Application of geo-engineering

knowledge in designing
Shallow Foundations -3
ENB371: Geotechnical Engineering 2
Combined & Matt (Raft) Foundations
Field tests used in shallow foundation design
Chaminda
Chapter Chapter 5 5 & & 66
BRAJA M. DAS BRAJA M. DAS
Content
Combined Footings (supports a line of two or more
columns)
Mat or Raft Foundations (supports more than one line
of columns)
Field tests in Foundation system
Plate load test
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
Combined Footings
Under normal conditions, spread footings (square,
rectangular, circular) and strip footings are economical to
support columns and walls.
However, under certain circumstances (restrained by
property line) it is desirable to construct a footing that
Rectangular Combined Footing
Trapezoidal Combined Footing
Cantilever Footing
property line) it is desirable to construct a footing that
support a line of two or more columns
Combined Footings (cont..)
Rectangular combined footing
Location of the resultant of the column loads, X
2 1
3 2
Q Q
L Q
X
+
=
For a uniform distribution of soil pressure: the
resultant load should pass through the centre
of the foundation. Thus, of the foundation. Thus,
foundation the of length where
) ( 2
2
=
+ =
L
X L L
Once the L is determined, L
2
3 2 1
L L L L =
Assume B and calculate net allowable bearing pressure, q
net(all)
, using Meyerhof Bearing
Capacity Theory and FS.
FS
q
q
u net
all net
) (
) (
=
2 1 ) (
) ( Q Q L B q
all net
+
Combined Footings (cont..)
Trapezoidal combined footing
Assume B
1
and B
2
, then the effective width B:
2 1
3 2
Q Q
L Q
X
+
=
From the property of a trapezoid
Location of the resultant of the column loads, X
2
2 1
B B
B
+
=
3
2
2 1
2 1
2
L
B B
B B
L X
|
|

\
|
+
+
= +
L
B B
A
2
2 1
+
=
Calculate net allowable bearing pressure, q
net(all)
, using Meyerhof Bearing Capacity
Theory, FS, B, and L
FS
q
q
u net
all net
) (
) (
=
2 1 ) (
Q Q A q
all net
+
Once the L is determined, area of the foundation, A
Combined Footings (cont..)
Cantilever Footing
Cantilever footing uses a strap beam to connect
eccentrically loaded column foundation to the foundation
of an interior column.
Cantilever footings may be used in place of rectangular or
trapezoidal combined footings when the allowable bearing
capacity is high and distances between columns are large
Mat (Raft) Foundations
Supports more than one line of columns
Use with soil that has low bearing capacity
If spread footings covering more than the If spread footings covering more than the
half of building area, Mat foundation might
be more economical
Mat (Raft) Foundations (cont..)
Types of Mat Foundations
(a) Flat Plate
(b) Flat Plate thickened
under column
Mat (Raft) Foundations (cont..)
Types of Mat Foundations
(c) Beams and Slab
(d) Slab with Basement
Walls
Mat (Raft) Foundations (cont..)
Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundation
Comparison of isolated foundation and mat foundation ( B = width, D
f
= depth)
Same procedure as square or rectangular spread
footing
Mat (Raft) Foundations (cont..)
Net pressure on soil caused by a mat foundation
The net average applied pressure on soil by foundation, q
f
D
A
Q
q =
q should be less than q
net(all)
and q
net(u)
Mat (Raft) Foundations (cont..)
Net pressure on soil caused by a mat foundation
This indicates that the net pressure increase in soil under the foundation can
be reduced by increasing the depth (D
f
) of mat foundation
f
D
A
Q
q =
This relation for D
f
is referred to as the depth of a fully
compensated foundation
For no increase in the net pressure on the soil below the mat foundation, q
should be zero. Thus,

A
Q
D D
A
Q
f f
= = 0
Example -1
A mat foundation on a saturated clay soil has dimensions of 20 m x
20 m. Given: dead and live load = 48 MN, c
u
= 30 kN/m
2
, and
clay
=
18.5 kN/m
3
.
(a) Find the depth , D
f
, of the mat to be fully compensated foundation.
(b) What will be the depth of the mat (D
f
) for a factor of safety of 2
against bearing capacity failure?
Example -1(Solution)
2
3
/ 30
/ 5 . 18
48
20
20
m kN c
m kN
MN Q
m L
m B
u
clay
=
=
=
=
=

The net average applied pressure on soil by foundation, q

Q
f
D
A
Q
q =
To be fully compensated foundation, q = 0. Thus,
m
A
Q
D
f
49 . 6
5 . 18 ) 20 20 (
1000 48
=

