

in Ecuador

and

Endt, D. (1981). A new fruit in New Zealand to reach commercial production. The Orchadist of N. Z. March, 58-61. Also published by California Rare Fruit Growers Yearbook 1981 (13) 48-52. Fabara, J. (1984). El Cultivo del babaco. Curso regular de Fruticultura. Universidad Tecnica de Ambato. UTA Stencil 1-10. Hartman, J. E. (1983). Preliminary studies on the postharvest physiology and storage of babaco fruit. N. Z. Journ. of Agriculture 26:237-246. Hoffman, J. C. (1991). The babaco - Ecuadorian fruit with commercial potential. California Rare Fruit Growers Yearbook 1981 (13) 53-54. Ibarra, J. 49-51. Litz, R. E. Papaya. and Conover, R. A. (1978) HortScience 13:241-242. 33 In vitro (1978). Notas sobre el b..baco. Desde el surco. (19)

propagation of

34 Litz, R. E. and Concvet-, p. cell Cultures Df r lca A. (1980). -tipulata. Somatic Embryogenesis in HotScience 15 (6) 733-

M artinod p. and jatI, . C. 3 Carizaceas. institto de te .

rii

1976). Al-aloides de las Cienclas Natrales . (17)

3-9.

1" " L CU.er, .

(-I ) 55-LG

bac mountairF California Ra-e

Y ear)ook

zapaya. A most Fruit Growers

Requena, C. F. r0. (1972). Analisis pomologico Thesis Ing. Agr. del Babaco. Un:iersJad Cenltral 'el Ecuador. Ouitu. c-I tad d e
g . , "ed. Vet. I'Q , 2-4.

T es enferiejades fzliaes del babaco *>3ic1a Pentagona, HejI orn) Len a Zona de BahCs. .ista de !a Escue'a Agoyan. de I-qenieia - grontmica e,-sidad Tecnica de !a de Ambato UTA) Ambato, Ecuador (21): ie, S. T. anc Liavv, S. T. (1977) Plant and callus of papayc. In Vitro. regeneration 9 (13).

e.

tLps

from shoot

365-36E.

Litz, R. E. and Conover, R. A. (19E0). cell cultures of Carica stipulata. 735

Somatic Embryogenesis in HortScience 15 (6) 733-

Martinod, P. and Jativa, C. (1976). Alcaloides Caricaceas. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Nietzel, J. (1901,'.
d:2
-

de las 1 (17)

3-9.

The

promising

/o,,or . C

babaco mountairi papaya. A most ii furF,ia Rart, F-uit Growers

Yearbook

(1

) 55-56.

Requena, C. F. 2. (1972). Analisis pomologico del Babaco. Thesis Ing. Acr. Uni.ersidad Central del Ecuador. Quito. Facultad dD Ing. Agr. y Med. Vet. 1972, 2-42. Velastvgui, J. R. (19811. Tres enfermedades foliares del babaco Carica pentgoiFca, HeLIborn) en la zona de Bafos. Agoyan. Revista de Ia 7scuela de Ingenieria Agronbmica de la Universidad Tcnica de Ambato (UTA). Ambato, Ecuador (21): 24-27. Yie, S. T. and Liaw, of S. T. (1977) Plant regeneration from shoot In Vitro. 9 (13). 365-368.

tips

and callus

papaya.

E~,L\7

\-L

C0

I~'

'1<

E L

B A

U N A

F R U T A

X 0 T I C A

POP

Rebeca Ven-, de Rojas Jaime E. Rojas P.

Universidad Tecnic,- .ie Arnbato Universidad de Delaware

Ecuador

- U.S.A

Julio 1909

Priniera Edici6n, Noviembre 1985 Versi6n en incfles Un ivers idac ;( usc d.? Aoa uc - Ecuacor University of i~elcawiar- - I
.A

1;4qunda Edici6n, Jul io 1989 Vorsion lnq I Os v Eslp-anol Jn r ra i clad I lca dio Arnba-to - Ecuador AM~DE - fProye' uW- Itytbaco OSAIU 7. 34 0 (is i .1]a 632 , Ambato - FEuuudOr Ci tac ion de l a fu(tt Tiraje 300 ejeinpIareE; es requerida para reproducci6n

TABLA DE CONTENIDOS Introducci6n 1 Caracteristicas Generales

1 - Origen y Distribucibn

3 3 6 7
9

2 3
4

- Condicibnes Ecoldgicas
- PrActicas Agronbmicas - Cosecha y Almacenamiento

Experiencia en Delaware
1 2 - Material Vegetal - Condiciones de invernadero - La Planta El Fruto

12
12 13

3 4

14 20

Caracteristicas del Fruto

1 2 3 4 - Composicibn - Aspectos Metabblicos - Procesamiento Recetas Ecuatorianas

22
22 23

24
25

- Recetas Australianas

26

Proyecci6n Futura Bibliografia

30

32

LISTA DE FIGURAS

Figura 1:

Planta de Babaco de Seis Meses de Edad Creciendo en el Invernadero de la Universidad de Delaware. Flores Femeninas Producidas en una Planta de Babaco. Frutos de Diferente Planta de Babacc. MaduraciOn do una Semana.

15

Fiqura 2:

15

Figura 3:

Desarrollo Fisiolgico de

la

16

Figura 4:

Babaco

luego de ser Almacenado por

17

Figura 5:

Babacos por

Totalmente Maduros

luego de ser Almacenados 17

Dos Semanas.

Figura 6:

Una Planta de Bdbaco Cargada de Frutas y tutoreada por Una Estaca de Madera. Un Racimo de Frutos! Planta en la C~mara 5 con Cuatro Frutos Cosechados

18

Figura

7:

19

en Noviembre 27.

