Nama : Vicko Gestantyo Anugraha NRP : 2710 100 054

SuperAlloys

Ceramics Material for Turbin Blades

Properties of Ceramics Oxidation/corrosion resistance is good compared to metals. Creep resistance is also good. Brittleness High sensitivity to pre - cracks Advanced ceramics: 1. Silicon Nitride By adopting the developed silicon nitride to the components including turbine blades, nozzles, combustor liners, and nose cones, turbine inlet temperature can be increased without cooling; this leads to high thermal efficiency of about 40 percent, as shown in Fig 3[8]

Fig 3[8] Thermal efficiency curve

Fig 4[8] Improved strength of ceramics at high

Silicon nitride is widely used in the high-temperature structural components and also high temperature strength has been substantially improved shown in the fig 4[8]. At high temperatures, the strength is degraded and the structural reliability is very often limited due to the softening of glassy phases, which are formed at grain boundaries as a result of processing with sintering additives. There are two regions in a delayed-fracture mechanism map of silicon nitride at the temperatures above 1200C: slow crack growth failure and creep damage rupture .The former is a fracture that occurs when a crack grows sub critically from a preexisting flaw and reaches the critical size. This is predominant in the high-stress, short-term life region. The latter is due to the formation of a macro crack with the critical size by cavity nucleation and coalescence. This prevails in the low-stress, long-term life region. Generally, long-term durability for the practical service is estimated from the short-term data. [8] The creep curves of silicon nitride at high temperatures generally consist of three regimes: transient, steady-state, and accelerated creep regimes. The difference between these two fracture mechanisms is understood in terms of creep rate properties, creep life properties, micro structural changes, etc. The transition from the slow crack growth fracture to the creep damage rupture one occurs when the applied stress decreases below about 200 MPa. [8]

Nama : Vicko Gestantyo Anugraha NRP : 2710 100 054

SuperAlloys

2. Silicon Carbide: Si-C-based ceramic matrix composites, consisting of carbon or Si-C fibres embedded in a SiC matrix, are tough ceramics when the fibre/matrix bonding is properly optimized through the use of a thin inter-phase. They are fabricated according to different processing routes (chemical vapour infiltration, polymer impregnation/pyrolysis, liquid silicon infiltration or slurry impregnation/hot pressing) .Si-C-matrix composites are highly tailorable materials in terms of fibre-type (carbon fibres of Si-C-based fibres such as SiCO, Si-C+C or quasi stoichiometric Si-C reinforcements), inter-phase (pyrocarbon or hexagonal BN, as well as (PyCSi-C)n or (BNSi-C)n multilayered interphases), matrix (simple Si-C or matrices with improved oxidation resistance, such as self-healing matrices) [8]. Silicon carbide generally does not contain glassy phases at grain boundaries, even when doped sintering additives such as alumina .Due to this rigid interface, the strength is not degraded at very high temperatures. Silicon carbide material can withstand around1400C and this shows good high temperature mechanical properties, good corrosion resistance [8] Sumber : http://www.academia.edu/864980/Gas_Turbine_Materials Current_status_and_its_Developmental_Prospects-A_Critical_Review 1. Zirconium Oxide, Yttria Stabilised Zirconium oxide has excellent resistance to molten metal erosion and is extremely refractory and chemically inert in most environments. Stabilised zirconia refractories exhibit low thermal conductivity resulting in very low heat loss. Zirconium oxide refractories tend to be used in applications where temperatures are in excess of 1900 degrees C, such as in continuous casting nozzles, crucibles, kiln furniture and furnace liners. The use of zirconia is growing in line with the trend towards more specialised refractories. Yttria stabilised zirconium oxide is used as the ceramic topcoat in thermal barrier coatings owing to its very low thermal conductivity. This layer creates the largest thermal gradient of the thermal barrier coating and keeps the lower layer metal substrate at a lower temperature than the surface. These coatings are used on aerospace and land based gas turbine blades and improve the life and performance of the turbine. 2. Zirconium Oxide, Calcia Stabilised Zirconium oxide has excellent resistance to molten metal erosion and is extremely refractory and chemically inert in most environments. Stabilised zirconia refractories exhibit low thermal conductivity resulting in very low heat loss. Zriconium oxide refractories tend to be used in applications where temperatures are in excess of 1900 degrees C, such as in continuous casting nozzles, crucibles, kiln furniture and furnace liners. The use of zirconia is growing in line with the trend towards more specialised refractories. Sumber: http://www.abscomaterials.com/pages/11029/Zirconium-Properties/