= =

Example -1(Solution)
2
3
/ 30
/ 5 . 18
48
20
20
m kN c
m kN
MN Q
m L
m B
u
clay
=
=
=
=
=

Meyerhof bearing capacity equation

i d s qi qd qs q ci cd cs c u
F F F BN F F F qN F F F N c q

5 . 0 ' + + =
For undrained condition, =0, thus N
c
=5.14, N
q
=1, N

=0
Shape factors,
19 . 1
14 . 5
1
20
20
1 1 =
|

\
|
|

\
|
+ =
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
+ =
c
q
cs
N
N
L
B
F
1 0 tan
20
20
1 ' tan 1 =
|

\
|
+ =
|

\
|
+ =
L
B
F
qs
Example -1(Solution)
No load inclination 1 = = = F F F
Depth factors, assume 1
B
D
f
|
|

\
|
+ =
|
|

\
|
+ =
20
4 . 0 1 4 . 0 1
f f
cd
D
B
D
F
1
20
) 0 sin 1 ( 0 tan 2 1 ) sin 1 ( ' tan 2 1
2 2
=
|
|

\
|
+ =
|
|

\
|
+ =
f f
qd
D
B
D
F
i d s qi qd qs q ci cd cs c u
F F F BN F F F qN F F F N c q

5 . 0 ' + + =
No load inclination 1 = = =
i qi ci
F F F

i d s qi qd qs q ci cd cs c u
F F F BN F F F qN F F F N c q

5 . 0 ' + + =
f
f
f
u
D
D
q
D
q
+
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|
+ =
+
|
|

\
|
+ =
20
4 . 0 1 5 . 183
1 1 1 1 )
20
4 . 0 1 ( 19 . 1 14 . 5 30
Example -1(Solution)
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|
+ = +
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|
+ =
20
4 . 0 1 5 . 183
20
4 . 0 1 5 . 183
) (
f
f f
f
u net
D
D D
D
q
f u u net
D q q =
) (
f f f app net
D D D
A
Q
q 5 . 18 120 5 . 18
20 20
48000
) (
=

= =
A 20 20
) (
) (
app net
u net
q
q
FS =
m D
D
D
f
f
f
4 . 1
5 . 18 120
20
4 . 0 1 5 . 183
2 =

|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|
+
=
Meyerhof (1963) Bearing Capacity Theory
Table 03: Bearing capacity factors (Eq. 11, Eq. 12, and Eq. 13)
Field tests in Foundation system
Plate load test
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
Plate Load Test
Plate load test is used in the field to determine the ultimate bearing
capacity
Test details:
Size of steel plate:
- thickness is 25 mm

- Circular( Diameter (B) = 150 ~ 750 mm)/ Square (300 X 300 mm)
Excavated width 4B
Excavated depth D
f
(D
f
depth of proposed foundation)
Plate Load Test (cont.)
Load is applied to the plate in steps by means of a jack
One hour is allowed to elapse between loading steps
Test is conducted:
Until failure
OR
Until the plate settlement of 25 mm
Plate Load Test (cont.)
Plate Load Test (cont)
q
u(P)
is obtained from plate loading test (stress at the failure of the test
plate OR stress at 25 mm settlement of bearing plate
For test in clay:
plate test the of capacity mearing Ultimate
foundation proposed the of capacity bearing Ultimate
) (
) (
=
=
P u
F u
q
q
q
u(F) ,
S
F
q S
Plate Footing
For test in clay:
) ( ) ( P u F u
q q =
For test in sandy soils:
P
F
P u F u
B
B
q q
) ( ) (
=
plate test the of width
foundation the of width
=
=
P
F
B
B
B
P
B
F
q
u(F) ,
S
F
q
u(P),
S
P
~2.5B
F
~2.5B
P
~ 0.1q
q
Plate Load Test (cont)
For clayey soil:
F
P F
B
B
S S =
plate test the of settlement
foundation the of settlement
=
=
P
F
S
S
Plate Footing
The allowable bearing capacity of a foundation, based on the
settlement consideration and for the given intensity of load, q
0 ,
is
) foundation the of stress bearing is ( If
0 0 ) ( ) (
q q q q
P F
= =
P
P F
B
S S =
For sandy soils:
2
2
|
|