INTRODUCCION
Es asombroso ver como las plantas se es pueden adaptar a asombroso ver

medios diferentes. Al como el

mismo

tiempo,

tambien la

medic ambiente puede

influenciar en

transformacibn de

diversas especies,

variedades y cultivares

hibridos.

Cientificos y diciones para m~s exbticas

botAnicus

han dedicado muchos ahos y transportar como las

en expelas frutas

investigar, Y

coleccionar tales

promisorias,

Caricaceas desde tambien

America Tropical han sido

hacia otros continentes.

Nucvas plantas latitudes.

introducidas en America desde otras

Las Caricas han

demostrado en el

pasado algunas

caracte-

risticas excelentes y usos en cosmEticas. plantas Carice, El mas de un como Actualmente nuevos

industrias terapsuticas y un notable y interns el en estas

existe

recursos

alimenticios

babaco, una

es una de Babaco

las mejores es un

frutas exdticas del que

siglo XX. Ecuador por y

hibrido

ha crecido en el

centenario considerandose como una planta Un interns economico se ha ocasionado En el presentado en

econbmica

ornamental. 30 aftos, huertos

los 6ltimos de pequehos

lo que ha comerciales. ha

establecimiento Babaco fue

1973 el

introducido a Nueva

Zelandia y este

sido mencionado como

"el cultivo desarrolladd

mAs caro" (End~t,

1981).
nuevo cultivo puede constituir un problema. cientificos como tanto para coleccionar y

Introducir un Hay grandes

desafios

almacenar

especimenes;

para evaluar

tdcnicas de cultivo,

2 adaotar y desarrollar superados y tbcnicas de manejo. Estos problemas mundo se

pueden ser encuentran La

los investigadores alrededor del

"produciendo" de el

algunos nuevos cultivos alimenticios. la horticultura Asi~tico America estA ocurriendo en los Estados las

integraci~n global lugares como desde

muchos

Sudeste desde Sud

hacia hacia

Unidos asi Islas del

tambien

Europa y

Pacifico. interbs pot nuevas tecnologlas, incluyendo el a

Nuestro cultivo de que babaco se

tejidos y celulas e introduzca el

ingenieria gen~tica, nos motiv6

Por primera vez el fub cultivado en un ambiente completamente diferente bajo controladas. este es el inicio de una nueva variedad

babaco a Delaware.

condicidnes

Probablemente introducida desde

sudamericanos. La papa y el maiz fueron descubrimientos que se difundieron alrededor del mundo en siglos pasados, Caricas y Amarantha pueden ser iguales en la actualidad. Estos, podrian constituirse en recursos alimenticios estrettgicos que proveer~n una mejor nutrici6n para el mundo hambriento en el siglo XX. El rol de los "inmigrantes declar6 verdes" que en esta "la lz resumido por de la de

los Andes

Charles Morrow Wilson*, quien libertad Americana es

esencia

ejemplarizada

introduccin

plantas nuevas y la y sembrar su tierra

libertad del como a bl

hombre se

manifiesta en poseer

le plazca."

# Charles Morrow Wilson. Un escritor del siglo XX mencionado por Claire Shaver Houghton en "Green Inmigrants". Copiado H.B. Jarenovich 1978. 2. N. Y. Nueva York.

40

CAR .TEP:STCAS GENERALES I

-

Origen y Distribucin

baba~z

'Sai

:etaqona, :a

-fizt-rn, ;:aaa

Fadillo) es un arica). Es in

arbusto peremne de hibrido natural, del Ecuadcr.

:a lamilia de

que se encuentra en :as -:ntahas subtropicales

La pla-ta crece entre altitudes de 6.000 a 9.0c0 pies. ampliamente distribuida el norte hasta Loja en el

Es

en !os valles andinos desde Imbabura en sur.

Estas especies fueron mencionadas Heilborn en 1921 por primera vez

pol

el

botAnico Suizo

(Requena, 1972; Endt, 1976).

Las Areas

principales de cultivo estan localizadas en los suelos volc~nicos y libre de

valles interandinos ecuatorianos con de heladas. El

babaco crece entre I- de latitud norte a 5 las Areas e7 la linea ecuatorial

latitud sur, incluyendo Puembo,

Tumbaco y el Valle de Guayllabamba.

Otras

Areas

importantes

para

el cultivo de babaco son:

Ambato, Baeos,

Ibarra, V Loja (Requena, 1972).

El

babaco ha sido introducido a Nueva Zelandia desde 1973,

4 en las regiones del de Plenty Nortnland, en la provincia de Auckland y la

Bahia

(Endt, 1981).

el

Anuario de Cultivadores de Frutos Raras (1981) cultivo de babaco en macetas en Vista, California (Nietzel, 1981).

El

report6 y en Los

Angeles

Caracteristicas Bot~nicas. originado por C. stipulata, el cruzamiento Badillo, 1o cual de C.

Probablemente

el

babaco es

,ubescens (Chihualcan) con la categoria notomrfica nombre botbnico

mantiene

(noto = nuevo

morpho = segregado genLtico) y el Carica

completo fue establecido como: entaq-na, Heilborn,

x heilbornii 1981;

Badillo n.m. Fabara, 1984).

Badillo,"

(Hofman,

Este se menciona en reino vegetal" natural, junto a

"Tropical

Life" en

1920 como

"una mula en el

un autor

anOnimo* report6 Un racimo

"un aparente hibrido de bananos creciendo racimo de momento de

entre banana y papaya. una pequea como planta de platanos

papaya que produjo un pequeros, pero al

frutos que eran abrirlos,

contenian

semillas como semillas de papaya".