Nama : Vicko Gestantyo Anugraha NRP : 2710 100 054

SuperAlloys

1. Aluminum Titanate Aluminum titanate is a ceramic material consisting of a mixture of alumina (Al2O3) and titania (TiO2) forming solid solution with stoichiometric proportion of the components: Al2O3*TiO2 or Al2TiO5. The following characteristics are typical for Aluminum Titanate Ceramics: Low coefficient of thermal expansion; Low Modulus of Elasticity; High Thermal Shock Resistance; Low Thermal Conductivity; Low wettability in molten non-ferrous metals; Good chemical resistance; Good wear resistance. Disadvantage of Aluminum Titanate ceramics is relatively low mechanical strength caused by micro-cracks formed as a result of anisotropy of thermal expansion along the three primary axes of the crystal lattice (a single crystal of Aluminum Titanate expands along two axes and contract along the third axis when heated). Aluminum Titanate ceramic materials ceramics are used for manufacturing crucibles, launders, nozzles, riser tubes, pouring spouts and thermocouples for non-ferrous metallurgy, portliner and cylinder linerrs in automotive engines, master moulds in the glass industry, spacing rings of catalytic converters. 2. Zirconia Ceramic Zirconia Ceramic is a ceramic material consisting of at least 90% of Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO2). The following characteristics are typical for Zirconia Ceramics: High density up to 380 lb/ft (6.1*10 kg/m); Low thermal conductivity 10% of that of alumina ceramics; High fracture toughness; Very high flexural strength and hardness; High maximum service temperature up to 4350 F (2400 C). coefficient of thermal expansion similar to that of cast iron; Modulus of elasticity similar to steel; High chemical resistance; High resistance to molten metals; Good wear resistance; Low coefficient of friction; Oxygen ion conductivity (used for oxygen sensors and high temperature fuel cells). Zirconia ceramics are used for manufacturing Extrusion dies, powder compacting dies, cutting tools, balls and seats for ball valves, thread and wire guides, pump seals, impellers and shaft guides, engine parts, oxygen sensors, fuel cells membranes,high temperature heaters for electric furnaces, bearings (e.g., bearings for submersible pumps).

Nama : Vicko Gestantyo Anugraha NRP : 2710 100 054

SuperAlloys

3. Aluminum Nitride Aluminum Nitride (AlN) ceramics are produced by sintering of Aluminum Nitride powder with or without binders. The materials possess high thermal conductivity and good dielectric properties. Aluminum Nitride easily oxidizes at the temperatures above 1300F (700C), therefore it is not used in high temperature applications. The general fields of application of Aluminum Nitride ceramics are electronics and electrical engineering. The following characteristics are typical for Aluminum Nitride ceramics: Very high thermal conductivity; Thermal expansion similar to silicon; Good dielectric properties; Good corrosion resistance; Stability in semiconductor processing atmospheres. Silicon Nitride ceramics are used for manufacturing substrates for semiconductors, housing and heat sinks, power transistors bases, IC packages, microwave device packages. 4. Reaction Bonded Silicon Nitride (RBSN) Reaction Bonded Silicon Nitride ceramics are produced from metallic silicon powder by sintering it in nitrogen atmosphere at 2550F (1400C). Silicon Nitride forms as a result of chemical reaction between metallic silicon and gaseous nitrogen. The material is characterized by low density and low oxidation resistance due to high open porosity. The main advantage of the method is low volume change (low shrinkage) of the sintered parts. The following characteristics are typical for Silicon Nitride ceramics: High fracture toughness; High mechanical strength and hardness even at high temperatures; Good creep resistance; High thermal shock resistance; High wear resistance; Low coefficient of thermal expansion; Good chemical and oxidation resistance; Low wettability by molten metals. Silicon Nitride ceramics are used for manufacturingcutting tools, turbin blades, bearing balls and rollers, kiln furniture, valves and turbocharger rotors for engines, glow plugs, molten metals tools, melting crucibles, thermocouple protection tubes. Sumber : http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=ceramics_in_combustion_engines