\
|
+
=
P F
F
P F
B B
B
S S
B
P
B
F
q
u(F) ,
S
F
q
u(P),
S
P
Plate Footing
~2.5B
F
~2.5B
P
~ 0.1q
q
mm S
F
25
) foundation the of stress bearing is ( If
0 0 ) ( ) (
q q q q
P F
= =
Example -1
The results of a plate loading test on a sandy soil are shown in the
following figure. The size of the plate is 300 x 300 mm. Determine the
size of a square column foundation that should carry a load of 2500
kN with the maximum settlement of 25 mm.
Example -1 (solution)
This problem has to be solved by trial and error
Q
0
[kN] Assume width
B
F
[m]
[kPa] S
P
[mm]
From given
chart
S
F
[mm]
Settlement of
foundation
2500 4.0 156.25 4.0 13.85
2500 3.0 277.80 8.0 26.45
2500 3.2 244.10 6.8 22.74
F
A
Q
q
0
0
=
2500 3.2 244.10 6.8 22.74
2500 3.1
2
2
|
|

\
|
+
=
P F
F
P F
B B
B
S S
B
F
= width of foundation
B
P
= width of plate = 300 mm
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
63.5 kg mass is dropped through 760 mm to
make one blow on the SPT spoon.
Number of blows to penetrate three 150
mm distances are measured given as x/y/z
The blows for first 150 mm are discarded.
The number of blows for next 300 mm is
taken as the raw blow count or standard taken as the raw blow count or standard
penetration number, i.e., N=y+z
N is measured at every 0.75 m or 1.5 m
depth
The raw blow count or standard number (N)
should be corrected for:
(1) Water table
(2) Effective overburden pressure
Refusal
100 mm) 450 all for ( N if
50 mm 300 (for N if
OR
)
`

>
>
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Cont
SPT Drilling rig required;
Test within boreholes;
Recovers a sample;
Slow testing over soil profile;
Split with sampling tip (silty and clayey sand)
soil catchers
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Cont
Split with sampling tip (silty and clayey sand)
Assembled with solid tip for sand and gravel
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Cont
Corrections to raw N
Correction 1 - Water table correction:
When SPT test is carried out in fine sand or silty sand below the water
table, the measured N, if greater than 15, should be corrected for
increased resistance due to negative excess pore water pressure
during driving and unable to dissipate immediately
Conditions: Conditions:
1. Be below the water table
2. N> 15
3. Indication of reduced
permeability (i.e., fine or
silty/clayey sand)
N
corr
=15+0.5(N-15)
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Cont
Corrections to raw N
Correction 2 - For effective overburden pressure
N depends on the effective stress at the depth of measurement;
effective stress can be represented by effective overburden pressure
N
corr
=N
corr(1)
C
N
Overburden correction factor C
N
can be obtained from the chart
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Cont
Corrected blow count (standard penetration resistance) N
corr
can be
used with the effective overburden pressure at the depth where N is
measured to obtain the effective friction angle of soil.
Example -2
Say SPT was performed on silty sand medium (unit weight=18
kN/m
3
) at 5 m depth. Water table was 2 m below the surface. SPT
blow counts were 10/16/19. Calculate the corrected N value.
N
raw
= 16 + 19 =35
Correction 1 applies (silty sand, below water table)
N
corr 1
= 15+0.5 (N-15) = 15+0.5(35-15)=25
Correction 2 - Vertical eff. Stress = 18 x 5- 3x 9.8
=60.6 kPa
From graph, C.F. (C
N
) = 1.25
N
corr
= N
corr(1)
C
N
N
corr
= 25 x 1.25 = 31
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Cont
Procedure to obtain the allowable bearing capacity of
sand using SPT results
Step 1: Conduct the SPT test to the
depth B below the foundation
level (B is foundation width)
Step 2: Correct N (raw) as
appropriated
Step 3: Calculate the average N Step 3: Calculate the average N
corr
value to the depth B below the
foundation
Step 4: Use the average N
corr
and B
to obtain the provisional
allowable bearing pressure
from the chart (maximum
settlement of the foundation is
limited to 25 mm)
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Cont
Procedure to obtain the allowable bearing capacity of
sand using SPT results
Step 5: To correct the provisional value of allowable bearing pressure, it
should be multiplied by a factor C
w
,
D
If ) ( 0 B D D
f w
+
D
f
D
w
D
If
) ( B D D
f w
+ >
B D
D
C
f
w
w
+
+ = 5 . 0 5 . 0
0 . 1 =
w
C
Then
w prov all all
C q q =
) (
Example -3
A footing 3 x 3 m is to be located at a depth of 1.5 m in a sand
deposit, the water table being 3.5 m below the surface. The values of
standard penetration resistance were determined as given below.
Determine the allowable bearing capacity of the foundation. The
unit weights of sand above and below water table are 17 kN/m
2
and
19.8 kN/m
2
, respectively.
Depth (m) N
0.75 8 0.75 8
1.55 7
2.30 9
3.00 13
3.70 12
4.45 16
5.20 20
Example -3
Water table correction is not necessary - sand
Depth (m) N
v
[kN/m
2
] C
N
N
corr
=N*C
N
0.75 8 13
1.55 7 26 2.0 14
2.30 9 39 1.6 14
3.00 13 51 1.4 18
3.70 12 62 1.25 15 3.70 12 62 1.25 15
4.45 16 69 1.2 19
5.20 20 77
(av) = 16
B = 3 m, and the corrected average N = 16, therefore
The provisional allowable bearing capacity = 165 kN/m
2
(fromchart)
89 . 0
) 5 . 1 3 (
5 . 3
5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 =
+
+ =
+
+ =
f
w
w
D B
D
C
q
all
= C
w
q
all(prov)
=0.89165 =150 kN/m
2
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
A cone having an apex angle 60
0
and the diameter of 35.7 mm
2
(projected area of cone is 1000 mm
2
) is pushed directly into the
ground at a rate of 20 mm/sec by means of static thrust.
Cone Penetration Test (CPT) (cont..)
Cone Penetration Test (CPT) (cont)
No drilling
No soil sample
Much information
penetration resistance, q
c
& sleeve friction, f
s,
Cone Penetration Test (CPT) (cont)
penetration resistance, q
c
& sleeve friction, f
s,
Pore water pressure, ..
FR = f
s
/q
c
used to distinguish soil types
Direct application to piling
E = fn (q
c
)
Cone Penetration Test (CPT) (cont)
Typical test results
resistance tip =
c
q
pressure water - Pore = u
Friction Sleeve =
s
f
100 (%) =
c
s
q
f
FR
CPT & soil type
10
100
C
o
n
e