La clasificaci6n (Requena, 1972) Cl ase: Subclase: Or-den: Familia:

botAnica completa es:

Especie: G~nero: N e s Co n s:pentagona Nombres Comunes: An6nimo. Botanical

Dicothyledonea Archylamidae Parietales Caricaceae Carica Car-ica babaco, chamburo, toronchi Abril (7) 731.

Abstracts 1921,

La solo hueco

planto3

es

J.

arbusto erguido

herbaceo peremne con un metros. es . el El tallo es porosa y m cortE del

tallc que de

aicanza ura aitira creclmiento. :icatrices des

de 1 a 2 La madera hojas ,

- l1 do laE

s-ave

cubierta por tiene

]as set-

-amas
la

pe-C esta: propagacion

pueden

inducidas por Requena,

apice para

(Hofman, 1981;

1972).

Las

hojas

son

palmeadas verde

de

cinco

lbulos

con

venas

prominentes y latex durante :on

dF color

brillante. Las ubicados

hojas son del

ricas en tronco y

pecrolos r:icIo

13rgos nuevo

alrededor

cada

de El

crecimiento, yemas rea de lamina de

florales son la hoja es Las

producidas en su parte variable dependiendo

axilar. de la

edad

y posiciOn en

el

6rbol.

flores son pistiladas alargado ovario and de cinco

con cinco sepalos. El 6ngulos y terminado

pistilo es un

ovoide

por rinco estigmas. El UMartinood n iargo

tiene

una cavidad IQ76;

central

con numerosos bvulos Los e :. L. dE f: t,

J. tiva,

Hofman, I los s: -:_4 e i ado

19011.

Po desarroI'a pe dunculo fruto,

i3rteno-3trpcarme-,tc; r, ci
qtc

encuentt-!as ho ,

3: e c -

tierer. Lima

cm de

1argo,
hasta
*r'.i

10-17 termina
-

77
orina.
T

diamet-o,

el

qJo El jn

di-.,minuye fruto color del

suavemente babaco tiene cuandc 1 a

forma puntiagudu.
Iia c3,
p -senta

corteza maduro.

amarillo

esta 2 cm ra-.

iene una

pulpa suave, ademas una

cremosa y jugosa de cay id3d sin semi11a( a-.-

de grosc

y presenta

ocI~irner

7-i"as

entOrilec.

6
Una planta por afto. '.os puede producir tienen un un promedio promedio de 25 a 35 frutos de 1-1.5 kg. La

frutos

peso

produccibn el

total

que se Nueva

ha reportado

es de 40-45 Endt,

ton/ha/aho en 1981).

Ecuador y en

Zelandia

(Fabara, 1984;

Hay solo una especies confusion andinas que

varledad

de

babaco,

sinembargo

hay

otras

tienen la

caracteristicas

similares. Existe alguna las caricaceas

acerca de

clasificacibn bot~nica de

(Endt, 1979).

La mayorla de locales. papaya de Existen

las caric aceaE aparentemente (C. 4

son conccidas por sus nombres diferentes L.) de con y especies sus de la

montaa 1981). Hay

pubescens, g6nero

cruzamientos subtropical en

(Nietzel, Ecuador, C.

otro

Carica frutos

crysooetala, Heilborn cm nombre de largo; comn es de el

que tienen cinco y producen

angulos de 10-15 semilla. Martihood en las Su

forma

ovalada

"chamburo"

(Cardenas, 19sL9;

y Jativa, montahas como

1976; del C.

Fabara 1984). de
-

Otra variedad encontrada y norte del Ecuador o C.

sur

Colombia

clasiflcada

cundina f. fud

marcencis,
desarrollada

J.
del

Linden

candamarcencis, Vasconcellea 1969).

Hook.

g~nero comun (Cardenas,

que crece desde

Colombia hasta

Bolivia

- Condiciones Ecol6gicas El babaco puede crecer en una amplia variedad de tipos de

7 suelos que sean friables y tengan buena con profundidad y drenaje. un buen contenido de el babaco

La planta nutrientes son:

prefiere suelos calcreos quimicos. Las condiciones

clim6ticas para

temperatu-a promedio precipitacibr humedad lufminosidad

13.8-16m C 750 mm approX. 93% max. 50% max.

Er

el

Ecuador

babaco crete

en

cuencas

aluviales o en 2.000 libre

suelos volcanicos de estribaciones a 3.000 m de altitud, de heladas el babaco y fJ al aspecto mr

de montaNa

alrededor de

i, 0ortwnte es que sea

tenga practeccidn. proporciona-a

Originalmerte por ml

la proteccibn para combinado con

7ultivo

aquacates o citricos

(Requena, 1972).

El

babaco

ha

sido adaptado a un clima subtropical areas donde eviste cultivos de

frio en

Nueva Zelandia, en Arbol con suelos

tomate de tambien se han

fbrtiles y

fibres de heladas. El viento, 1981). ceocas de

babaco bamb6

necesita

proteccion contra el

considerado ideales

(Endt, 1979;

- Pr~cticas Agronbmicas

Propaqacin.

Siendo

jn

hjbrido si.

semillas,

el

babaco es

propagado vegetativamente por estacas. EVto ayuda a mantener las caracteristicas 1981). bothnicas de Ia planta (lbarra, 197P; Hofman,

B
La aftos de tallo es para tdcnica edad luego desarrollada que estas en han Ecuador usa plantas de terminado tres

la producci6n. El suelo y es usado del tronco

cortado diagonalmente La

30 cm desde el porcibn frutos en

producir nuevas plaf-tas. a brotar y dar

restante

volvera 1981:

7uevos

H-10

meses

(Hofman,

Fabara,

1q84).

El cultivada

tallo que ha es

sido

removido

cortado

de

la planta

cortado en baho

secciones de 30 cm. Estos pedazos deben fungicida y luego Ibarra, nuevos tiernos tratado 1978). con una En Nueva

ser sumergidos en un hormona de

enraizamiento

(Hofman, 1981; m6todos

Zelandia han sido desarrollados via cutlivo El de tejidos

de propagacion (Cohen y Cooper, la usada en 1978; Yie y de

usando brotes -n alguna 2apaya bajo

1981).

m~todo in

consiste de C. est

variaci6n de

cultivos Liaw,

vitro Tambi~n C.

(Litz y Conover, investigaci6n para mejorar un

1977).

sistema

injer-taciOn sobre nemtodos (Nietzel,

crysopetala Fabara,

la resistencia a

1981;

1984).

Manejo. de humedad cm de el

El

babaco requiere un

suelo con

buena retenci6n

pero de drenaje

libre y que

tenga un mlnfmo de 25-60 es recomendado para

profundidad. El de

uso de abono org~nico la plantaci6n. Las del suelo y

establecimiento

estacas son colocadas, usualmente plantadas a

10 cm de tallo bajo el un espacio de 1.5 m

nivel de 1984).

distancia

entre

plantas e hileras

(Hofman, 1981; Fabara,

- Cosecha y Almacenamiento

En dos o

el ires

Ecuador el

babaco es cosechado Un

verde a mano, usando corta base de el la fruto planta

trabajadores. tallo y

trabajador la

desprendiendolo del sobre

lo deposita en el del

!a vegetacion o simplemente sobre del latex los de por el frutos que empaque, que babaca, se corte han

suelo.

Esto permite El segundo y los la

la exudacidn trabajador traslada al huerta. madera Para (una en

pedunculo.

colecta luga-

sdo

depositados

se encuentra al usan

borde de

empacar PI caja un mide numero

generalmente los

cajas de frutos son dispuestos

25x60-40 de 10

cm approy. ) y a 12

empacados

unidades

verticalmente y fruto, son durante el 1518 C y

2 o 3 horizontalmente, por otro papel de empaque

trabajador. Los evitar dahos bodegas antes (de

envueltos con

para

transporte. Las cajas 30% de humedad) por

son almacenadas en 1 6 2 semanas

de ser

enviadas al

mercado

(Fabara, 1984).

En Nueva cuando Los aparecen se

Zelandia el

tiempo de

cosecha estA determinado amarilla en de un los frutos. o

los signos de coloracibn desprenden usando tallo.

frutos

tijeras Pero existe

citricos

simplemente arrancandoles del el ultimo m~todo y es que

peligro en la zona

puede causar en una

lastimaduras en

de absicibn que existe un

resultarla al

posterior

pudricibn. Tambibn en el se

problema

ser el

colocados late de los

unos sobre otros f-utos

recipiente de

recolecciitn,

superiores

10 derrama sobre (Endt, 1981). los frutos de abajo y les da una mala apariencia

Un recipiente diseftado. En el

mejor Ecuador

para :Os

recoleccibm agricultores

no

ha estan

sido todavia utilizando

canastas de carrizo El la peso vez de cada

y e,- Nueva

Zelandia r-eclpientes de plAstico. manejar m~s de 12 o 15 frutos a

fruto dificulta Endt,

(Fabara, 1984;

1991).

En

Nueva

Zelandia (6C)

1os

agricultores

estan

utilizando

temperatura baja resultados los frutos

para almacenar el en la

'abaco y esto ha dado la calidad de

satisfactorios (Hartman, 198-).

conserva,ibn de

Algunas pueden causar con fungicida

esporas

de hongo presentes en

la

corteza del

fruto

podredumbre durante el reduce estas

almacenaje.

Un tratamiento Adem~s, es En

infecciones para evitar

fungosa5.

necesaro un cuidado especial el Ecuador el 70% de

pErdidas costosas. el lugar

las pbrdidas el

ocur-re en

de mercado

debido a daetos causados por

manejo deficiente

(Pabara, 1984).

Los vender

frutos

bien maduros son no muy -in

baratos.

Generalmente es comin casa y

los

frutos

maduros

para mantenerlos en

disfrutar del en el

aroma por

tiempo. L.a Epoca de mayor

consumo es (]a colada

mes de Oc:tubre debido a una com-da tradicional en Noviembre 1-7.

morada)

La maduraciOn bien conocida todavia zados son aquellos

adecuada y

para

la

cosecha del los

babaco no esta

la mayoria de han sido

procedimientos utilila papaya

que

recomendados para

(Endt, 1981).

EXPERIENCIA EN DELAWARE,

A continuacibn 16 meses en el
el momento en

se anotan algunos datos colectados durante invernadero de la Universidad de Delaware. Desde

que se plantb una estaca para sa enraizamiento

hasta la finalizacion de la primera 6poca de cosecha.

Material Vegetal

Cuatro estacas de Garanja Experimental de

babaco Huachi

fueron de

proporcionadas

por

la

la Universidad Thcnica de

2 meses de edad, y tenian '0 cm de largo y I a 2.5 cm. de dibmetro. El tallo est~ba parcialmente disecado y la epidermis era de un color entre gris y cafb.

Ambato (UTA).

Estas fueron probablemente de

Este material de 1984. Dos estacas

fu6 introducido a Delaware el 24 de Agosto fueron plantadas en

macetas conteniendo peat-moss y fueron ubicadas en un invernadero tropicalizado (plantas se desarrollaron do estas estacas). Las otras dos estacas fueron cortadas transversalmente en 5 secci6nes cada una, se los trat6 con Hormodin y fUeron plantadas en arena bajo humedad constante (estas secciones no produjeron plantas).