R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
,

q
c

M
P
a
sands
s
i
l
t
y

s
a
n
d
s
s
a
n
d
y

s
i
l
t
s
,
s
i
l
t
s
c
l
a
y
e
y

s
i
l
t
s
,

s
i
l
t
y

c
l
a
y
s
0.1
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Friction Ratio, F
r
%
C
o
n
e

R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
,

q
clays
Robertson & Campanella 1982
CPT and soil properties
Undrained shear strength
of clays,
N
k
= 12 to 15
vo c
u
N
q
c

=
N
k
= 12 to 15
Correlation improved if
OCR taken into account
Direct application to piling
k
u
N
pressure overburden Total
resistance Tip
strength shear Undrained
vo
=
=
=

u
u
q
c
CPT and soil properties
Shear strength of clean sands
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

+ =

vo
c
q

log 38 . 0 1 . 0 arctan
max
Shear strength parameters
obtained from CPT can be
used for bearing capacity
calculation of shallow
foundation
Settlement of shallow foundation -1
Width of the foundation (B) is decided
from ultimate bearing capacity analysis
to satisfy the given FS ( Q
all
is
foundation load fromsuper-structure)
all
Q
B
S
a
n
d
x
C
l
a
y
Calculate the total settlement of the foundation (elastic & consolidation)
considering soil properties and foundation stress distribution to the
depth of 1.5 B (square, rectangular, circular footing) OR 3B for strip
foundations
Ultimate Limit State
Settlement of shallow foundation -2
(Stresses in soil & elastic deformation of soil) lecture 2 and 3
ion consolidat elastic Total
S S S + =
foundation under the Sand Clay / of settlement ) (immediate Elastic =
elastic
S
foundation under the clay of settlement ion Consolidat =
ion consolidat
S
(Stresses in soil & consolidation) lecture 4 and 5 (Stresses in soil & consolidation) lecture 4 and 5
IF
) max(allowable Total
S S
) foundation shallow isolated for mm 45 ~ 25 ( standard design in given is
) max(allowable
S
Satisfied Serviceability Limit State
IF NOT, increase the foundation size, calculate S
Total
and check
serviceability limit state
Flowchart for foundation design
Assume foundation
dimensions ( B & L)
FS
Q
Q
ult net
all net
) (
) (
Calculate
=
structure super from
load Foundation - Q
heories capacity t bearing From
Calculate
) (ult net
Q
NO
Q Q
all net

) (
B & L
From Ultimate Limit State
Total
S Calculate
Design Safe
) max(
Check
allowable Total
S S
NO
OK
OK