Las dos plantas produjeron las primeras hojas a los 25-28

12

17, dlas despues de plantadas. Las condiciones inapropiadas del humedadfue la causa de la

invernadero en pbrdida de

especial el de

exceso de La

una

ellas.

planta que sobrevivib prob6 su

adaptabilidad

y vigor hibrido.

Condiciones del

Invernadero

Paul Delaware

Dennison, que

jtfe de las

invernaderos de temperaturas las del

la Universidad de invernadero son

indica

variables dependiendo de fuerbn:

la estacibn,

temperaturas promedio

Invierno:

60" 75-

F F

noches dias

Verano:

70" 90"

F F

noches dias

El

promedio

de alguna

humedad

en

el

invierno es 35% y en el las condiciones fueron

verano es 75% con del medio

fluctuaciOn acorde con Cuatro invernaderos babaco,

ambiente. el

diferentes

provista para condiciones:

crecimiento del

estos tenian

diferentes

Cmara I - Condiciones tropicales con alta humedad provistos de humidificador autom~tico y luz indirecta C, mara 4 - Iluminaci6n ventilacion permanente Solar y esta provista de para reducir la humedad.

C~mara 5 - Invernadero con sistema meE-nico para ventilacibn durante el dia, total luminosidad y 35% de humedad en el invierno y 75% en el veranc'.

14 Quonset - Invernadero de plAstico con sistema electrico de ventilacion y gas propano para la calefaccibn.

La Planta

Despubs del planta

primer mes la cAmara

de adaptaci~n 4 para en luego

y crecimiento, el exceso

la de

fue ubicada en Esta fuL.

evitar

humedad. acorde al

transplantada la planta y

un recipiente mas grande fu6 fertilizada con un

tamafto de

abono completo.

Aparentemente fotoperodo durante planta fue el

la

planta

no

fu6

afectada

pot

el la

verano y el a la

otoio. Durante el c.mara 1, pero planta

invierno con

trasladada

ciertas

rertricciones en 2 veces brillante en

riego. Luego de presentaba

6 meses la

habia crecido verde

tamahfo y I).

abundante follaje de color

(Fig.

A mediados flores en la

del

mes

de Febrero, superior terminales lugar a de y

aparecieron la

las primeras Crecieron abrirse, el 2).

parte. hojas

planta. de

paralelamente a pistilo fus

las

luego frutos

visible y este did

los

(Fig.

Figura

1:

Planta de bhahide 6 mees d- edad creciendo en el invernadero dn la Universidad de Delaware.

Figura 2:

Flores f.qmeninas producidas en una planta de babaco

Durante el mes de marzo

a planta de tabaco f'ue trasladada para el

a la cAmara 5 con mas luminzoidad solar

c-ecimiento de los frutos. Los babecos creciercn en ped' cuios largos y fuertes (Fig.3). Durante todo el periodc de fructificacicn se produjeron 27 frutos durare el per codo ,r f-ucti f iacic,.

Figura 3:

Frutos de Diferente Desarrollo Fisiol6gico de planta del babaco. 7 de Agosto dos frutos

El

fueron cosechados. Los dos mantuvo a temperatura

estuvieron completamente verdes y

se los

17 ambiental Luego sobre un ped zo los de espumafle comenzaran dentro de una caja. a emitir un aroma

de una
x

senanna

frutc, la

fragante 4).

la tritad ae

corteza cambio

a color amarillo (Fig.

En otra semana 6 un poco m~s el maduty, ten ia un color amanrilIlo

fruto estuvo completamente .

(Fig . 5

I!

....

Figur6 4: Maduracibn de Babaco luego de set almacenado pot una semana,

Figura 5: Babacos totalmente maduros luego de set almacenados pot dos semanas.

1G
La planta el fue peso de mas tutoreada los con una estaca de madera para fue transplantada

contrarestar a un

frutos. La planta A ese semana ,).

recipiente

grande. frutos cada frutos del

tiempo la planta estuvo y se El habia transformado peso de los frutos

produciendo uno o dos en un gran la rdcimo de

(Fig. tallo

ocasion6 aba'o).

deformacibn

principal

(curvado hacia

:4~7

Figura 6:

Una Planta de Babaco CarLgada de Frutos y Sostenida por Una Estace de Mader.. Un Racimo de Frutos! Octubrf-

E, plAstico

la

planta

fue

trasladada total de al sol

a un invernadero para corregir la tuvo severa

(quonset) con exposicion del y los tallo. pequehi;s Luego

malformacion defoliacion

tres

semanas

frutos

presentaron

una maduracibn

1Q

forzada.

Esta

imprevista madurez por el

se debib a

la presencia de gas invernadero. La

etileno producido Fu

sistema de

calefaccibn del la planta a

entonces necesario total fue

trasladar a alterada

la c~mara 5.

produccibn Algunos de una

debido

esta circunstancia. traslado 4

frutos seccion

se perdie,-on a otra y

dJrante el por

transplante, el al

exposicion

gas etileno. Los

frutos finales El tiempo

fueron casechados el de fue cosecha durb

27 de Noviembre. un periodo 19 Kg de en el 3 meses. La

producci6n

total

apro~imandamente dp

primer aho.

Figura 7:

Planta en

la Camara

5 con Cuatro

frutos cosechados en

Noviembre 27.

20

El Los

Fruto frutos prcbaron ser tan buenos Ellos comO aquellos que tuvieron la
,

crecen en

las mcntaftas

ecuatorianas.

forma acento

perfecta sin aromAtico.

ningun daft(,

presentaron color brillante

Los de

frutos del desde

babaco fueron profesores y

saboreados estudiantes

por una variedad de colegio y

personas,

universidad

hasta

familias enteras con i-Hm_.

La modo

cantidad de fruta de

degustada Fut

fuE

peque~a

no hubo un por-

?specifico una

hacerlo. fruta

solamente Pero la

curiosidad

saborear

nueva

ex~tica.

experiencia fub

interesante. Algunas

de

las expresiones manifestadas fueron:

- Es una

fruta encantadora. banana grande.

- Esto parece como una - El sabor es algo...

diferente. con sabor corteza a citrico. tambien. No se, pero esto es

- Esto es realmente - Esto es

especial

posible comerlo cor parece a

- La consistenzia se diferente. - Realmente ecto

-

j-i melon.

tiene un

sabot- exbtico.

Dcnde puedo comprarlo? Me gusta el heladn de babaco, puede da-me un poco m~s?

E-to es un rJ9 a clase de f"..ta, .rte-;,sta.

-

Qealniente es

-na

n-

a.

-~

:i~

d_'jo

a con
- 7~F,

en'
PC

fi c
3S t n '~~~f

zc

f ru t Z

cle

ca

or

CARACTERISTICAS DEL FRUTO

La calidad el vigor y la edad

y tamar'yo de la

de

los

frutos est~n El grosor

relacionados con del tronco est6 La fruta El

planta.

asociado con el alcanza grado el

vigor y se

permite solamente un dos meses para la antes de cosecha

tronco.

tamaho completo de madurez los

su madurez. es

exacto

desconocida los frutos

(Endt,1982). cuando estos

Sinembargo presentan
y

agricultores

cosechan

ciertas condiciones incluyendo, color, Aquellas experiencia caracteristicas de los son

consistencia, determinadas

apariencia. la propia 1984).

por

productores

(Requena, 1978;

Fabara,

Composicibn El an~lisis de nutrientes del Ecuador (INN) por fue hecho en 197P. por Estos el Instituto de va~ores estkn

NutriciOn

expresados en miligramos fruta fresca. Caracteristicas Agua Calorlas Proteinas Extracto de eter Carbohidratos Totales Fibra Ceniza Calcio Fdsforo Haerro Caroteno Tiamina Riboflavina Niacina Acido Asc6rbico

100 gramos de babaco

y papaya como

Babaco 93.20 23.00 0.90 0.10 5.40 0.50 0.40 11.00 14.00 0.40 0.07 0.02 0.06 1.00 29.0

Papaya 89.70 36.00 0.90 0.10 3.30 0.70 0.40 25.00 11.00 0.50 0.16 0.02 0.03 1.32 63.0

22

-7

El
y

exquisito

sab,-

es

.ico

ccS de

inima

-antidad piia

de

.zucar

ligeramente acido 1981).

como un-) mezla

frutil:a,

,papay

(End'-,

El durante 8%

contenido 7 y 14 dias los

de sdlid ,z a 2Cl C. El

solubles -ontenidv de

fu

examinado

f-u-os do 5% a

u.2 _in'rementa

cuando

f-utos

._abian

color verde

a amarillo-dc-adc

(Hartman, 1982).

Aspectos Metablicos

En el babaco

estudio do Hartmn

(1982)

el

color de

la corteza do

fue catalogada

como sigue:

Grado 1 2 3
S30-50%

Color 07. amarillo, Q0, verde 10-20". ama-i I'o 20-O.% amaril io anmari I 50-70% amaril l90-100. amar o ido 100% amarillo dorado

5 6 7

Los

resultados C fueron:

do respiraiobn diO<ido de

p!oduccion carborio /

do etileno de aimentan I a 7. a 4 y El la

babaco a 18conforme el grado de

etileno Se grado 1 La

fruto madura

desde jna coloracion igual el desde

respiracion permanece aumenta conforme debajo do

grado clorea.

gradiente se

frjto

produccion que los

do etil.no permanece

0." ,

ml/ig/hora

hasta

24 eStuvieron cuando los halan sobDe frutos amarillo alzarzan y entonices an'a'jllo.

ilega a un Tn ximo
Los r'utos se

pr-IO0%

suf i

entemente inc-emento e

maduroS r'sp

para
r-acib I cuzi Es'a

el

consume en 7-10 dla .

Prodjccibn 7dic 3 1a de etilenc. pro'2encla de

despues del Los

frtos r, d'.s etilE'O frutc :1 p, bajo fri, 5 2* a y

. _)s COz.

gases volatie,babaco como

cnnd icion

cataloga al Ei babaco

climatericu, 6C

(Hartman, los

1982). frutos Son

almacerado condicicrie enfriamiento maduracijn (Hartman,

mintieLos

en buenas a

semanas.

fr 'tos At-eas de a

sensibles

C y presentando v

co'teza quemada, pudricibn fungica

anormal 1982).

suceptibilidad

Procesamiento

En fresca

general

(l

babaco presenta

no

sirve

inicamente

como

fruta la

,iino de

adem-s

posibiiidades exceleptes para Una de calidal una las d'? vida m6s

industria

alimentos. es frio, (Endt, su E1

atractivas Sin hasta

caracteriticas almacenaje en cuatro semanas

larga

Pos-cosecha. propia Oe

babaco tiene

1982).

Los usos fruta f'esca, son

ms en

comunes ensalada

en el y

Ecuado,- son: en

jugo de almibar.

babaco, Estos

preservada par-a el

productos pequera

principalmente

consumo

interno y una

cantidad Para

comercializarlo en Colombia y Peru.

Por set puede ser

una

suave consumida totalmente. Se sirve madura o cocida en las formas m6s sofisticadas como "babacolova" o "helado de babaco" o dulce de babaco, todas son mur deliciosas.

25 fruta sin semilla y contar con una piel

Recetas Ecuatorianas

Pabaco al Natural 1 babaco maduro 1/2 taza de azbcar

Despues de pelado el babaco, puede ser cortado horizontalmente en forma de estrella o en cubos. Entonces, espolvorear azcar sobre Ils pedazos. Guardar baja papel P16stico por 12 horas en un lugar frio o en el refrigerador. Puede ser servido con queso o crema.

Jugo deBabaco 1 babacc amarillo azucar opcional

Pelar la fruta y cortar

en

pedazos.

Batirlo

servir sobre

cubos de hielo, aadir azicar al gusto.

Helado de Babaco I babaco amarillo 3 claras de huevo taza de crema 1/2 libra de azucar 3 cucharaditas de imbn

jugo de

i\in
-

El
corn

tabacc
limcn Y, z Dr (ad-,r s-r

de'sp'jei

de pelado, :cr-tad= e-n t-Ozos. , rnzclado

Het-vi-Ie !as .3 ";0 1IC de -3 :.e~a arj -ongelarse. cmic-

-ugo de

a:Ci a r . Ponet 3t I-lc

minitos,
huevos fr-ante El

luego en
jn

en4 'IrC
,-e C -Pe ' te Min)utcT. neceFita

~3~>'
:e ma ,

c:>'-35 'e L, C:J 8

10-15 helado

' 1' o2 cuando ta bco ,

~aba c: bE
7cmirz~na ZCDC 0 r

batid :
trozos dIe

Puede ser

sprv ido rcn

de chocolIa te.

Conserva d"

Babacc I railta de canela

I baajaco vprde amarillo I1 2 !i1b r : d e a-,jc-ajr

Despues poner

de

pelar

el

babacc, a~fadir el

cortar en pedacitos cuadrados y

azucar ,, el pedazo de

en un

recipiente,

canela.

Her-vir

por 10 -

20 minutos.

Enlatai-se o embotellarse.

Recetas Australianas

Estas rpce~as provienen de un panfleto "Sweet Babaco" con y suqe-encias para servir, han sido frut IIIa, mencionados. pe-o ni la ifstituci6n

ideas

ni el autor

"Dulce

de babaco sabe,

a una ensalada de

PI a /, papaya" .

Fri'ur

=; de Ba baco

I ta.za de harina 200 ml de leche I huevo

6 tajas de babaco canea azucar a azucar impalpable harina, leche y huevos

Me~cle

la

hasta que

se haga una

rA

-- 7

mezcla espe--a. freir

Intr-cduzca

las

ta ja s

c.

t.la -2

r.2zc1a

hasta que esten cafecit-s

Sirvase~ c~n

az~ciar

y cane'la

enc ima.

1 babaco entero 2 c'ar_z- do hu~evc (.m65 (in babaco grance)

1/2 :uch a6dtwa

para rre 3 :it'.da

de vifl8grer
kiwi

frutillas

10

9 azucar Impalpable
Corte babaco

frult

el1

por

!a

mi tad Sata

:, 1a

lc1argo 2-cde

er, fcwr-na huevo

d.:

_j-

barco

y vacilO T'cderadarnte.

ha: t3

quo eston a puntc~ do nioVOe

vin~iolre.

y despac-jo r'qiasn
o3:7_)c ar 'e

el
(no

:;TCca'

Bata

hasta quo r-! d.p' is co j baibG7cc .1IC

di',lv

g- in u Ios.

PC,-q -1 hn-n.: e batid,

do -n t ro p.-hmnitades

cucharada Cuando e

Pr'7r cUcharita r0-7 c,

1 a r-*':cl1ay c-m

-27jrQ 7on

frutilas

V/o rodja7

1/' t~a7 do Sah-a, d- ' Soya I dionte dfo ajo molido

1/2 tanccc-,
Cortes drT czo-ne

1 cu,.char-adi ta de qonqibre 2cu-har-jcjjtas de m,,aicena

Mp :cle Ponqa la :.'a 1Sa

semillac

tajas finai fr-ia o jamfn

jnjl

do C

soya con

a~ ajo,;
Enj

irr

y f- 7cona.
un -

las

taja5

de

bab)aco
Ponca un

s ep -ir ad 3-m. r to

band"j6 dde :.ova

hornc'ar

engr-asad3.

poco de~ la rnezcla de taja con un ccrte C r2, 3d -

~~:

sobre las con

tajas. Cubr-a cada Ima'dc

-'- c-i-n.

Cublr- ir d2-:'cn.

M4~s S' alsa.

otra h )Sta

Lct : C v 5s3 1U Q1

~
de

car-ne y salsai.

Contjno

c~t : -

~r TIo r

28 Termine con babaco y cualquier mezcla de salsa de soya y

semillas de ajonjoli.

Hornbe a 150- C por 30 minutos.

Pollo al Babaco 500 g pedazos de polio dehuesado y cocido Harina 2 huevos batidos 1 taza de babaco 2 cucharaditas de maicena la harina, pan. Freir y luego bata los hasta que esten mezclar con la

Cubrase la came de huevos y cubra con

pollo con de

migajas

cafecitas. Hasta mientras, maizena. PGna en una

licuar el

babaco

caserola pequeha y haga hervir, meciendo

continuamente hasta que se haga espeso. Riege la salsa de babaco sobre el pollo U.mediatamente despues de servir.

Chaulafan de Babaco 2 huevos batidos 1 taz3 de babaco 3 cucharaditas de salsa de soya Fteir los huevos batidos 1 taza de arroz cocido 1 mano de nueces Salsa Worcestershire en los

dos lados

y deje en un babaco en

plato luego de haber cortado en tiras finas. Corte el cuadritos dentro la salsa de comienzen a soya de el

sarten de freir y aftada con la mitad de est6 friendose. Cuando los filos los y

mientras

dorarse, regrese

los huevos al sarten junto con una cucharada hasta que

demAs ingredientes (mantenga afuera un poquito de salsa Inglesa.

de arroz.) todo

Mezcle

estO

caliente. Asperjar lentamente con la cucharada sobrante de arroz para que le de una variedad de color.

29

Caramelo de bandeja naranja. AFrada un

Babaco

Haga

tajitas

de babaco con

pongalas en una mandarina o

de horno engrasada. Cubrase tambien

Asperjear con azicar y hornear

jugo de

morena y migajas de pan. por 10 minutos.

poco de mantequilla

Mezcla azucar

de Babaco y una

Mezcle taza de

tajas de agua

babaco gruesas en por 30 minutos.

una

taza de la

Caliente

mantequilla en brandy. Sirva

la sarten.

Antes de servir aftada una cucharada de

con crema batida.

Marshmellarcn la hornilla

Diluya los o en un horno

besos sobre

las

tajas de babaco bajo enfriar antes de

microhondas.

Deje

servir.

Botes de de torta

Babaco

Corte un babaco a naranja).

lo largo en

y rellene con mescla el horno moderado.

(vainilla o

Hornee

Decore cuando estO

fr-o.

Bulto de Babalfa Cortar el Termine con

babaco y Asperjear con y una cucharada

salsa de soya.

tiras de alfalfa

de mayonesa.

Cocobarco

Asperjear

las

tiras

de

babaco Sirva

con

azucar quemada, dulce.

coco rallado y semillas de ajonjoll.

como un

30

PROYECCION FUTURA

Se ha como fruta

comprobado que fresca, sino

las caricaceas para

no solamente sirven latex fresco

tambien

eytraer del

las enzimas han

digestivas papaina crpain.a ! y IT.

y chimopapalna. En dos aicaloides productos

las hojas se

enrontrado

macrociclicos, usos

dehidroccarpaina terapEuticos,

Estos

tienen varios

cosm'ticos e industriales.

Es

necesario jardines y

protejer

nuestras con Los

especies coleccibnes

nativas de

desarrollar tropicales necesitan facilidades

bot~nicos

plantas

subtropicales. uno para

cientificos

ecuatorianos con y

establecer educacionales

investigacion poder

sistemitica

intercambiar

resultados del mundo.

experiencias con

Instituciones

similares alrededor

La

tecnologla

ms prometedora de

para babaco ser plantas y la

el

uso de

tbcnicas in

vitro para propagacibn en fin

variacion virus y

somaclonal con

de mejorar y crear estudios futuros.

resistencia a

nemAtodos. Se recomienda

El

babaco y

puede

constituir inmediata de que posee

un

recurso

alimenticio los paises

estrat~gico del

una fuente

ingresos para cualidades

tercer mundo debido a adaptabilidad

excelentes de

produccibn,

y vigor.

E!

costa

de

;Dcu .Ccior de lnvsiac=

t~tapat-a

)2

c~fdizibne Permitir

1flvernaderc desarr-ollo

de

necesjta C:Orn-

que su

~lna~

Otnamen-ta:es

fl) cultiv 0

econbmicc en

Cn varieIdad ele

conclusir-, do It-uta

aquellos

que

estain

buscando la

una nueva, respuestc

exbtlca

y ar-om~tica

1?ncontrar~n

babaco.

BIBLIOGRAFIA
Boeswinkel, H. J. (1982). The identity of Didium caricae and the first recording on oaa_, mountain papaya and babaco in New Zealand. Fruit (37):474-476. Boeswink!l, H. J. (1981). Babaco, mountain papaya and papaya all are suceptible to powdery mildew. N. Z. Jour, of Ag. October, 28 Cardenas, M. (1969). Manual de plantas economicas de Bolivia. Imprenta IETHUS, Cochapamba, Bolivia 220-222 Cohen, D. and Cooper, P. A. (1982). Micropropagation of Babaco. A Carica hybrid from Ecuador. 5th International Congress of Plant Tissue and Cell Culture held at Tokyo on Lake Yamahake, Japan. Plant Tissue Culture. 734-744 Ecuador (1965). INN. Instituto Nacional de Nutricion. Tabla de Composicion de los alimentos Ecuatorianos Quito. 36. Endt, D. (1978). Fruiting Plants From Ecuador. The Babaco: The Orchadist of N. Z. Feb., 18-19 Endt, D. (1979). Observation on fruit growing in Ecuador and Chile. The Orchadist of N. Z. 347-355 Endt, D. (1981). A new fruit in New Zealand to reach commercial production. The Orchadist of N. Z. March, 58-61. Also published by California Rare Fruit Growers Yearbook 1981 (13) 48-52. Fabara, J. (1984). El Cultivo del babaco. Curso regular de Fruticultura. Universidad T6cnica de Ambato. UTA Stencil 1-10. Hartman, J. E. (1983). Preliminary studies on the postharvest physiology and storage of babaco fruit. N. Z. Journ. of Agriculture 26:237-246. Hoffman, J. C. (1981). The babaco - Ecuadorian fruit with commercial potential. California Rare Fruit Growers Yearbook 1981 (13) 53-54. Ibarra, J. 49-51. (1978). Notas sobre el babaco. Desde el surco. (19)

Litz, R. E. and Conover, R. A. (1978) In vitro propagation of Papaya. HortScience 13:241-242.

32